{"id":10896,"date":"2023-09-26T11:51:10","date_gmt":"2023-09-26T11:51:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/?p=10896"},"modified":"2024-01-20T09:14:34","modified_gmt":"2024-01-20T09:14:34","slug":"introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Indus Valley Civilization &#8211; UPSC Ancient History Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-history?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=History\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42408\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13-585x137.png 585w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The Indus Valley Civilization, one of the world&#8217;s oldest and most enigmatic civilizations, flourished in the vast region of South Asia over 4,000 years ago. Also known as the Harappan Civilization, it emerged around 3300 BCE and endured until approximately 1300 BCE. Situated in the fertile plains of the Indus River, encompassing parts of present-day Pakistan and northwest India, this ancient civilization exhibited remarkable advancements in urban planning, trade, art, and technology. The cities of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, two of the major urban centers, boasted sophisticated infrastructure, including well-planned streets, advanced drainage systems, and multi-story brick buildings. The Indus Valley Civilization holds a pivotal place in human history, providing valuable insights into the complex social, economic, and cultural dynamics of an early urban society, despite much of its script and language remaining undeciphered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d3ca654c3cb\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d3ca654c3cb\"  \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Bronze_Age_Civilization_%E2%80%93_Indus_Valley_Civilization_IVC\" title=\"Bronze Age Civilization &#8211; Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)\">Bronze Age Civilization &#8211; Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Overview\" title=\"Overview:\">Overview:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Importance\" title=\"Importance:\">Importance:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Details\" title=\"Details:\">Details:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Theory_of_Origin_of_IVC\" title=\"Theory of Origin of IVC\">Theory of Origin of IVC<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Town_Planning\" title=\"Town Planning\">Town Planning<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Society\" title=\"Society\">Society<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Economy\" title=\"Economy\">Economy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Theory_of_Decline_of_IVC\" title=\"Theory of Decline of IVC\">Theory of Decline of IVC<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Special_features_of_some_Important_Harappan_Sites\" title=\"Special features of some Important Harappan Sites\">Special features of some Important Harappan Sites<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Differences_between_IVC_and_that_of_Egyptian_and_Mesopotamian_Civilization\" title=\"Differences between IVC and that of Egyptian and Mesopotamian Civilization:\">Differences between IVC and that of Egyptian and Mesopotamian Civilization:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Similarities_in_IVC_and_Egyptian_Mesopotamian_Civilization\" title=\"Similarities in IVC and Egyptian \/ Mesopotamian Civilization:\">Similarities in IVC and Egyptian \/ Mesopotamian Civilization:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Facets_of_IVC_yet_to_be_Ascertained\" title=\"Facets of IVC yet to be Ascertained\">Facets of IVC yet to be Ascertained<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Harappan_Script\" title=\"Harappan Script\">Harappan Script<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Origin_and_Extent_of_IVC\" title=\"Origin and Extent of IVC\">Origin and Extent of IVC<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Decline_of_IVC\" title=\"Decline of IVC\">Decline of IVC<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Linkage_of_IVC_to_Southern_Civilization\" title=\"Linkage of IVC to Southern Civilization\">Linkage of IVC to Southern Civilization<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#FAQs\" title=\"FAQs:\">FAQs:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Q1_What_is_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization\" title=\"Q1: What is the Indus Valley Civilization?\">Q1: What is the Indus Valley Civilization?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Q2_Where_was_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization_located_in_India\" title=\"Q2: Where was the Indus Valley Civilization located in India?\">Q2: Where was the Indus Valley Civilization located in India?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Q3_Is_there_a_map_that_shows_the_extent_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization\" title=\"Q3: Is there a map that shows the extent of the Indus Valley Civilization?\">Q3: Is there a map that shows the extent of the Indus Valley Civilization?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Q4_What_were_the_major_cities_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization\" title=\"Q4: What were the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization?\">Q4: What were the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Q5_What_are_Indus_Valley_Civilization_seals\" title=\"Q5. What are Indus Valley Civilization seals?\">Q5. What are Indus Valley Civilization seals?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Q6_What_were_these_seals_used_for\" title=\"Q6: What were these seals used for?\">Q6: What were these seals used for?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Q7_How_was_town_planning_in_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization_different_from_other_ancient_civilizations\" title=\"Q7: How was town planning in the Indus Valley Civilization different from other ancient civilizations?\">Q7: How was town planning in the Indus Valley Civilization different from other ancient civilizations?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Q8_Why_was_urban_planning_so_advanced_in_this_civilization\" title=\"Q8: Why was urban planning so advanced in this civilization?\">Q8: Why was urban planning so advanced in this civilization?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Q9_When_did_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization_exist\" title=\"Q9: When did the Indus Valley Civilization exist?\">Q9: When did the Indus Valley Civilization exist?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Q10_What_caused_the_decline_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization\" title=\"Q10: What caused the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization?\">Q10: What caused the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Q11_Can_I_find_information_about_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization_in_Hindi\" title=\"Q11: Can I find information about the Indus Valley Civilization in Hindi?\">Q11: Can I find information about the Indus Valley Civilization in Hindi?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Q12_Where_can_I_visit_Indus_Valley_Civilization_sites_today\" title=\"Q12: Where can I visit Indus Valley Civilization sites today?\">Q12: Where can I visit Indus Valley Civilization sites today?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#Q13_Are_these_sites_well-preserved\" title=\"Q13: Are these sites well-preserved?\">Q13: Are these sites well-preserved?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/introduction-of-harappan-indus-valley-civilization-ancient-history-notes\/#In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\" title=\"In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;\">In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bronze_Age_Civilization_%E2%80%93_Indus_Valley_Civilization_IVC\"><\/span><strong>Bronze Age Civilization &#8211; Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Overview\"><\/span><strong>Overview:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) or Harappan Civilization was the first urban civilization in South Asia.<\/li><li>IVC, along with Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Chinese civilizations, were the earliest of settlements showing complex societal life and were called \u201cCradles of Civilization\u201d<\/li><li>IVC is part of Proto-history and has been divided into three phases<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Importance\"><\/span><strong>Importance:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>An important topic for both UPSC Prelims and Mains perspectives<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Details\"><\/span><strong>Details:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>IVC is also known as the Harappan Civilization<\/li><li>It is the first urban civilization in South Asia<\/li><li>IVC is part of Proto-history, which is the period before written records<\/li><li>Along with Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Chinese civilizations, IVC was one of the earliest settlements showing complex societal life and is known as the \u201cCradles of Civilization\u201d<\/li><li>IVC has been divided into three phases for study purposes <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"442\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IVC-1-1024x442.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10904 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/442;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/SFrlc506KFLSkyAJe4Tiz1IiMz_XaeMsXgzHFsV_eZ2OR3eHjIj04FUfVBWYuMpJfJg7vNW8ewdMg3tFimIS5xt0SUZQRPPAcFHKDt2tKRS4uY8xkYZWlm76CAsxpB60IZypregKNViBIduH\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Theory_of_Origin_of_IVC\"><\/span><strong>Theory of Origin of IVC<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The origin of Harappan culture is not entirely agreed upon, but it is generally believed to have emerged from the Pre-Harappan indigenous village culture.<br>Recent DNA analysis of skeletal remains discovered at the Rakhi Garhi cemetery challenges the previous theory that Harappans were descendants of Steppe pastoral or Iranian farmer ancestry. The study suggests that the people of IVC had an independent origin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Town_Planning\"><\/span><strong> Town Planning<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Features<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Significance<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Town Planning<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Division of City<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>Raised Part (called Citadel):<\/strong> Consisted of housing for <strong>rulers<\/strong> and important public buildings such as <strong>granaries, and workshops<\/strong>. It was mostly situated <strong>west <\/strong>of the city.&nbsp;<strong>Lower Part <\/strong>(eastern side of town): Consisted of houses of <strong>common citizens <\/strong>(see illustration map)<\/td><td>It shows the presence of <strong>social hierarchy<\/strong>&nbsp;and some administrative authority.&nbsp;Also, the <strong>Public and Private spheres were&nbsp;separated<\/strong> as the town was divided into two&nbsp;parts (as is also done in modern town&nbsp;planning)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Streets<\/strong><\/td><td>It followed a <strong>grid pattern<\/strong> (i.e. streets cut each other at <strong>right angles,<\/strong> thus dividing the city into several rectangular blocks)<\/td><td>It shows <strong>excellent knowledge of&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>measurement and urban planning <\/strong>of&nbsp;Harappan people.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Drainage system<\/strong><\/td><td>Drains connected all the houses and were made up of <strong>mortar, lime, and gypsum<\/strong> and covered with large brick slabs for easy cleaning<\/td><td>It shows Harappan people paid <strong>great&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>attention to Health and Sanitation<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Houses<\/strong><\/td><td>They were often of <strong>two or more stories,<\/strong> but no window faced the streets<\/td><td>Often the <strong>2<sup>nd<\/sup> story was made on 1<sup>st<\/sup><\/strong> when it&nbsp;had subsided. It shows Harappans inhabited&nbsp;the place for a long<strong> time<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Building materials<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Standardized burnt-bricks<\/strong> of ratio 1:2:4 were found in all the sites (no stone was used) (*Egyptian civilization at that time used mud-bricks and stones)<\/td><td>It shows the presence of <strong>centralized weights and measurement<\/strong> systems.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Features<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Significance<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Division in Society<\/strong><\/td><td>Harappan society was an <strong>urban society<\/strong> and comprised at least <strong>three distinct social groups<\/strong>: Ruled rich merchants, and poor laborers who lived in the lower part of the city<\/td><td>It shows the <strong>division of labor and specialization<\/strong> in Harappan society. It also shows that Harappans had <strong>well-organized administrative machinery<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Clothing<\/strong><\/td><td>Harappan people generally wore garments of <strong>cotton and wool<\/strong><\/td><td>It shows <strong>advancement in the weaving<\/strong> of cotton and wool and the diversification of choices<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Food Habits<\/strong><\/td><td>The Harappan societies of <strong>Sindh and Punjab<\/strong> largely consumed <strong>wheat and barley<\/strong> while those of <strong>Rangpur and Surkotda<\/strong> consumed <strong>rice and millets. Fish and Molluscs eating<\/strong> was also common. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.insightsonindia.com\/2020\/10\/26\/evidence-of-dairy-production-in-the-indus-valley-civilisation\/\" rel=\"nofollow\"><strong>Dairy production<\/strong><\/a> evidence has been found by the recent molecular study at <strong>Kotada Bhadli (Gujarat)<\/strong>. <\/td><td>The urban settlement near river valleys provided fertile ground for a variety of crops to be grown. Harappans were <strong>advanced in their agriculture practices.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Religion<\/strong><\/td><td>Harappans believed in Nature Worship\u2013 Gods in the form of trees such as peepals and animals (bull). Idolatry was prevalent, they also worshipped the <strong>Mother goddess, Pasupati yogi (lord of cattle), <\/strong>and<strong>&nbsp;Phallic symbols<\/strong><\/td><td>Harappans were called <strong>secular society<\/strong> as <strong>no temple <\/strong>(except for the great bath)<strong> or religion<\/strong> have been found (unlike in other contemporary civilizations)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Script and Languages<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Harappan Script<\/strong> is <strong>Pictographic and Logo syllabic <\/strong>(each symbol stands for a word) \u2013 using signs of birds, fish&nbsp;(most repeated), humans, etc. Harappan writing was <strong>Boustrophedon<\/strong> (right to left and then left to right in alternate lines)Harappan script <strong>disappeared by 1700 BCE<\/strong>, showing the lack of percolation of the writing of IVC to other civilizations<\/td><td>Recent theories have pointed out the <strong>similarity between ancient Tamil and Harappan scripts.<\/strong> But until the Harappan script is deciphered, the conclusion cannot be made, The various evidence of a common script points to <strong>great cultural integration during IVC<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Beliefs<\/strong><\/td><td>Harappans believed in <strong>evil forces and ghosts <\/strong>&nbsp;and used <strong>amulets<\/strong> as protection against them<\/td><td>This was true about most of the primitive society<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Burial practices<\/strong><\/td><td>Dead bodies were placed in the <strong>North-South direction (extended inhumation)<\/strong> and were accompanied by food, pottery, jewelry, etc. The graveyard was within the settlement. They practiced <strong>three types of burial<\/strong>:-<strong>Complete burialFractional burial<\/strong> (burial of bones after exposure of the body to birds and beasts) <strong>Cremation <\/strong>followed by burial of the ashes<\/td><td>It shows their <strong>strong belief <\/strong>in <strong>life after death<\/strong>, which was similar to the belief system of other contemporary civilizations, however; the items kept were <strong>not as expensive<\/strong> as other civilizations.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-cse-gs-integrated-course?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=GS+Integrated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42401 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8-585x137.png 585w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1280px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1280\/300;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Society\"><\/span><strong>Society<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/fGXzehgKr2m4DEJmdC8RMOKvihXPxn5mS8pU2lfcte4GVWCiojSe_pal9n1aNVY-i8puYkKCPss9i2lE59dOtYDjWfu_8bbiXt0Y1WKUodSd1_UV27QQKLj1oPosk_Fcpq6z7txx77d-YPRq\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Economy\"><\/span><strong>Economy<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Features<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Significance<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Agricultural economy<\/strong><\/td><td>Main crops were <strong>Wheat, Barley, Rice <\/strong>(found in Lothal and Rangpur&nbsp;only), Dates, Mustard, <strong>Cotton<\/strong> (1<sup>st<\/sup> in the world)<\/td><td>It shows the <strong>advancement<\/strong> of Harappans in <strong>agriculture technology <\/strong>\u2013 used <strong>wooden plowshare<\/strong>, <strong>Well irrigation<\/strong> (Alladinho), <strong>Dams, and irrigation canals<\/strong>&nbsp; (Dholavira)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Manufacturing\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/yX4YFGGaUOVh1B35F__593v_4z6bwLsn_mGT1tPXFzx9etyEi47_lcT3o1HbKbRTt760KNtmCjtrp8Lfbr5k7BSEhlHk0Baeb2fpBoen14-zK3wEUA7VrjpFQQ7mBg3AnCX503jTc9gxRckm\" width=\"624\" height=\"217\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 624px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 624\/217;\"><strong>Manufacturing<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Terracotta:<\/strong> figurines of animals, humans (more female&nbsp;figurines than male figurines), <strong>Bangles, seals<\/strong><br><strong>Art of Bead-making (Chanhudaro and Lothal)<\/strong>, jewelry-&nbsp;gold and silver jewelry<br>G. at <strong>Allahdino <\/strong>a lot of necklaces made of gold,&nbsp;silver, and <strong>semi-precious stones<\/strong> have been found <br>Harappans <strong>did not use Iron<\/strong> but used Copper, bronze,&nbsp;silver, and gold<br>The number of <strong>pure copper artifacts<\/strong> was found&nbsp;in far greater number than <strong>alloyed bronze ones<\/strong><br>Harappans were the first to use <strong>silver<\/strong> in the world<\/td><td>A large number of terracotta articles show that it was <strong>used by common people.<\/strong><br>Also, Harappans were good at <strong>metallurgy and producing alloys.<\/strong><br>There was a specialization of tasks-<strong> Goldsmiths, bronze-smiths, brick-makers.<\/strong><br><strong>More copper<\/strong> artifacts don\u2019t mean technological backwardness but it was their <strong>cultural preference<\/strong> in all likelihood.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Pottery<\/strong><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pottery\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/HkM8duqD0zTaaxiZgfGBtATOLKpdJvp_KXWDYaDpAsS0fOtd18y9_W_LqB5n8mrRe4zIeuKuOPeCfvOh-LQWpilveQbHLANLCdV5CqYvRswIl6EC50ctZin-uFnlk0uF4VDfJoilq_gSc0gx\" width=\"263\" height=\"235\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 263px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 263\/235;\"><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>The Harappans used <strong>Red and Black pottery<\/strong> (Redware painted with&nbsp;black designs) and also knew the use of Potter\u2019s wheel with ease<\/td><td>It shows the expertise of Harappans in pottery making e.g. <strong>Glazed pottery (Harappa), incised pottery, perforated pottery<\/strong>, etc.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Trade<\/strong><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/085_cfE4E4DSAoq3IGRGcyprDwaCFb4uASlDIIOGDC0bCiUddYwiZYtvHAR1Dlv4uuTZa_gBAtjMzd-CN7h3fu2ZUrb3HQSZTE_fcF-_qVj-cPYpKGkk5sjokLdLPelIpIb-yJjGK-ZH0Eai\" width=\"251\" height=\"300\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 251px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 251\/300;\"><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>Harappans had trade with <strong>Mesopotamia<\/strong> (Sumeria), <strong>Central Asia,&nbsp;Persia, Afghanistan Makan (Oman), and Dilmun<\/strong> (Bahrain). Trade was&nbsp;through the <strong>barter system<\/strong>.<br><strong>Export items<\/strong>: <strong>Teak<\/strong> ( obtained from Gujrat), <strong>Amazonite<\/strong>&nbsp;(Hirapuri, GJ), <strong>Slate<\/strong> (Kangra), <strong>Lead<\/strong> (Kashmir and South India),&nbsp;<strong>Copper<\/strong> (from Baluchistan and RJ(Khetri mines))<br><strong>Import Items:<\/strong> <strong>Jade<\/strong> (from Central Asia); <strong>Turquoise <\/strong>(from&nbsp;Khorasan); <strong>Lapis Lazuli,<\/strong> <strong>Gold, Silver, Tin<\/strong> ( from Afghanistan)&nbsp;(Gold was also obtained from Iran and Kolar mines in&nbsp;Karnataka); <strong>Steatite<\/strong> (Iran)<\/td><td>It shows the <strong>advanced trade relations<\/strong> of the Harappan civilization with other parts of India as well as also with other contemporary civilizations.<br>Harappan seals were found at <strong>Susa, Ur, and Nippur<\/strong> (Mesopotamia), <strong>Failaka, and Bahrain <\/strong>(Persian Gulf).<br><strong>Mesopotamian<\/strong> <strong>three-cylinder seals<\/strong> have been found in <strong>Mohenjo-Daro<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Weights and Measures<\/strong><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/5eep19_FMZsq8OeNIJ8h30slZrQiubOol3KS6ueX4irkGUfdRgqMW8VVokPiB017JxYSXIiOwHvMB36_xe2a1dcyZ591v0Gkrdxup63vWXLmrDHV1RCyr-5mIB5igCo19ohf5AIcr8fjJxC6\" width=\"257\" height=\"282\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 257px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 257\/282;\"><strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Weights followed a binary system<\/strong> \u2014 1, 2, 8, 16, 32 to&nbsp;64, 160, 320, 640, 1600, 3200, and so on.<br>Weights were made <strong>of chert, limestone, and steatite<\/strong>&nbsp;and were generally <strong>cubical<\/strong>.<br>The measure of length was based on a <strong>foot of 37.6cm and a cubit<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>The standardization and accuracy<\/strong> of weights and measures throughout the IVC were remarkable.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Seals<\/strong><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Text\n\nDescription automatically generated\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/mFA_kCyb-7tXlvOW8fQ7dLS8ICx9Wjn_mKlSZPqtpgOl_zGPue1FvAA38cRr_LN4HaIJTMzVsGrkNZ57oHAhIYnzw0rPCbkDtq1XmtO3WgH42_KTgy-nQBemqRx_GfEYwl9BmGlmwYAg1Qsd\" width=\"298\" height=\"251\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 298px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 298\/251;\"><strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Harappan seals <\/strong>are made up of <strong>Steatite<\/strong> (soft stone)<br><strong>Size- half an<\/strong> inch to 2.5 inch<br><strong>Shape-<\/strong>generally <strong>Square and Rectangular<\/strong> seals with&nbsp;carved animals and inscriptions were used<br><strong>Humpless bull <\/strong>is the most used animal in seals<\/td><td>Harappan seals are the <strong>greatest artistic creation <\/strong>and were used to mark <strong>ownership of property<\/strong> and in <strong>trade<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Theory_of_Decline_of_IVC\"><\/span><strong>Theory of Decline of IVC<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>IVC declined after 1900 BCE,<\/strong> however, the reasons for the decline are still disputed. There are various theories for its decline such as \u2013 (*No need to remember all these names, just glance at it)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Causes<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Historians<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Drying of Ghaggar River and increasing aridity<\/strong><\/td><td>D.P Agrawal and Sood<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Flood<\/td><td>Macay and S R Rao<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Low Rainfall<\/td><td>Dales, Vatsa and Lambricks<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ecological Disturbance<\/td><td>Fairchild<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aryan Invasion<\/td><td>Wheeler and Gordon<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Earthquake<\/td><td>Raikes and Dales<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Natural Calamity<\/td><td>K.A.R Kennedy<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A recent finding titled <strong>\u2018Neoglacial climate anomalies and the Harappan metamorphosis\u2019<\/strong>, done by an international team of scientists has suggested <strong>climate change as the possible reason for the decline of the Indus Valley Civilisation<\/strong>. Changes <strong>in temperature and precipitation<\/strong> led to the decline of monsoons and the drying up of the Ghaggar-Hakra River. This led to a decline in crops and urban Harappan society turning rural.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Special_features_of_some_Important_Harappan_Sites\"><\/span><strong>Special features of some Important Harappan Sites<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Sites<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Features<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Harappa (on Ravi River)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>1<sup>st<\/sup> Indus site<\/strong> to be discovered <br>Two rows of <strong>six granaries <\/strong><br><strong>The largest<\/strong> number of <strong>wheat grains <\/strong><br><strong>Red sandstone torso<\/strong> of nude male <br>Evidence of <strong>Coffin Burial<\/strong> <br>Two types of burial practice- type and <strong>cemetery H type<\/strong>.<br><br><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/oXsxmOLzCpPOIMnmvVs7HV0y7iV3RX5aMnDCTEpk2hpkj5Td1z8JKQMLCszzDPKiYHGBHMnIuTRI-174ugWlmPyJl2IkahVtWwtfjmuS5YnOjZCnKdcMqoAuJcNnEIO9uYkJk_ESVxKqMVMk\" alt=\"Special features of some Important Harappan Sites\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 232px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 232\/300;\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Mohenjo-Daro (Indus river) (mounds of Dead)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>2<sup>nd<\/sup> Indus site<\/strong> to be discovered<br><strong>Great granary<\/strong> (the largest building) <br><strong>Pasupati seals <\/strong><br><strong>Bronze dancing girl<\/strong><br>Steatite&#8217;s image of a bearded man said to be the priest <br><strong>3 cylindrical seals<\/strong> of Mesopotamia <br><strong>Great Bath <\/strong><br><strong>Hordes of Skeletons<\/strong> found on stairs (indicating warfare)<br><strong>Multi-pillar<\/strong> assembly halls <br>Mohenjo-Daro has <strong>no cemeteries<\/strong> and <strong>5 tragic sites<\/strong><br><strong>Bronze mirror<\/strong>, needle, saw, and the <strong>Bronze statue<\/strong> of the bull. <br><br><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"176\" height=\"263\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh5.googleusercontent.com\/TXybF6h4J64pqOZKcC6clAJWL1KZgQMLJQZsuMv5cpyJAffESIdkini7dF5g9DX3PEaRrlGr2cIFRNCf_bYsWJ8BXJwYZbJPENrB6i7KTw-HwwW5iAAEpgVozGRuj-xuKOovutAvTw5earWE\" alt=\"Special features of some Important Harappan Sites\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 176px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 176\/263;\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Lothal (Bhogava River, Gujarat) (also means \u2018mounds of dead\u2019 like Mohenjo-Daro)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Artificial dockyard<\/strong> (world\u2019s 1<sup>st<\/sup> tidal port)<br>Evidence of <strong>double burial<\/strong> (male and female)<br>Cultivation of <strong>rice <\/strong>(at Lothal and Rangpur)<br><strong>Beadmaker\u2019s shop<\/strong> (also exported)<br>Terracotta <strong>model of boats <\/strong><br><strong>Ivory scale<\/strong><br>Known for the cotton trade (Manchester of Harappan Civilization)<br>Circular button seal (also called Persian Gulf seal)<br>Two terracotta models of Egyptian Mummies (shows trade&nbsp;relation with Nile Valley civilization)<br><strong>Painted story<\/strong> on Earthen jar resembling story of cunning fox in&nbsp;<br><strong>Panchtantra Sacrificial Altar<\/strong> (at Lothal and Kalibagan)- Shows medical and surgical skills.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Dholavira<\/strong> (<strong>Khadir bet island <\/strong>in the Kutch Desert Wildlife<\/td><td>Inscription of <strong>10 alphabet signboards<\/strong><br>Megalith burial<br>Warehousing settlement<br>Gold rings (also at Mandi and Daimabad)<br>Shows all three phases of Harappan culture<br>Located on the Tropic of Cancer<br>Use of Sandstone and bricks<br>Evidence of dams, irrigation, water reservoirs, water harvesting system,s and <strong>embankments<\/strong><br>The town is divided into three parts <strong>(Upper, Middle, and lower).<\/strong><br>It was a walled city with <strong>heavy fortification<\/strong><br>An important <strong>center of maritime trad<\/strong>e (Dholavira declined with&nbsp;the decline of Mesopotamian civilization, showing the <strong>integration&nbsp;of the Trade economy<\/strong>)<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.insightsonindia.com\/2021\/07\/28\/harappan-city-dholavira-gets-world-heritage-tag\/\">Dholavira<\/a> has been named as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.insightsonindia.com\/2021\/07\/30\/insights-into-editorial-what-unesco-heritage-site-dholavira-tells-us-about-the-indus-valley-civilisation\/\"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site<\/strong><\/a>(India\u2019s 40<sup>th<\/sup>)<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"522\" height=\"437\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/x0el1arRg7eYwJRy_Ie4xbTdlIXDzkEX4ccJYseyJt6aXmrbh_nXJi1iUGny5YUeFdoDZI3Oa-fBipi0ZK5DqAZaDFXpw34hd_Gyb7wnTFJNbPy2ZBqvQ7u5fnTe-GUk4-NGtswcc6GPuJtu\" alt=\"Special features of some Important Harappan Sites\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 522px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 522\/437;\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Rakhigarhi (on Ghaggar \u2013Hakra river, Haryana)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Largest IVC site<\/strong> in India ( also claimed to be largest IVC site)<br>Evidence of <strong>Domestication of Dog<\/strong><br><strong>Manufacturing center of terracotta<\/strong> (Idly shaped terracotta)<br><strong>Painted potteries<\/strong> in large numbers (show rich and dominant&nbsp;people lived)<br>Recent findings show <strong>Rakhigarhi doesn\u2019t have the last phase<\/strong> of&nbsp;&nbsp;IVC ( earlier it was known to have <strong>all three phases <\/strong>of IVC)<br>DNA finding of <strong>Skeletal<\/strong> remains of a woman<br>Rakhigarhi\u2019s <strong>sudden demise<\/strong> can be explained by the <strong>drying up<\/strong> of&nbsp;the <strong>Saraswati in 2000 BC<\/strong><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.insightsonindia.com\/2020\/02\/27\/rakhigarhi\/\"><strong>Government (2021-22 budget)<\/strong><\/a> will fund <strong>on-site museums<\/strong> (also at <strong>Hastinapur<\/strong> (UP), <strong>Shivsagar<\/strong> (Assam), <strong>Dholavira<\/strong> (Gujarat), and <strong>Adichanallur<\/strong>&nbsp;(TN)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Chanhudaro (on Indus river)<\/strong><\/td><td>Known for<strong> cotton textile (Lancashire of IVC)<\/strong><strong>No Citadel (only IVC city)<\/strong>The largest number of <strong>copper tools<\/strong> found<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Kalibangan (on Ghaggar river, RJ) (means \u2018Black Bangles\u2019)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Wells found<\/strong> in every house<br>Evidence of <strong>mixed cropping<\/strong><br><strong>The earliest ploughed<\/strong> field in India<br><strong>Fire altars (shows cult of sacrifice)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Bhirrana (Haryana)<\/strong><\/td><td>Now considered to be the Oldest discovered IVC site dating back to 7500 BCE&nbsp;(earlier Mehargarh (Pak) was considered to be the Oldest )<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/0DX6XLfD5ilS4vRJhNgQHXdJdmJkq7gbKC6-im_WLqQaVWUCQ4QUy85YdFJjL4xBYl6SKt-l_M9a7uMRyMQDI3MzyInKnMiYkl-NuoiAX0mUXjPgbkDGJpqjWLSjEX4DDi1yrhA4-WeN9YcQ\" alt=\"Other important sites of Indus Valley Civilization\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Differences_between_IVC_and_that_of_Egyptian_and_Mesopotamian_Civilization\"><\/span><strong>Differences between IVC and that of Egyptian and Mesopotamian Civilization:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Features<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>HARAPPAN<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>EGYPTIAN\/MESOPOTAMIAN<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Urban Planning<\/strong><\/td><td>Planned towns with a <strong>grid-like pattern<\/strong><\/td><td>Towns show <strong>haphazard growth<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Script<\/strong><\/td><td>Invented their typical <strong>pictographic script<\/strong><\/td><td>Mesopotamia has a <strong>cuneiform script<\/strong> and the Egyptian script is known as&nbsp;<strong>hieroglyphics<\/strong>. Both scripts have been deciphered<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Writing Material<\/strong><\/td><td>The majority of the Script has been found on the <strong>seals<\/strong><\/td><td>The majority of the Mesopotamian script has been found on <strong>clay&nbsp;tablets <\/strong>while Egyptians wrote on <strong>papyrus sheets<\/strong> made of reeds.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Extent of Civilization<\/td><td>Spread was 20 times that of &nbsp; Mesopotamian and Egyptian Civilization<\/td><td>Less area as compared to IVC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Building Material<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Burnt Bricks<\/strong><\/td><td>Egyptians used <strong>Dried Bricks<\/strong>, whereas Mesopotamians used <strong>Baked Bricks<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Religion<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>No temples or religious structures<\/strong> have been found<\/td><td>Had <strong>elaborate religious practices<\/strong>, magic spells, and dominance of priest<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Weapons<\/strong><\/td><td>No clear evidence of war or weapons<\/td><td><strong>Clear evidence of wars<\/strong> and expedition in the other two civilizations<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Decline of Civilization<\/strong><\/td><td>Declined after <strong>1900 BCE<\/strong><\/td><td>Both civilizations continued to exist even after 1900 BCE.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Similarities_in_IVC_and_Egyptian_Mesopotamian_Civilization\"><\/span><strong>Similarities in IVC and Egyptian \/ Mesopotamian Civilization:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Along river valleys<\/strong>: IVC was along the Indus River basin, Sumerians developed between the Tigris and Euphrates river basins while Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River basin.<\/li><li>Agricultural society: They all developed as an agrarian society with a large agricultural class that was responsible for growing food for large centralized urban populations of the city.<\/li><li>Egalitarian society: Women were relatively empowered in these civilizations with IVC showing evidence of mother goddess worship.<ul><li>IVC had a large number of shrines of female deities showing women had a certain degree of independence.<\/li><li>Women in Mesopotamia and Egypt could make their own businesses and trade contracts and own property and could even become rulers (e.g. female pharaoh Hatshepsut)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Developed trade, manufacturing, and Commerce<\/strong>: Being free from the burden of growing food, these civilizations had a large merchant and artisans\u2019 base<\/li><li><strong>Highly urbanized<\/strong>: They had sophisticated transport and economic networks. This enabled them to spread to larger areas and support advanced crafts, artistic production, sophisticated religions, technology, and government bureaucracies.<\/li><li><strong>Nature worship<\/strong>: Although not much is known about IVC religion, however, other two civilizations had polytheistic religions, consisting of nature worship.<\/li><li><strong>Writing and Script<\/strong>: All of them had well-established art of writing and script<\/li><li><strong>Burial practices<\/strong>: All three civilizations buried their dead with items needed in the afterlife<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Facets_of_IVC_yet_to_be_Ascertained\"><\/span><strong>Facets of IVC yet to be Ascertained<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Harappan_Script\"><\/span><strong>Harappan Script<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Harappan script has not been deciphered yet due to several reasons<\/li><li>The script shows less than 30 characters, unlike other ancient civilizations with a true writing system that has long writings (more than 100 characters)<\/li><li>No multi-lingual script like the Rosetta Stone inscription has been found in Harappan script<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Origin_and_Extent_of_IVC\"><\/span><strong>Origin and Extent of IVC<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Little is known about the origin of the people of the Indus Valley Civilization<\/li><li>It is unclear where they came from, what language they spoke, what kind of social organization or rulers they had, or what their names were<\/li><li>New excavations show that Rakhigarhi was a bigger city than Mohenjo-Daro or Harappa, two previously considered centers of the Indus civilization<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Decline_of_IVC\"><\/span><strong>Decline of IVC<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The IVC declined around 1800 BCE, but the reasons for its demise are still debated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Linkage_of_IVC_to_Southern_Civilization\"><\/span><strong>Linkage of IVC to Southern Civilization<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Recent excavations and studies of the Indus Valley script and the Tamil-Brahmi script suggest that there may have been an urban, Bronze Age civilization in India\u2019s southern region<\/li><li>After the collapse of the Indus civilization, the remaining members of the civilization may have migrated south.<\/li><li>However, these findings are still disputed.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-essay?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Essay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/UPSC-Essay-Course-1280\u00d7300-1-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42688 lazyload\" width=\"781\" height=\"182\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 781px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 781\/182;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQs\"><\/span>FAQs:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q1_What_is_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization\"><\/span><strong>Q1:<\/strong> What is the Indus Valley Civilization? <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was an ancient civilization that existed in the Indian subcontinent around 3300\u20131300 BCE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q2_Where_was_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization_located_in_India\"><\/span><strong>Q2:<\/strong> Where was the Indus Valley Civilization located in India? <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> It primarily covered parts of present-day Pakistan and northwest India, along the Indus River and its tributaries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q3_Is_there_a_map_that_shows_the_extent_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization\"><\/span><strong>Q3:<\/strong> Is there a map that shows the extent of the Indus Valley Civilization? <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> Yes, there are maps available that depict the geographical extent of the Indus Valley Civilization. These maps show the locations of major cities and settlements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q4_What_were_the_major_cities_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization\"><\/span><strong>Q4:<\/strong> What were the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization? <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> Major cities included Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Dholavira, and Lothal. They were well-planned and had advanced infrastructure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q5_What_are_Indus_Valley_Civilization_seals\"><\/span>Q5. What are Indus Valley Civilization seals? <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> Indus Valley Civilization seals are small, intricately carved stone seals with various symbols and inscriptions. They are often considered an important aspect of their culture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q6_What_were_these_seals_used_for\"><\/span><strong>Q6:<\/strong> What were these seals used for? <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> The exact purpose of these seals is not fully understood, but they may have been used for trade, administration, or religious rituals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q7_How_was_town_planning_in_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization_different_from_other_ancient_civilizations\"><\/span><strong>Q7:<\/strong> How was town planning in the Indus Valley Civilization different from other ancient civilizations? <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> Towns in the Indus Valley Civilization were remarkably well-planned with a grid-like street layout, advanced drainage systems, and standardized brick sizes, setting them apart from many contemporary civilizations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q8_Why_was_urban_planning_so_advanced_in_this_civilization\"><\/span><strong>Q8:<\/strong> Why was urban planning so advanced in this civilization? <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> The advanced town planning suggests a sophisticated central authority that likely played a significant role in the organization and development of these cities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q9_When_did_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization_exist\"><\/span><strong>Q9:<\/strong> When did the Indus Valley Civilization exist? <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> The Indus Valley Civilization existed from around 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, making it one of the world&#8217;s oldest urban civilizations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q10_What_caused_the_decline_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization\"><\/span><strong>Q10:<\/strong> What caused the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> The exact reasons for the decline are debated, but factors such as climate change, environmental degradation, and possibly invasions have been suggested.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q11_Can_I_find_information_about_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization_in_Hindi\"><\/span><strong>Q11:<\/strong> Can I find information about the Indus Valley Civilization in Hindi? <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> Yes, there is information available about the Indus Valley Civilization in Hindi. Many books, articles, and websites provide resources in Hindi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q12_Where_can_I_visit_Indus_Valley_Civilization_sites_today\"><\/span><strong>Q12:<\/strong> Where can I visit Indus Valley Civilization sites today? <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> Some of the major sites you can visit include Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in Pakistan, as well as Lothal and Dholavira in India. These sites offer a glimpse into the ancient civilization&#8217;s history and architecture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q13_Are_these_sites_well-preserved\"><\/span><strong>Q13:<\/strong> Are these sites well-preserved? <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> While some sites are well-preserved, others have suffered damage over time. Conservation efforts are ongoing to protect and preserve these invaluable historical sites.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\"><\/span><strong>In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For UPSC Prelims Resources, <a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc-cse-prelims-resource-centre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Click here<\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For Daily Updates and Study Material:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Join our Telegram Channel &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/WithEdukemy4IAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edukemy for IAS<\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1. Learn through Videos &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3vOD8sU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li>\n<li>2. Be Exam Ready by Practicing Daily MCQs &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3Q9z2nF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li>\n<li>3. Daily Newsletter &#8211; Get all your Current Affairs Covered &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3bE2y5J\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li>\n<li>4. Mains Answer Writing Practice &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3mZuVxl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@ShabbirsEduKemyforIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Indus Valley Civilization, one of the world&#8217;s oldest and most enigmatic civilizations, flourished in the vast region of South Asia over 4,000 years ago<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":10907,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[285],"tags":[286,186,287,899,232,213,140],"class_list":["post-10896","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ancient-history-general-studies","tag-ancient-history-notes","tag-general-studies-1","tag-gs-paper-1","tag-indus-valley-civilization","tag-upsc","tag-upsc-notes","tag-upsc_preparation_strategy"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10896","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10896"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10896\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22852,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10896\/revisions\/22852"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10907"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10896"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10896"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10896"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}