{"id":21583,"date":"2024-01-11T06:27:52","date_gmt":"2024-01-11T06:27:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/?p=21583"},"modified":"2024-01-29T07:16:50","modified_gmt":"2024-01-29T07:16:50","slug":"evidences-from-palaeomagnetism-and-sea-floor-spreading-have-validated-that-continents-and-ocean-basins-have-never-been-stationary-elucidate-with-suitable-diagrams-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/evidences-from-palaeomagnetism-and-sea-floor-spreading-have-validated-that-continents-and-ocean-basins-have-never-been-stationary-elucidate-with-suitable-diagrams-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cEvidences from palaeomagnetism and sea floor spreading have validated that continents and ocean basins have never been stationary.\u201d Elucidate with suitable diagrams &#8211; UPSC Geography Optional Mains &#8211; 2023"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-prelims-support-program-with-test-series?type=classroom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/GS-Foundation-Course-for-UPSC-1280-x-300-px-1-1024x300.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46623\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The dynamic nature of Earth&#8217;s geology has been unveiled through compelling evidence from palaeomagnetism and the concept of sea floor spreading, fundamentally challenging the traditional notion of stationary continents and ocean basins. Palaeomagnetism, the study of ancient magnetic fields recorded in rocks, provides a remarkable archive of Earth&#8217;s past magnetic orientations. Concurrently, the theory of sea floor spreading, proposed by Harry Hess and further developed by Fred Vine and Drummond Matthews, revolutionized our understanding of plate tectonics. Together, these scientific revelations assert that continents and ocean basins are not fixed entities but are instead part of a dynamic, ever-changing system. In this discourse, we will explore the compelling evidence supporting these concepts, accompanied by illustrative diagrams that visually elucidate the processes behind the constant reshaping of Earth&#8217;s surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e1b2263194f\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e1b2263194f\"  \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/evidences-from-palaeomagnetism-and-sea-floor-spreading-have-validated-that-continents-and-ocean-basins-have-never-been-stationary-elucidate-with-suitable-diagrams-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#Answer\" title=\"Answer\">Answer<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/evidences-from-palaeomagnetism-and-sea-floor-spreading-have-validated-that-continents-and-ocean-basins-have-never-been-stationary-elucidate-with-suitable-diagrams-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#1_Increasing_age_of_rocks_farther_from_the_mid-oceanic_ridge\" title=\"1. Increasing age of rocks farther from the mid-oceanic ridge:\">1. Increasing age of rocks farther from the mid-oceanic ridge:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/evidences-from-palaeomagnetism-and-sea-floor-spreading-have-validated-that-continents-and-ocean-basins-have-never-been-stationary-elucidate-with-suitable-diagrams-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#2_Reverse_polarity_bands\" title=\"2. Reverse polarity bands:\">2. Reverse polarity bands:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/evidences-from-palaeomagnetism-and-sea-floor-spreading-have-validated-that-continents-and-ocean-basins-have-never-been-stationary-elucidate-with-suitable-diagrams-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#3_Trenches\" title=\"3. Trenches:\">3. Trenches:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/evidences-from-palaeomagnetism-and-sea-floor-spreading-have-validated-that-continents-and-ocean-basins-have-never-been-stationary-elucidate-with-suitable-diagrams-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#4_Accretionary_Prism\" title=\"4. Accretionary Prism:\">4. Accretionary Prism:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/evidences-from-palaeomagnetism-and-sea-floor-spreading-have-validated-that-continents-and-ocean-basins-have-never-been-stationary-elucidate-with-suitable-diagrams-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#5_Volcanism\" title=\"5. Volcanism:\">5. Volcanism:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/evidences-from-palaeomagnetism-and-sea-floor-spreading-have-validated-that-continents-and-ocean-basins-have-never-been-stationary-elucidate-with-suitable-diagrams-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\" title=\"In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;\">In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/evidences-from-palaeomagnetism-and-sea-floor-spreading-have-validated-that-continents-and-ocean-basins-have-never-been-stationary-elucidate-with-suitable-diagrams-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\" title=\"Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here\">Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Answer\"><\/span>Answer <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Evidences from paleomagnetism and seafloor spreading have validated the age-old hypothesis of taylor and wagner that continents and ocean basins have never been stationary. They are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Increasing_age_of_rocks_farther_from_the_mid-oceanic_ridge\"><\/span>1. Increasing age of rocks farther from the mid-oceanic ridge:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Found by Harry Hess and team in 1960\u2019s.<\/li><li>Suggests that the crusts is getting created after subsequent eruptions.<\/li><li>Radiometric dating suggests that seafloor rocks are younger than continental ones.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"298\" height=\"296\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Screenshot-2024-01-11-114440.png\" alt=\"mid-oceanic ridge\" class=\"wp-image-21584 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Screenshot-2024-01-11-114440.png 298w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Screenshot-2024-01-11-114440-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Screenshot-2024-01-11-114440-120x120.png 120w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 298px) 100vw, 298px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 298px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 298\/296;\" \/><figcaption>mid-oceanic ridge<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Reverse_polarity_bands\"><\/span>2. Reverse polarity bands:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Magnetic anomaly of bands of rocks on either side of atlantic mid-oceanic ridge conclusive of movement of continents and ocean basins.<\/li><li>Other paleomagnetic evidences such as polar wandering curve hypothesis by Blackett proves wagner\u2019s hypothesis.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"154\" height=\"357\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Screenshot-2024-01-11-114556.png\" alt=\"Reverse polarity bands\" class=\"wp-image-21585 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 154px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 154\/357;\" \/><figcaption>Reverse polarity bands<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Trenches\"><\/span>3. Trenches:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Trenches along the subduction boundaries suggests the destruction of crust created by sea-floor spreading at mid-oceanic ridge.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"293\" height=\"349\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Screenshot-2024-01-11-114604.png\" alt=\"Trenches\" class=\"wp-image-21586 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 293px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 293\/349;\" \/><figcaption>Trenches<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-essay?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Essay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/10.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42412 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/10.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/10-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/10-585x137.png 585w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1280px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1280\/300;\" \/><\/a><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-essay?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Link&amp;utm_campaign=Essay\">UPSC Essay Course<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Accretionary_Prism\"><\/span>4. Accretionary Prism:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Sediments from the subducting plates pile up along the other plates\u2019s edge .<\/li><li>Contains sediments from the both plates(marine and terrestrial).<\/li><li>Form high mountains along ocean-continent boundaries.( shows movement of crust and basin).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"398\" height=\"207\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Screenshot-2024-01-11-114611.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-21587 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 398px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 398\/207;\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Volcanism\"><\/span>5. Volcanism:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Volcanism at zones of subduction result in andesitic lava erupting along with from the hotspots. E.g. Reunion island.<\/li><li>Volcanism shows the movement of plates and andesitic lava eruption due to partial melting of rocks.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore Paleomagnetism and sea-floor spreading have proven that continents and ocean basin are not stationary. This is further substantiated by plate tectonics and new age technologies such as SONAR and SOUND ACOUSTIC studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-essay?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Essay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/UPSC-Essay-Course-1280\u00d7300-1-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42688 lazyload\" width=\"781\" height=\"182\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 781px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 781\/182;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\"><\/span><strong>In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For UPSC Prelims Resources,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc-cse-prelims-resource-centre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Click here<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For Daily Updates and Study Material:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Join our Telegram Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/WithEdukemy4IAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edukemy for IAS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>1. Learn through Videos &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3vOD8sU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>2. Be Exam Ready by Practicing Daily MCQs &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3Q9z2nF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>3. Daily Newsletter &#8211; Get all your Current Affairs Covered &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3bE2y5J\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>4. Mains Answer Writing Practice &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3mZuVxl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\"><\/span>Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@ShabbirsEduKemyforIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The dynamic nature of Earth&#8217;s geology has been unveiled through compelling evidence from palaeomagnetism and the concept of sea floor spreading, fundamentally challenging the traditional notion of stationary continents and ocean basins.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":21588,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1546],"tags":[143,1353,142,232,145],"class_list":["post-21583","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-upsc-geography-optional-mains-solved-paper-2023","tag-geography_optional","tag-palaeomagnetism","tag-previous_year_questions","tag-upsc","tag-upsc-mains-question-paper"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21583","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21583"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21583\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24038,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21583\/revisions\/24038"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21588"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21583"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21583"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21583"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}