{"id":14548,"date":"2023-11-02T17:00:03","date_gmt":"2023-11-02T17:00:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/?p=14548"},"modified":"2024-02-05T12:24:54","modified_gmt":"2024-02-05T12:24:54","slug":"account-for-the-legal-and-political-factors-responsible-for-the-reduced-frequency-of-using-article-356-by-the-union-governments-since-mid-1990s-15m-250-words","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/account-for-the-legal-and-political-factors-responsible-for-the-reduced-frequency-of-using-article-356-by-the-union-governments-since-mid-1990s-15m-250-words\/","title":{"rendered":"Account for the legal and political factors responsible for the reduced frequency of using Article 356 by the Union Governments since mid 1990s. (15M, 250 words)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-gs-advance-and-mentorship-program-ampcsat?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Link&amp;utm_campaign=GS+Advanced\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-43397\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-8.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-8-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-8-585x137.png 585w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>UPSC Mains General Studies Paper \u2013 1 Mains 2023<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-2023-gs-1-question-paper\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>UPSC Mains Civil Services IAS Exam Question Paper \u2013 2023<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a7ead7ba2013\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a7ead7ba2013\"  \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/account-for-the-legal-and-political-factors-responsible-for-the-reduced-frequency-of-using-article-356-by-the-union-governments-since-mid-1990s-15m-250-words\/#Introduction\" >Introduction&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/account-for-the-legal-and-political-factors-responsible-for-the-reduced-frequency-of-using-article-356-by-the-union-governments-since-mid-1990s-15m-250-words\/#Body\" >Body&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/account-for-the-legal-and-political-factors-responsible-for-the-reduced-frequency-of-using-article-356-by-the-union-governments-since-mid-1990s-15m-250-words\/#Legal_factors\" >Legal factors:-&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/account-for-the-legal-and-political-factors-responsible-for-the-reduced-frequency-of-using-article-356-by-the-union-governments-since-mid-1990s-15m-250-words\/#Political_factors\" >Political factors:-&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/account-for-the-legal-and-political-factors-responsible-for-the-reduced-frequency-of-using-article-356-by-the-union-governments-since-mid-1990s-15m-250-words\/#Other_factors\" >Other factors:-&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/account-for-the-legal-and-political-factors-responsible-for-the-reduced-frequency-of-using-article-356-by-the-union-governments-since-mid-1990s-15m-250-words\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/account-for-the-legal-and-political-factors-responsible-for-the-reduced-frequency-of-using-article-356-by-the-union-governments-since-mid-1990s-15m-250-words\/#In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_8792740517\" >In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 8792740517.&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The decreased usage of Article 356 by Union Governments since the mid-1990s can be attributed to legal and political factors. Legally, judicial activism and a more assertive judiciary have limited executive discretion. Politically, coalition governments and increased federalism compelled consensus-based decision-making, promoting cooperative federalism over coercive centralism. Additionally, growing public awareness and international scrutiny deterred arbitrary use, fostering a more democratic political culture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Article 365 empowers the President of India to impose president rule in a state effectively dismissing the state government and taking control of its affairs in case when there is \u2018 failure of constitutional machinery\u2019.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Body\"><\/span>Body&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>However, the frequency of using article 356 has been&nbsp; reduced since mid 1990s and this dismissal have been historically subjected to conflict due to the following factors:-<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Legal_factors\"><\/span>Legal factors:-&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>SR Bommai case 1994<\/strong> :- It emphasized that the power to dismiss a state government is subject to strict judicial review and should be used as a last resort. It also made it legally challengeable for the union to impose President rule. Ex- Uttarakhand president rule was stayed by Uttarakhand high court in 2017&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Constitutional Amendments<\/strong> :- It saw a transformation where in the 38th amendment act of 1975 made the satisfaction of the president in invoking Art-356 as final and conclusive whereas in the 44th amendment act of 1978 implies that the satisfaction of the president is not beyond Judicial review.&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Judicial Activism :- <\/strong>Under the Rameshwar Prasad vs Union of India case in 2005 a constitutional bench led by the chief justice of India declared the President\u2019s proclamation dissolving the Bihar assembly as unconstitutional. This legal precedence set a high standard for the application of Art-356&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Formation of inter state council :- <\/strong>Implementation of Sarkaria commission report in which he talks about Art-356 to be used as a last resort. It can lead to enhanced cooperation between union and state government.&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Justice V. chellian commission (2002) :-<\/strong>Recommended that Art-356 must be used sparingly and only as a remedy of the last resort after exhausting all actions under Art-255, Art-257 and Art- 355.&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Punchhi Commission:- <\/strong>Recommends that these Art-355 and Art-356 must be amended in order to protect the interest of the states trying to curb their misuse by the Centre.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Political_factors\"><\/span>Political factors:-&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Active role of President:- <\/strong>Former President K.R Narayan returned the cabinet\u2019s recommendation in 1997, to impose president&#8217;s rule in the state of UP.&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Coalition Politics:- <\/strong>The Political environment of 1990\u2019s was deeply fragmented both at Centre and state level which made them more cautious about using Art-356&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Rise of regional parties :- <\/strong>It flavored opportunistic and volatile character to Indian polity. It led national parties to become more inclined towards regional parties for their own political stability in Rajya Sabha and maintaining power balance at Centre.&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Consensus building :-<\/strong> Dialogue and diplomacy is a new drift in resolving disputes and differences rather than resorting to the dismissal of state governments.&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Role of governor:- <\/strong>Former governor of Tamil Nadu Surjeet Singh Barmala refused to send a report to the central government recommending president rule in the state.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-essay?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Essay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/UPSC-Essay-Course-1280\u00d7300-1-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42688 lazyload\" width=\"781\" height=\"182\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 781px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 781\/182;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Other_factors\"><\/span>Other factors:-&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Role of media and technology leads&nbsp; to political awareness in civil society&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li><li>Upholding the idea of cooperative federalism.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Role of Pressure groups.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, over the years, the legal interventions along with the evolved political climate have been instrumental in reducing the frequency of invoking Article 356 making it a &#8220;dead letter&#8221; and has helped in fostering a harmonious and balanced federal structure&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_8792740517\"><\/span><strong>In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 8792740517.<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>For UPSC Prelims Resources, <a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc-cse-prelims-resource-centre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Click here<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For Daily Updates and Study Material: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Join our Telegram Channel &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/WithEdukemy4IAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edukemy for IAS<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>1. Learn through Videos &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3vOD8sU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a> <\/li><li>2. Be Exam Ready by Practicing Daily MCQs &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3Q9z2nF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a> <\/li><li>3. Daily Newsletter &#8211; Get all your Current Affairs Covered &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3bE2y5J\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a> <\/li><li>4. Mains Answer Writing Practice &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3mZuVxl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The decreased usage of Article 356 by Union Governments since the mid-1990s can be attributed to legal and political factors.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":14556,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":"","_members_access_role":[],"_members_access_error":""},"categories":[185],"tags":[186,299,354,142,232,145,353],"class_list":["post-14548","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-upsc-mains-solved-papers","tag-general-studies-1","tag-geography-general-studies","tag-history","tag-previous_year_questions","tag-upsc","tag-upsc-mains-question-paper","tag-upsc-model-answers"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.9 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The decreased usage of Article 356 by Union Governments since the mid-1990s can be attributed to legal and political factors. 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