{"id":21642,"date":"2024-01-11T10:51:42","date_gmt":"2024-01-11T10:51:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/?p=21642"},"modified":"2024-03-19T12:47:42","modified_gmt":"2024-03-19T12:47:42","slug":"upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/","title":{"rendered":"UPSC NCERT Notes &#8211; Geography &#8211; The Ocean and its Properties"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-prelims-support-program-with-test-series\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"300\" data-id=\"47045\" src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/bannner-1600-x-1600-2400-x-1392-px-1280-x-300-px-1024x300.png\" alt=\"PSP 2025\" class=\"wp-image-47045\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Studying the intricacies of the Earth&#8217;s oceans unveils a realm of profound significance to our planet&#8217;s ecosystem and human civilization. The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) candidates&#8217; understanding of geographical concepts, recognizes the vital role of the ocean in shaping global climate, weather patterns, and biodiversity. Aspirants delving into the NCERT notes on Geography, specifically focusing on &#8220;The Ocean and its Properties,&#8221; embark on a journey to comprehend the dynamic forces governing our planet&#8217;s vast bodies of water. This foundational knowledge not only equips candidates with a comprehensive understanding of oceanic phenomena but also fosters a deeper appreciation for the interconnectedness of Earth&#8217;s systems. Through the exploration of oceanic properties, UPSC hopefuls gain insights essential for addressing contemporary environmental challenges and shaping sustainable policies for the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e3e74b46f73\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e3e74b46f73\"  \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Oceans\" title=\"Oceans:\">Oceans:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Hydrological_Cycle\" title=\"Hydrological Cycle:\">Hydrological Cycle:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Distribution_of_Water\" title=\"Distribution of Water:\">Distribution of Water:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Distribution_of_Water_on_the_Earths_Surface\" title=\"Distribution of Water on the Earth&#8217;s Surface\">Distribution of Water on the Earth&#8217;s Surface<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Oceans_of_the_World\" title=\"Oceans of the World\">Oceans of the World<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#i_Pacific_Ocean\" title=\"(i) Pacific Ocean\">(i) Pacific Ocean<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#ii_Atlantic_Ocean\" title=\"(ii) Atlantic Ocean\">(ii) Atlantic Ocean<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#iii_Indian_Ocean\" title=\"(iii) Indian Ocean\">(iii) Indian Ocean<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#iv_Southern_Ocean\" title=\"(iv) Southern Ocean\">(iv) Southern Ocean<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#v_Arctic_Ocean\" title=\"(v) Arctic Ocean\">(v) Arctic Ocean<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Oceanic_Relief_Features\" title=\"Oceanic Relief Features\">Oceanic Relief Features<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Continental_Shelf\" title=\"Continental Shelf\">Continental Shelf<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Shelf_Break\" title=\"Shelf Break\">Shelf Break<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Continental_Slope\" title=\"Continental Slope\">Continental Slope<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Continental_Rise\" title=\"Continental Rise\">Continental Rise<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Deep_Sea_Plain_or_Ocean_Basin\" title=\"Deep Sea Plain or Ocean Basin\">Deep Sea Plain or Ocean Basin<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Abyssal_Plain\" title=\"Abyssal Plain\">Abyssal Plain<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Ocean_Deeps_or_Trenches\" title=\"Ocean Deeps or Trenches\">Ocean Deeps or Trenches<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Oceanic_Ridge\" title=\"Oceanic Ridge\">Oceanic Ridge<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Other_Oceanic_Relief_Features\" title=\"Other Oceanic Relief Features\">Other Oceanic Relief Features<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Movement_of_Continents_and_Oceans\" title=\"Movement of Continents and Oceans\">Movement of Continents and Oceans<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Continental_Drift_Theory\" title=\"Continental Drift Theory\">Continental Drift Theory<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Evidence_Supporting_the_Theory\" title=\"Evidence Supporting the Theory\">Evidence Supporting the Theory<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Conventional_Current_Theory\" title=\"Conventional Current Theory\">Conventional Current Theory<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Seafloor_Spreading_Theory\" title=\"Seafloor Spreading Theory\">Seafloor Spreading Theory<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Plate_Tectonics_Theory\" title=\"Plate Tectonics Theory\">Plate Tectonics Theory<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Oceanic_Plate\" title=\"Oceanic Plate:\">Oceanic Plate:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Continental_Plate\" title=\"Continental Plate:\">Continental Plate:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Plate_Boundaries\" title=\"Plate Boundaries:\">Plate Boundaries:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#i_Constructive_Margin_or_Divergent_Plate_Boundary\" title=\"(i) Constructive Margin or Divergent Plate Boundary:\">(i) Constructive Margin or Divergent Plate Boundary:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#ii_Destructive_Plate_Margin_or_Convergent_Plate_Boundary\" title=\"(ii) Destructive Plate Margin or Convergent Plate Boundary:\">(ii) Destructive Plate Margin or Convergent Plate Boundary:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#iii_Conservative_Margin_or_Parallel_Boundary\" title=\"(iii) Conservative Margin or Parallel Boundary\">(iii) Conservative Margin or Parallel Boundary<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Prelims_Facts\" title=\"Prelims Facts\">Prelims Facts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#UPSC_NCERT_Practice_Questions\" title=\"UPSC NCERT Practice Questions\">UPSC NCERT Practice Questions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#1_On_the_planet_Earth_most_of_the_fresh_water_exists_as_icecaps_and_glaciers_Out_of_the_remaining_fresh_water_the_largest_proportion_IAS_Pre_2013\" title=\"1. On the planet Earth, most of the fresh water exists as icecaps and glaciers. Out of the remaining fresh water, the largest proportion IAS (Pre) 2013\">1. On the planet Earth, most of the fresh water exists as icecaps and glaciers. Out of the remaining fresh water, the largest proportion IAS (Pre) 2013<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#2_In_which_of_the_following_ocean_the_largest_mid-oceanic_ridge_is_located\" title=\"2. In which of the following ocean the largest mid-oceanic ridge is located?\">2. In which of the following ocean the largest mid-oceanic ridge is located?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#3_Which_of_the_following_statements_with_regard_to_the_continental_shelf_is_not_correct\" title=\"3. Which of the following statements with regard to the continental shelf is not correct?\">3. Which of the following statements with regard to the continental shelf is not correct?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#4_The_ocean_floors_are_divided_into_the_following_major_divisions_Select_the_correct_option\" title=\"4. The ocean floors are divided into the following major divisions. Select the correct option.\">4. The ocean floors are divided into the following major divisions. Select the correct option.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#5_Match_the_List_I_with_List_II_and_select_the_correct_answer_by_using_the_codes_given_below_the_lists_UPPSC_Mains_2017\" title=\"5. Match the List I with List II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below the lists. UPPSC (Mains) 2017\">5. Match the List I with List II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below the lists. UPPSC (Mains) 2017<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#6_Which_of_the_following_is_the_busiest_ocean_oceanic_route_in_the_world_UPPSC_Pre_1998_MPPSC_Pre_2014\" title=\"6. Which of the following is the busiest ocean (oceanic route) in the world? UPPSC (Pre) 1998, MPPSC (Pre) 2014\">6. Which of the following is the busiest ocean (oceanic route) in the world? UPPSC (Pre) 1998, MPPSC (Pre) 2014<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#7_A_ridge_of_64000_km_length_and_2000_km_to_2400_km_width_passing_through_the_North_and\" title=\"7. A ridge of 64,000 km length and 2,000 km to 2,400 km width passing through the North and\">7. A ridge of 64,000 km length and 2,000 km to 2,400 km width passing through the North and<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#The_South_Atlantic_oceanic_basin_enter_into_the_Sour_Sacific_oceanic_basin_through_Indian_oceanic_and_then_from_the_middle_of_Australia_and_This_ridge_is\" title=\"The South Atlantic oceanic basin enter into the Sour Sacific oceanic basin through Indian oceanic and then from the middle of Australia and This ridge is\">The South Atlantic oceanic basin enter into the Sour Sacific oceanic basin through Indian oceanic and then from the middle of Australia and This ridge is<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#8_Which_of_the_following_statements_isare_true_MPSC_Pre_2016\" title=\"8. Which of the following statement(s) is\/are true? MPSC (Pre) 2016\">8. Which of the following statement(s) is\/are true? MPSC (Pre) 2016<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#9_Plate_tectonics_is_a_scientific_theory_that_describes_the_large_scale_motions_of_Earths_lithosphere\" title=\"9 . Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that describes the large scale motions of Earth&#8217;s lithosphere.\">9 . Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that describes the large scale motions of Earth&#8217;s lithosphere.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Know_Right_Answer\" title=\"Know Right Answer\">Know Right Answer<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\" title=\"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)\">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\" title=\"In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;\">In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-geography-the-ocean-and-its-properties\/#Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\" title=\"Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;\u00a0here\">Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;\u00a0here<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Oceans\"><\/span>Oceans:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Approximately 71% of Earth&#8217;s surface is veiled by seas. The Pacific Ocean dominates with 35.4%, followed by the Atlantic Ocean at 18.4%, the Indian Ocean at 14.5%, and the Arctic Ocean at 3%. The remaining 29% is land surface.<\/li><li>The average depth of oceans reaches 2.3 miles or 3.7 km. The Pacific Ocean boasts the highest average depth, trailed by the Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Arctic Ocean.<\/li><li>Ocean water is primarily composed of chloride, followed by sodium, sulfate, magnesium, and others.<\/li><li>The Northern Hemisphere is labeled the <strong>continental hemisphere<\/strong>, housing around 40% <strong>of continents and 60% ocean<\/strong>. In contrast, the Southern Hemisphere is termed the oceanic hemisphere, as oceans envelop approximately 81% of the total surface.<\/li><li>With an abundant water presence, Earth is aptly named the <strong>Water Planet <\/strong>and the <strong>Blue Planet,<\/strong> owing to its azure hue when viewed from space.<\/li><li>Oceans play a pivotal role in the hydrological cycle, making their study crucial.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hydrological_Cycle\"><\/span>Hydrological Cycle:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Hydrological Cycle involves the perpetual circulation of water in Earth&#8217;s hydrosphere, transitioning between liquid, solid, and<strong> gaseous phases.<\/strong><\/li><li>It also denotes the perpetual interchange of water among the oceans, atmosphere, land surface, sub-surface, and living organisms.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Distribution_of_Water\"><\/span>Distribution of Water:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The distribution of water across Earth is notably uneven. Some areas boast abundant water resources, while others grapple with scarcity. Oceans harbor about <strong>71% of the planetary water.<\/strong><\/li><li>The remaining portion exists as freshwater, encompassing glaciers, icecaps, groundwater reservoirs, lakes, soil moisture, atmosphere, streams, and within living organisms.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Nearly 59% of the water that descends on land reenters the atmosphere through evaporation over oceans and other regions.&nbsp;<\/li><li>The remaining portion either runs off on the surface, infiltrates into the ground, or contributes to the formation of glaciers.<\/li><li>Renewable water on Earth remains constant, yet the escalating demand is causing a substantial increase.<\/li><li>This surge in demand has led to water crises, both spatially and temporally, in various parts of the world. The predicament is further compounded by the pollution of river water.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Distribution_of_Water_on_the_Earths_Surface\"><\/span>Distribution of Water on the Earth&#8217;s Surface<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Reservoir<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Volume (million cubic km)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Percentage of the Total<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oceans<\/td><td>1370<\/td><td>97.25<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Icecaps and Glaciers<\/td><td>29<\/td><td>2.05<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Groundwater<\/td><td>9.5<\/td><td>0.68<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lakes<\/td><td>0.125<\/td><td>0.01<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Soil Moisture<\/td><td>0.065<\/td><td>0.005<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Atmosphere<\/td><td>0.013<\/td><td>0.001<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Streams and Rivers<\/td><td>0.0017<\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Biosphere<\/td><td>0.0006<\/td><td>0.0001<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Unaccounted\/Other<\/td><td>0.00004<br><\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Oceans_of_the_World\"><\/span>Oceans of the World<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The world&#8217;s five major oceans are described below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"i_Pacific_Ocean\"><\/span>(i) Pacific Ocean<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Pacific Ocean holds the title of the <strong>world&#8217;s largest ocean, <\/strong>covering an area of 165,200,000 sq km. Named by the Portuguese explorer<strong> Ferdinand Magellan,<\/strong> it boasts an average depth of 4,280 m, excluding adjacent seas.<\/li><li><strong>The Pacific Ocean is subdivided<\/strong> into the North Pacific and South Pacific by the Equator and is connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the Bering Strait. <strong>Major trenches include the Mariana Trench<\/strong>, Middle America Trench, Japan Trench, Kermadec Trench, Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, Tonga Trench, Aleutian Trench, Peru-Chile Trench (Atacama Trench), and Philippine Trench.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ii_Atlantic_Ocean\"><\/span>(ii) Atlantic Ocean<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Atlantic Ocean, the world&#8217;s<strong> second-largest ocean<\/strong>, spans an area of 106,400,000 sq km. Its name is derived from the <strong>Greek mythology of Atlantis Thalass<\/strong>, meaning the &#8216;Sea of Atlas.&#8217;&nbsp;<\/li><li>Resembling an S-shape, it boasts an average depth of 3,646 m. The Atlantic Ocean plays a pivotal role in economic activities, providing grounds for fishing and hosting significant oil and natural gas production.<\/li><li>Major trenches include the Puerto Rico Trench, South Sandwich Trench, and Hellenic Trench.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"iii_Indian_Ocean\"><\/span>(iii) Indian Ocean<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Indian Ocean, the<strong> third-largest ocean globally, c<\/strong>overs an area of 73,556,000 sq km and is named after India.&nbsp;<\/li><li>It constitutes 19.8% of the Earth&#8217;s surface water and is situated between Africa, the Southern Ocean, Australia, and Asia.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Known as the warmest ocean, India has the right to explore polymetallic nodules in the Indian Ocean as per the United Nations Convention Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).&nbsp;<\/li><li>Islands in the <strong>Indian Ocean<\/strong> include Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Lakshadweep (coral islands), and Maldives. <strong>Major trenches consist of the Diamantina <\/strong>Trench and Java or Sunda Double Trench.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"iv_Southern_Ocean\"><\/span>(iv) Southern Ocean<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Also recognized as the<strong> Antarctic Ocean or Austral Ocean,<\/strong> the Southern Ocean is the fourth-largest ocean, spanning an area of 20,327,000 sq km.&nbsp;<\/li><li>It encircles the continent of Antarctica and extends northwards to 60\u00b0 South latitude. This frigid ocean features a persistent easterly current.<\/li><li>The Southern Ocean interacts with the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Southern Pacific Ocean.<\/li><li><strong>Prominent trenches in the Southern Ocean <\/strong>include the Factorian Deep and South Sandwich Trench.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"v_Arctic_Ocean\"><\/span>(v) Arctic Ocean<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Arctic Ocean, smaller and shallower than its counterparts, spans an area of 13,986,000 sq km. Situated within the Arctic Circle, it surrounds the<strong> North Pole.<\/strong><\/li><li>Linked to the <strong>Pacific Ocean<\/strong> through the narrow Bering Strait, the Arctic Ocean is bordered by Eurasia and North America. It becomes completely ice-covered during winter.<\/li><li>With the lowest average salinity among the five major oceans, the deepest point in the Arctic Ocean is the <strong>Molloy Deep (5551 m)<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Significant trenches in the Arctic Ocean consist of the Molloy Deep and Litke Deep.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Oceanic_Relief_Features\"><\/span>Oceanic Relief Features<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Oceanic relief features differ from continental features due to the relatively younger age of the oceanic crust, which is less than 70 million years old. In contrast, continental features are over 1 <strong>billion years old.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh7-us.googleusercontent.com\/YwpdiRQjFyB1_FFRj1IcdWhAGueHk1PjmGkF9s4pVVQc7K0QiA7tO1bx2hZztZ5yKmBe51xeRKYHUPzz0dnF5g2IhffRoT4RIBpcp_bQXGFIdx3fIE7D7uEEMGW4HvWtit4TSKc5_WT9lHtuBHIfRHE\" alt=\"Oceanic relief\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" \/><figcaption>Oceanic relief<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Oceanic landforms significantly influence seawater movement and have substantial implications for human activities such as fishing and navigation.<\/li><li>The diagram below illustrates various relief features, including:<ul><li>Continental Shelf<\/li><li>Continental Slope<\/li><li>Continental Rise<\/li><li>Deep Sea Plain (Ocean Basin)<\/li><li>Ocean Deeps (Trenches)<\/li><li>Oceanic Ridge<\/li><li>Guyots<\/li><li>Submarine Canyons<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Continental_Shelf\"><\/span>Continental Shelf<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The continental shelf refers to the submerged margin of the continent, extending up to 100 fathoms (600 feet) under ocean water.<\/li><li>Constituting 8.6% of the total ocean basin, its slope ranges from 1\u00b0 to 3\u00b0, determined by coastal relief. <strong>Narrow shelves <\/strong>occur when a high mountain runs parallel to the coast, such as in the Atlantic Ocean, where it spans 2 km to 80 km wide.<\/li><li>In the Pacific Ocean, the width of continental shelves varies from 160 km to 1600 km, influenced by the <strong>coastal land&#8217;s <\/strong>relief characteristics.<\/li><li>On average, the continental shelf of the Indian Ocean is 640 km wide in the West, narrows to 160 km near Java and <strong>Sumatra in the East, <\/strong>and further reduces along the coast of Antarctica.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Shelf_Break\"><\/span>Shelf Break<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The point where there is a marked increase in the slope angle is known as the shelf break. Approximately 20% of oil and gas production is extracted from these areas, supporting productive fishing grounds and serving as a valuable source of marine food (e.g<strong>., Dogger Bank and Grand Bank).<\/strong><\/li><li>The submergence and emergence of the continent play a crucial role in the origin of the continental shelf.<\/li><li>These areas are not part of the oceanic crust but are composed of <strong>continental crust, <\/strong>namely granite and sediment derived from the erosion of land.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Continental_Slope\"><\/span>Continental Slope<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The continental slope is formed due to erosion, tectonic movement, and aggradations (an increase in land elevation).<\/li><li>The continental slope has a steep incline beyond the continental shelf toward the ocean.<\/li><li>It varies from 2\u00b0 to more than 5\u00b0 at different locations, occupying 8.5% of the total area of the ocean basin.<\/li><li>The depth of water over continental slopes varies from 200 m to 2000 m.<\/li><li>Continental slopes are indented by <strong>numerous submarine canyons and mounds<\/strong>.<\/li><li>The boundary line between the continental slope and the shelf is called the<strong> andesite line<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Continental_Rise\"><\/span>Continental Rise<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>It is a sudden rise of the bad land, which gives a V-shaped notch. The bottom of the V is known as the trench, and the slope is continental.<\/li><li>The continental rise is generally absent in regions where deep-sea trenches exist and subduction zones are active.<\/li><li>Continental rises feature deep-sea fans. In appearance, they are much like alluvial fans on land found along the fronts of mountain ranges.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Deep_Sea_Plain_or_Ocean_Basin\"><\/span>Deep Sea Plain or Ocean Basin<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The ocean basin is a vast submarine region that collectively covers nearly three-quarters of Earth&#8217;s water on the planet and has an average depth of almost 4 km (about 2.5 miles).<\/li><li>The basins also contain a variable amount of sedimentary fill that is thinnest on the ocean ridges and usually thickest near the continental margins.<\/li><li>Some places have less than 1 cm per 1000 years. The dominant geologic process is <strong>Planktonic rain,<\/strong> which blankets the seafloor with organic sediments.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Abyssal_Plain\"><\/span>Abyssal Plain<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between <strong>4500 m to 6000 m.<\/strong> It extends from the continental rise (continental lithogenous sediments accumulate along continental margins) to the distant deep ocean basin, where continental-derived sediment deposition is not significant.<\/li><li>Abyssal plains are large horizontal seafloor regions, typically some of the flattest places on the Earth&#8217;s surface.<\/li><li>Abyssal plains are <strong>underlain by oceanic crus<\/strong>t that formed and moved away from spreading centers associated with mid-ocean ridges and rises because they are so far from land. They have very slow sedimentation rates.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-cse-gs-integrated-course?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=GS+Integrated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42401 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8-585x137.png 585w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1280px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1280\/300;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ocean_Deeps_or_Trenches\"><\/span>Ocean Deeps or Trenches<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Deep ocean trenches are formed during a process known as subduction. In <strong>subduction<\/strong>, one tectonic plate (a large portion of the Earth&#8217;s crust) slides under another.<\/li><li>The plate that is slipping under the other plate bends and forms an ocean trench. The subduction zones, where ocean trenches form, become long and deep valleys. <\/li><li>These are the deepest parts of the ocean and are relatively steep-sided, narrow basins. They occur at the bases of continental slopes and along island arcs and are associated with active volcanoes and strong earthquakes.<\/li><li>Major trenches in the Pacific Ocean, such as the <strong>Mariana Trench, Japan Trench, and Peru-Chile<\/strong> Trench, as well as the Puerto Rico Trench in the Atlantic Ocean and the Java Trench in the Indian Ocean, hold significance. The Pacific Ocean boasts around 32 trenches, the Atlantic Ocean has 19, and the Indian Ocean features 6.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Oceanic_Ridge\"><\/span>Oceanic Ridge<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The oceanic ridge presents itself as a broad, fractured swell, spanning over 1,400 km in width, with peaks rising<strong> up to 3,000 m<\/strong> above the ocean floor.<\/li><li>Encompassing approximately 22% of the ocean surface, oceanic ridges extend continuously from the Arctic basin through the center of the Atlantic Ocean into the Indian Ocean and across the South Pacific.<\/li><li>The<strong> Mid-Atlantic Ridge<\/strong>, stretching<strong> about 14,450 km<\/strong> from Iceland in the North to Bouvet Island in the South, is a prominent example of an oceanic ridge. These formations are created by underwater lava eruptions that solidify into rocks.<\/li><li>The age of seafloor rocks increases in parallel bands outward from <strong>central ocean ridges.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Other_Oceanic_Relief_Features\"><\/span>Other Oceanic Relief Features<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Seamount: <\/strong>An isolated mountain-sized feature rising above the seafloor, possibly a large tectonic block separated from a continental landmass or an ancient or active submarine volcano. An exposed portion above the ocean surface is termed an island.<\/li><li><strong>Atoll:<\/strong> A ring-shaped reef or island formed of coral, usually on the foundation of an extinct volcano in the ocean. Over time, the volcano may erode or sink, while the limestone ring continues to grow.<\/li><li><strong>Bank:<\/strong> A flat-topped elevation in continental margins, shallow enough for navigation, formed by erosional and depositional activities.<\/li><li><strong>Shoal: <\/strong>A detached elevation with shallow depth, projecting above the water and posing navigation risks.<\/li><li><strong>Guyots: <\/strong>Submarine volcanic mountains (seamounts) with flat tops, often ancient formations shaped by wave action before submerging into ocean depths. They may lack the fringing limestone reefs associated with atolls.<\/li><li><strong>Submarine Canyons: <\/strong>Narrow, steep-sided valleys originating within continental slopes or on a continental shelf. Examples include the <strong>Congo Canyon,<\/strong> the largest river canyon, and the<strong> Hudson Canyon<\/strong>, the world&#8217;s best-known submarine canyon.<\/li><li>The largest submarine canyon globally is the <strong>Zhemchug Canyon.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Movement_of_Continents_and_Oceans\"><\/span>Movement of Continents and Oceans<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Scientists propose that the current configuration of continents and oceans has changed throughout Earth&#8217;s history and will continue evolving.<\/li><li>Currently, <strong>71% of the Earth<\/strong> is covered by water, with the remaining <strong>29% as landmass.<\/strong><\/li><li>Major theories explaining the formation of continents and oceans include the Continental Drift Theory, Convectional Current Theory, Seafloor Spreading Theory, and Plate Tectonic Theory.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Continental_Drift_Theory\"><\/span>Continental Drift Theory<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Proposed in 1912 by German climatologist <strong>Alfred Wegener<\/strong>, the theory hypothesizes the distribution of oceans and continents.&nbsp;<\/li><li>It suggests lateral movement of continents or continental drift, stating that continents float over oceans.<\/li><li>Approximately 250 million years ago, the Earth featured a solitary super-continent named Pangaea and an encompassing super-ocean named <strong>Panthalassa.<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Pangaea <\/strong>comprised North America (with Greenland attached) and Eurasia (excluding Arabia and India) in the extreme North. Further down, South America and Africa (with Arabia attached), and even further down, Antarctica, Australia, and India.<\/li><li>Around 200 million years ago, Pangaea underwent fragmentation into two parts, one floating Northward and the other Southwards. The Northern part was referred to as <strong>Angara land <\/strong>(Laurasia), and the Southern part as Gondwana land.&nbsp;<\/li><li>The space between these two continental blocks was filled by a narrow, shallow water body known as the<strong> Tethys Sea.<\/strong><\/li><li>Laurasia included present-day North America, Greenland, and Eurasia (sans India and Arabia), while Gondwana land encompassed Africa with attached Arabia, South America, Australia, and India. The South Pole was located near Durban in South Africa.<\/li><li>Later, during the Jurassic period, further disruption of Gondwana land occurred. The Northward movement, driven by gravitational forces and the intense pull of the poles, caused the crumpling and deformation of sediments deposited in the Tethys, resulting in the formation of the <strong>Alpine and Himalayan mountain ranges.<\/strong><\/li><li>Westward movement, caused by <strong>tidal forces<\/strong>, led to the formation of the Andes and Rockies, along with the Caribbean islands in the Americas.<\/li><li>The forces responsible for the drifting of continents, as suggested by <strong>Wegene<\/strong>r, included polar-fleeing forces related to Earth&#8217;s rotation and tidal forces caused by the gravitational attraction of the<strong> Moon and the Sun<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Many scholars considered these forces insufficient for continental drifting. Nonetheless, the evidence presented by the continental drift theory establishes a foundation for future research.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Evidence_Supporting_the_Theory\"><\/span>Evidence Supporting the Theory<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Jigsaw fit of continents<\/li><li>Glacial evidence<\/li><li>Fossil similarities<\/li><li>Similarities in mountain ranges<\/li><li>&nbsp;Structural similarities<\/li><li>Coal deposits<\/li><li>Evidence of glacial striations<\/li><li>Criticisms of the theory centered around the insufficiency of forces responsible for continental drift, but the provided evidence offers a basis for further exploration.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh7-us.googleusercontent.com\/os9OBvJJtBpVTqemdRITQ26uZHuvPVFL4roQcSK-pxsrsLsr0Wj5BoPjrcp3PBYGRDAnRGQnS-W6x-REiVGvkgtqLv0wiPqCVgqBfsgqyBmuKecERQ_-bWp439kWMcKCcdetDrvEe2oMp2YoqlHyJ8c\" alt=\"Diagrammatic Representation of Drift of Continents\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" \/><figcaption><strong>Diagrammatic Representation of Drift of Continents<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conventional_Current_Theory\"><\/span>Conventional Current Theory<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Arthur Holmes <\/strong>explained the possibility of forces for drifting of continents. He stated that there is a possibility of permanent convection current operating in the whole mantle portion generated due to <strong>radioactive elements<\/strong> that drive the continents continuously.<\/li><li>On this premise, scientists dismissed the Continental Drift Theory. The theory proposed that where convectional currents collide, the area weakens, and over time, these currents break th<strong>e lithosphere<\/strong>, leading to the fragmentation of continents.<\/li><li>Holmes elucidated that convectional currents form a cell-like structure, and a system of such cells develops in the Earth&#8217;s mantle.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Seafloor_Spreading_Theory\"><\/span>Seafloor Spreading Theory<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Seafloor Spreading hypothesis, introduced by geophysicist <strong>Harry H. Hess<\/strong> in 1961, focuses on the ocean floor.<\/li><li>It posits that the age of seafloor rocks varies. According to Hess, ocean floors, propelled by volcanic eruptions at the <strong>crust of oceanic ridges<\/strong>, sink at oceanic trenches and are consumed.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Therefore, the spreading of one ocean does not cause the shrinkage of another. The <strong>youngest rocks<\/strong> are concentrated in the central parts of oceans, while older rocks are found towards the margins.<\/li><li>New crust forms in the central ocean, spreading towards the margins and pushing older rocks towards them\u2014a concept known as<strong> Seafloor Spreading.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Plate_Tectonics_Theory\"><\/span>Plate Tectonics Theory<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Following the evolution of the Continental Drift Hypothesis and Seafloor Spreading, a broader concept, Plate Tectonics, emerged in 1967, termed <strong>Global Plate Tectonics<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Coined by <strong>J.T. Wilson <\/strong>in 1965, influential thinkers like <strong>Morgan, McKenzie, Parker,<\/strong> and Holmes contributed independently to this concept. The theory elucidates the large-scale motions of Earth&#8217;s lithosphere due to<strong> tectonic plates.<\/strong><\/li><li>A tectonic plate, a massive irregularly shaped slab of solid rock, comprises both continental and oceanic lithosphere. Earth&#8217;s lithosphere is divided int<strong>o 7 Major<\/strong> plates and about <strong>20 Minor plates<\/strong>, with thickness ranging between 5-100 km in oceanic areas and about 200 km in continental regions.&nbsp;<\/li><li>The classification of a plate as continental or oceanic depends on its large occupancy, where the Pacific plate stands as the largest oceanic plate, and the <strong>Eurasian plate<\/strong> is the largest continental plate.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh7-us.googleusercontent.com\/b2eoVCB584Mlkl402HtR0U0ZE4aVcI5kP-Q7vUOljTsndhqF6tN6TOcSt1TBW3RJV6sMTn0WSB2i4LUAfdAhqs_zi1srfx_o12BKaRNn-2HLvL9ATY8GA9DQVb_XQ0LimtsoOTWvvWt3qENsZdxvfho\" alt=\"Plate Tectonics Theory\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" \/><figcaption>Plate Tectonics Theory<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Major and minor plates encompass:<ul><li>Eurasia and the adjacent oceanic plate.<\/li><li>Antarctica and the surrounding oceanic plate.<\/li><li>North American plate.<\/li><li>South American plate.<\/li><li>Pacific plate (the largest, covering 1\/5th of Earth&#8217;s surface).<\/li><li>India-Australia, New Zealand plate.<\/li><li>Africa with the Eastern Atlantic plate.<\/li><li>Cocos plate between Central America and the Pacific plate.<\/li><li>Nazca plate between South America and the Pacific plate.<\/li><li>Arabian plate mostly associated with the Saudi Arabian landmass.<\/li><li>Philippines plate between the Asiatic and Pacific plate.<\/li><li>Caroline plate between the Philippines and the Indian plate.<\/li><li>Fuji plate North-East of Australia.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Oceanic_Plate\"><\/span>Oceanic Plate:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Oceanic plates, primarily beneath the ocean, form at divergent plate boundaries. Composed of mafic <strong>basaltic rocks<\/strong>, they are denser than continental plates due to their heavy<strong> ferromagnesian <\/strong>elements.&nbsp;<\/li><li>An example is the Pacific plate, stretching from the East Pacific Rise to the deep-sea trenches bordering the Western part of the Pacific basin.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Continental_Plate\"><\/span>Continental Plate:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Containing continents, continental plates form mainly at convergent plate boundaries.&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Felsic in nature,<\/strong> dominated by <strong>granitic rocks<\/strong>, a notable example is the North American Plate, encompassing North America and the oceanic crust between it and a portion of the mid-Atlantic ridge.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Plate_Boundaries\"><\/span>Plate Boundaries:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Plate boundaries typically fall into three types:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Constructive margin or divergent plate boundary.<\/li><li>Conservative margin or parallel boundary.<\/li><li>Destructive margin or convergent plate boundary.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"i_Constructive_Margin_or_Divergent_Plate_Boundary\"><\/span>(i) Constructive Margin or Divergent Plate Boundary:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>When two plates move apart, a crack forms between them, allowing molten lava from the asthenosphere to continuously emerge and create a new crust.&nbsp;<\/li><li>These plate boundaries are termed <strong>constructive plate margins<\/strong>, leading to the formation of a new crust and submarine mountains or ridges, such as the mid-Atlantic ridge, East-Pacific ridge, and Chagos-Laccadive ridge in the Indian Ocean.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ii_Destructive_Plate_Margin_or_Convergent_Plate_Boundary\"><\/span>(ii) Destructive Plate Margin or Convergent Plate Boundary:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>When two plates converge, forming a<strong> destructive plate margin<\/strong>, the denser plate is subducted below the lighter one.&nbsp;<\/li><li>This collision results in a region known as the<strong> Benioff zone <\/strong>or <strong>Subduction zone<\/strong>, also referred to as a Consuming plate margin.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Convergent plates interact in various ways, with an example being the <strong>Oceanic-Continental Plate Boundary<\/strong>, where an oceanic plate subducts below a continental plate, forming a trench, and often leading to the crumpling, folding, and uplift of the continental plate to create fold mountains like the Rockies and Andes.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh7-us.googleusercontent.com\/aZMQ2WJwkuPA7BjFAcoq_MSB6dcZlG2c79UhhyEkxbf_7EwOlkXM7yDCO0wCDKqF0OE_crJsbgEZJMH_gcLOyJuIcWlc_bgLm0EqA1lfYDiizNQhd84dC5ypilOUeGQaoql2AAQjavE45J3Qoj4GC40\" alt=\"Plate Boundaries\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" \/><figcaption>Plate Boundaries<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/refer-and-earn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46428 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1-585x137.png 585w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1280px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1280\/300;\" \/><\/a><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/refer-and-earn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">Refer &amp; Earn NOW<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent Plate <\/strong>When the margins of one oceanic plate collide with another, one plate descends under the adjacent plate and melts down to form the part of the mantle. This may lead to the formation of oceanic trenches. Convergence of the<strong> Pacific and the Philippines plates <\/strong>explains the formation of island, festoons and chain of volcanoes in that region e.g., Philippines and Indonesian islands.<\/li><li><strong>Continent-Continent Plate Boundary <\/strong>When both the plates are continental, the subduction at the Benioff zone is not so effective that it can give rise to vulcanicity in that region.&nbsp;<\/li><li>But, these regions are geographically unstable and long chains of fold mountains are formed here. The Himalayas are a striking example of the convergence of two continental plates. Other examples are Alps, Atlas and Ural mountains,<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"iii_Conservative_Margin_or_Parallel_Boundary\"><\/span>(iii) Conservative Margin or Parallel Boundary<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>A conservative plate margin involves two tectonic plates sliding past each other.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Example of a conservative plate margin is the San Andreas Fault in California.<\/li><li>Here, the Pacific plate and the North American plate moving in same direction but at different speeds.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Prelims_Facts\"><\/span>Prelims Facts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The surface of the Earth covered with water is approximately. Which sea is the deepest sea in the world? &#8211; South-China <strong><em>Sea (UPPSC (Mains) 2015]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>The fresh water available for use amounts to what percentage of total water found &#8211; Less than 1<strong><em>% (UPPSC (Pre) 2010<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>On the sea level, nearest place to the centre of the Earth is &#8211; North Pole<strong><em> (BPSC (Pre) 1992]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>A Horizontal line to the sea level from where heights and depths are measured is called Datum Line [<strong><em>UPPSC (Pre) 1991)<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>The largest part of our hydrosphere is -Pacific Ocean <strong><em>[UKPSC (Pre) 2010]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>The largest amount of fresh water on our planet is in Glaciers and Mountains <strong><em>[UPPSC (Pre) 2015]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>The largest proportion of fresh water after ice caps and glaciers is Groundwate<strong><em>r [IAS (Pre) 2013]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Which sea is lies towards the North of Turkey? Black Sea <strong>(MPPSC (Pre) 1991, IAS (Pre) 2014]<\/strong><\/li><li>Sargasso is related to the ocean, that ocean is -Northern Atlantic (RAS (Pre) 1999, MPPSC <strong><em>(Pre) 2022]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Aral sea is lying between which countries? -Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan<strong><em> [UPPSC (Pre) 2012]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Red sea is an example of &#8211; Axial Troug<strong><em>h (UPPSC (Pre) 2017<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>How many ocean are there on the planet Earth ? <strong><em>-5 (UPPSC (Pre) 2010]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Bermuda triangle is located in -North Atlantic Ocean <strong><em>[UPPSC (Mains) 2008)<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Grenada an island country located is Caribbean Sea (<strong><em>UPPSC (Pre) 2011<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>The Republic of Malta is located in which sea ? -Mediterranean<strong><em> [UPPSC (Pre) 2010]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>The busiest oceanic route in the world? -North Atlantic Ocean [UPPSC (Pre) 1998,<strong><em> MPPSC (Pre) 2009, 2014]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Where is the Celebes sea is located? -South-East-Asia<strong><em> [IAS (Prc) 2002]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Where is &#8216;Ninety East Ridge&#8217; situated? &#8211; Indian Ocean<strong><em> [BPSC (Pre) 2011]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>What is the most extensive part of the oceanic floor? &#8211; Deep Sea Plain<strong><em> [UKPSC (Pre) 2012, 2014]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>What is the name of the deepest oceanic trench? &#8211; Mariana<strong><em> [UPPSC (Mains) 2015]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>In which ocean Diamantina trench is situated? &#8211; Indian ocean<strong><em> [IAS (Pre) 2006]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Sunda trench lies parallel to the island of &#8211; Java<strong><em> [BPSC (Pre) 2022]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>The largest coral reef in the world is found near the coast of which country? &#8211; Australia<strong><em> [IAS (Pre) 2007<\/em><\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"UPSC_NCERT_Practice_Questions\"><\/span>UPSC NCERT Practice Questions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_On_the_planet_Earth_most_of_the_fresh_water_exists_as_icecaps_and_glaciers_Out_of_the_remaining_fresh_water_the_largest_proportion_IAS_Pre_2013\"><\/span>1. On the planet Earth, most of the fresh water exists as icecaps and glaciers. Out of the remaining fresh water, the largest proportion IAS (Pre) 2013<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) is found in the atmosphere as moisture and clouds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) is found in freshwater lakes and rivers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) exists as groundwater.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) exists as soil moisture..<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_In_which_of_the_following_ocean_the_largest_mid-oceanic_ridge_is_located\"><\/span>2. In which of the following ocean the largest mid-oceanic ridge is located?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Atlantic&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Pacific&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Arctic<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Indian<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Which_of_the_following_statements_with_regard_to_the_continental_shelf_is_not_correct\"><\/span>3. Which of the following statements with regard to the continental shelf is not correct?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Shelves are absent close to plate boundaries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) They are highly sedimented.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) They have abrupt falls towards the continental slopes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) They are rich fishing areas,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_The_ocean_floors_are_divided_into_the_following_major_divisions_Select_the_correct_option\"><\/span>4. The ocean floors are divided into the following major divisions. Select the correct option.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1. The continental shelves<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. The continental slope<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. The continental ridge and hills<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. The shallow-deep sea plateau<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. The deep sea plain<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. The oceanic deeps<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Codes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) 1, 2, 5 and 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) 1, 2, 4 and 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Match_the_List_I_with_List_II_and_select_the_correct_answer_by_using_the_codes_given_below_the_lists_UPPSC_Mains_2017\"><\/span>5. Match the List I with List II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below the lists. UPPSC (Mains) 2017<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>List I (Oceans)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>List II (Deepest points)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A. Pacific ocean<\/td><td>1. Java trench<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>B. Atlantic ocean<\/td><td>2. Eurasian basin<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>C. Indian ocean<\/td><td>3. Mariana trench<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D. Arctic ocean<\/td><td>4. Puerto Rico trench<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Codes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) 4 3 2 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) 34.12<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) 1342<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) 2 4 3 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Which_of_the_following_is_the_busiest_ocean_oceanic_route_in_the_world_UPPSC_Pre_1998_MPPSC_Pre_2014\"><\/span>6. Which of the following is the busiest ocean (oceanic route) in the world? UPPSC (Pre) 1998, MPPSC (Pre) 2014<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Indian ocean<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) North Atlantic ocean<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) South Atlantic ocean<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Pacific ocean<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_A_ridge_of_64000_km_length_and_2000_km_to_2400_km_width_passing_through_the_North_and\"><\/span>7. A ridge of 64,000 km length and 2,000 km to 2,400 km width passing through the North and<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_South_Atlantic_oceanic_basin_enter_into_the_Sour_Sacific_oceanic_basin_through_Indian_oceanic_and_then_from_the_middle_of_Australia_and_This_ridge_is\"><\/span>The South Atlantic oceanic basin enter into the Sour Sacific oceanic basin through Indian oceanic and then from the middle of Australia and This ridge is<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Socotra Lakshadweep Changos ridge<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Pacific Antarctica ridge<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Dolphin Challenger ridge<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Mid-Oceanic ridge<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Which_of_the_following_statements_isare_true_MPSC_Pre_2016\"><\/span>8. Which of the following statement(s) is\/are true? MPSC (Pre) 2016<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1.. Recent studies have shown that convergence of the Indian plate and Asian plate has caused a crustal shortening of about 500 km in the Himalayan region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. There has also been seafloor spreading along the oceanic ridge in the Indian ocean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Codes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) 1 and 2 are true<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) 1 is true and 2 is false<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) 1 is false and 2 is true<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) 1 and 2 are false<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Plate_tectonics_is_a_scientific_theory_that_describes_the_large_scale_motions_of_Earths_lithosphere\"><\/span>9 . Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that describes the large scale motions of Earth&#8217;s lithosphere.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Which one among the following statement(s) regarding<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>plate tectonics is\/are not correct?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth&#8217;s lithosphere has a higher strength than the underlying asthenosphere.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) The Earth&#8217;s lithosphere is<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>tectonic plates. ere is broken up into<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Along divergent plate boundaries, subduction carries plates into the mantle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Know_Right_Answer\"><\/span>Know Right Answer<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>1 (c)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2 ( a)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3 (a)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4 (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5 (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6 (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7 (c)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8 (c)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>9 (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\"><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>FAQ: How salty is the ocean?<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> While it might taste salty, the ocean isn&#8217;t as salty as you might think! On average, seawater has a salinity of around 3.5%, meaning 35 grams of salt are dissolved in every liter of water. This salinity varies slightly depending on factors like evaporation, freshwater input from rivers, and freezing (which concentrates the salt). Despite the seemingly low percentage, the vast volume of the ocean means it holds around 96% of all the Earth&#8217;s dissolved salts!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"2\"><li><strong>FAQ: Why is the ocean blue?<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> The ocean&#8217;s mesmerizing blue color comes from a fascinating interaction of sunlight and water. When sunlight enters the water, most of the red, orange, and yellow wavelengths are absorbed. However, blue and green wavelengths penetrate deeper, scattering within the water and bouncing back towards our eyes. This is why the ocean appears predominantly blue, especially when looking from above. Additionally, tiny marine organisms like phytoplankton can contribute to the blue color through the scattering of light.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"3\"><li><strong>FAQ: Can you explore the deepest parts of the ocean?<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Exploring the ocean&#8217;s deepest trenches, which plunge over 10,000 meters below the surface, remains a challenging feat. The immense pressure, darkness, and frigid temperatures create a hostile environment for humans and technology. However, advancements in diving equipment and submersibles have allowed us to glimpse these hidden depths. Deep-sea exploration vehicles like robotic probes and manned submersibles can withstand the extreme conditions and gather valuable data about the unique life forms and geological features found in these remote areas. While fully exploring every corner of the ocean&#8217;s deepest trenches is still a frontier, scientific advancements continue to push the boundaries of what&#8217;s possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-essay?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Essay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/UPSC-Essay-Course-1280\u00d7300-1-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42688 lazyload\" width=\"781\" height=\"182\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 781px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 781\/182;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\"><\/span><strong>In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For UPSC Prelims Resources,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc-cse-prelims-resource-centre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Click here<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For Daily Updates and Study Material:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Join our Telegram Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/WithEdukemy4IAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edukemy for IAS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>1. Learn through Videos &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3vOD8sU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>2. Be Exam Ready by Practicing Daily MCQs &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3Q9z2nF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>3. Daily Newsletter &#8211; Get all your Current Affairs Covered &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3bE2y5J\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>4. Mains Answer Writing Practice &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3mZuVxl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\"><\/span>Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@EduKemyforIAS\">here<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aspirants delving into the NCERT notes on Geography, specifically focusing on &#8220;The Ocean and its Properties,&#8221; embark on a journey to comprehend the dynamic forces governing our planet&#8217;s vast bodies of water<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":21643,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1313],"tags":[1052,1365,2718,232,140],"class_list":["post-21642","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ncert-geography-notes","tag-ncert-notes","tag-ocean","tag-the-ocean","tag-upsc","tag-upsc_preparation_strategy"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21642","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21642"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21642\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34875,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21642\/revisions\/34875"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21643"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21642"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21642"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21642"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}