{"id":21764,"date":"2024-01-12T06:31:19","date_gmt":"2024-01-12T06:31:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/?p=21764"},"modified":"2026-09-17T13:21:29","modified_gmt":"2026-09-17T13:21:29","slug":"give-an-account-of-marine-resources-and-their-economic-significance-how-has-marine-pollution-affected-such-resources-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/give-an-account-of-marine-resources-and-their-economic-significance-how-has-marine-pollution-affected-such-resources-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/","title":{"rendered":"Give an account of marine resources and their economic significance. How has marine pollution affected such resources? &#8211; UPSC Geography Optional Mains &#8211; 2023"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-prelims-support-program-with-test-series?type=classroom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/GS-Foundation-Course-for-UPSC-1280-x-300-px-1-1024x300.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46623\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6ab5b70582628\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6ab5b70582628\"  \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/give-an-account-of-marine-resources-and-their-economic-significance-how-has-marine-pollution-affected-such-resources-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#i\" >\u00a0<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/give-an-account-of-marine-resources-and-their-economic-significance-how-has-marine-pollution-affected-such-resources-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#1_Introduction_Conceptual_Definition\" >1. Introduction &amp; Conceptual Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/give-an-account-of-marine-resources-and-their-economic-significance-how-has-marine-pollution-affected-such-resources-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#2_Conceptual_Classification_Diagram\" >2. Conceptual Classification Diagram<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/give-an-account-of-marine-resources-and-their-economic-significance-how-has-marine-pollution-affected-such-resources-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#3_Economic_Significance_of_Marine_Resources\" >3. Economic Significance of Marine Resources<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/give-an-account-of-marine-resources-and-their-economic-significance-how-has-marine-pollution-affected-such-resources-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#A_Biotic_Resources_Global_Food_Security\" >A. Biotic Resources &amp; Global Food Security<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/give-an-account-of-marine-resources-and-their-economic-significance-how-has-marine-pollution-affected-such-resources-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#B_Abiotic_Mineral_Energy_Resources\" >B. Abiotic Mineral &amp; Energy Resources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/give-an-account-of-marine-resources-and-their-economic-significance-how-has-marine-pollution-affected-such-resources-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#4_Indias_Strategic_Maritime_Context\" >4. India&#8217;s Strategic Maritime Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/give-an-account-of-marine-resources-and-their-economic-significance-how-has-marine-pollution-affected-such-resources-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#5_Impact_of_Marine_Pollution_on_Marine_Resources\" >5. Impact of Marine Pollution on Marine Resources<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/give-an-account-of-marine-resources-and-their-economic-significance-how-has-marine-pollution-affected-such-resources-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#6_Way_Forward_Global_Governance_Frameworks\" >6. Way Forward &amp; Global Governance Frameworks<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/give-an-account-of-marine-resources-and-their-economic-significance-how-has-marine-pollution-affected-such-resources-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\" >Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/give-an-account-of-marine-resources-and-their-economic-significance-how-has-marine-pollution-affected-such-resources-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#Q1_What_is_the_distinction_between_territorial_waters_and_the_Exclusive_Economic_Zone_EEZ_under_UNCLOS\" >Q1. What is the distinction between territorial waters and the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) under UNCLOS?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/give-an-account-of-marine-resources-and-their-economic-significance-how-has-marine-pollution-affected-such-resources-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#Q2_How_does_marine_pollution_trigger_coastal_economic_losses_through_%E2%80%9CRed_Tides%E2%80%9D\" >Q2. How does marine pollution trigger coastal economic losses through &#8220;Red Tides&#8221;?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/give-an-account-of-marine-resources-and-their-economic-significance-how-has-marine-pollution-affected-such-resources-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#Q3_Why_are_Polymetallic_Nodules_PMNs_considered_a_frontier_resource_for_the_clean_energy_transition\" >Q3. Why are Polymetallic Nodules (PMNs) considered a frontier resource for the clean energy transition?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/give-an-account-of-marine-resources-and-their-economic-significance-how-has-marine-pollution-affected-such-resources-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9773890604\" >In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9773890604<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/give-an-account-of-marine-resources-and-their-economic-significance-how-has-marine-pollution-affected-such-resources-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/#Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\" >Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;\u00a0here<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 class=\"cdk-visually-hidden\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"i\"><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\r\n<div id=\"chat-history\" class=\"chat-history-scroll-container lm remove-desktop-scroll-mask\">\r\n<div id=\"d586ccd3a15bdc41\" class=\"conversation-container message-actions-hover-boundary ng-star-inserted\">\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"response-container response-container-with-gpi ng-tns-c22998378-43 no-background is-mobile\" data-hveid=\"1\">\r\n<div class=\"presented-response-container ng-tns-c22998378-43\" data-hveid=\"2\">\r\n<div class=\"response-container-content ng-tns-c22998378-43 is-mobile\">\r\n<div class=\"response-content ng-tns-c22998378-43\">\r\n<div class=\"container\">\r\n<div id=\"model-response-message-contentr_d586ccd3a15bdc41\" class=\"markdown markdown-main-panel md-content enable-luminous-fast-follows enable-updated-hr-color stronger tutor-markdown-rendering\" dir=\"ltr\" aria-busy=\"false\" aria-live=\"polite\">\r\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"12\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Introduction_Conceptual_Definition\"><\/span><b data-path-to-node=\"12\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">1. Introduction &amp; Conceptual Definition<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p data-path-to-node=\"13\">Marine resources encompass all <b data-path-to-node=\"13\" data-index-in-node=\"31\">biotic (living)<\/b> and <b data-path-to-node=\"13\" data-index-in-node=\"51\">abiotic (non-living)<\/b> matter, materials, and energy forms found within oceanic waters, the sea floor, and the underlying subsoil. Covering approximately <b data-path-to-node=\"13\" data-index-in-node=\"203\">71% of the Earth&#8217;s surface<\/b> and holding <b data-path-to-node=\"13\" data-index-in-node=\"242\">97% of the planet&#8217;s water<\/b>, oceans act as global commons, climate regulators, and crucial drivers of global economic growth.<\/p>\r\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"15\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Conceptual_Classification_Diagram\"><\/span><b data-path-to-node=\"15\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">2. Conceptual Classification Diagram<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"code-block ng-tns-c3243601800-50 ng-animate-disabled ng-trigger ng-trigger-codeBlockRevealAnimation\" data-hveid=\"0\" data-ved=\"0CAAQhtANahgKEwjuw_bN__SWAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ1QE\">\r\n<div class=\"formatted-code-block-internal-container ng-tns-c3243601800-50\">\r\n<div class=\"animated-opacity ng-tns-c3243601800-50\">\r\n<pre class=\"ng-tns-c3243601800-50\"><code class=\"code-container formatted ng-tns-c3243601800-50 no-decoration-radius\" role=\"text\" data-test-id=\"code-content\">                         \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\r\n                         \u2502            MARINE RESOURCES            \u2502\r\n                         \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\r\n                                             \u2502\r\n      \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\r\n      \u2502                                      \u2502                                      \u2502\r\n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510        \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510             \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\r\n\u2502 1. BIOTIC (LIVING)     \u2502        \u2502 2. ABIOTIC (MINERALS)  \u2502             \u2502 3. OCEAN ENERGY &amp; SERVICE\u2502\r\n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518        \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518             \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\r\n      \u251c\u2500 Capture Fisheries                   \u251c\u2500 Hydrocarbons (Oil &amp; Gas)            \u251c\u2500 Tidal &amp; Wave Energy\r\n      \u251c\u2500 Aquaculture\/Mariculture            \u251c\u2500 Polymetallic Nodules (PMNs)         \u251c\u2500 OTEC (Thermal)\r\n      \u251c\u2500 Coral Reefs &amp; Seaweeds              \u251c\u2500 Monazite &amp; Heavy Mineral Sands      \u251c\u2500 Seaborne Tourism &amp; Trade\r\n      \u2514\u2500 Marine Pharmacology                 \u2514\u2500 Dissolved Salts &amp; Fresh Water       \u2514\u2500 Carbon Sequestration\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"18\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Economic_Significance_of_Marine_Resources\"><\/span><b data-path-to-node=\"18\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">3. Economic Significance of Marine Resources<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<h4 data-path-to-node=\"19\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Biotic_Resources_Global_Food_Security\"><\/span><b data-path-to-node=\"19\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">A. Biotic Resources &amp; Global Food Security<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"20\">\r\n<li>\r\n<p data-path-to-node=\"20,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"20,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Commercial Fisheries &amp; Employment:<\/b> According to the <b data-path-to-node=\"20,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"52\">FAO<\/b>, over <b data-path-to-node=\"20,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"62\">58.5 million people<\/b> are directly employed worldwide in primary fish production (with 21% being women). The global aquaculture farm gate value was estimated at <b data-path-to-node=\"20,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"221\">USD 281.5 billion in 2020<\/b>, with finfish farming accounting for 66% of output.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p data-path-to-node=\"20,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"20,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Marine Farming &amp; Ocean Ranching:<\/b> Controlled culturing of marine organisms (oysters, mussels, scallops, shrimp, milkfish). <b data-path-to-node=\"20,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"122\">Norway<\/b> leads salmon ranching globally, producing ~1.4 million metric tons annually.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p data-path-to-node=\"20,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"20,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Marine Pharmacology:<\/b> Bio-prospecting yields valuable pharmaceuticals (e.g., shark\/cod liver oil, anti-cancer compounds derived from sea sponges like <i data-path-to-node=\"20,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"149\">Cytarabine<\/i>, and alginates\/agar from seaweeds).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 data-path-to-node=\"21\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Abiotic_Mineral_Energy_Resources\"><\/span><b data-path-to-node=\"21\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">B. Abiotic Mineral &amp; Energy Resources<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"22\">\r\n<li>\r\n<p data-path-to-node=\"22,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"22,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Offshore Hydrocarbons:<\/b> Continental shelves are global energy hubs. Total revenue for the offshore oil and gas sector reached <b data-path-to-node=\"22,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"125\">$4.3 trillion in 2023<\/b>. The USA leads petroleum production (18.6 million barrels\/day; ~20% of global output), followed by Saudi Arabia, Russia, and Canada.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p data-path-to-node=\"22,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"22,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Heavy Minerals &amp; Radioactive Sands:<\/b> India is the <b data-path-to-node=\"22,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"49\">largest producer of Monazite<\/b>, found in the coastal placer sands of Kerala and Odisha. Monazite contains <b data-path-to-node=\"22,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"153\">Thorium and Uranium<\/b>, which are strategic inputs for space technologies and India&#8217;s Three-Stage Nuclear Power Programme.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p data-path-to-node=\"22,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"22,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Deep-Sea Bed Minerals (PMNs):<\/b> Polymetallic Nodules in the abyssal plains (e.g., Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Central Indian Ocean) contain Manganese, Copper, Nickel, and <b data-path-to-node=\"22,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"166\">Cobalt<\/b> (essential for EV batteries and military aircraft).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p data-path-to-node=\"22,3,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"22,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Dissolved Salts &amp; Manufactured Water:<\/b> Ocean water contains 35 ppt salinity, with <b data-path-to-node=\"22,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"81\">85% comprising Sodium Chloride<\/b>. In India, <b data-path-to-node=\"22,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"123\">Gujarat produces over 50%<\/b> of the country&#8217;s total salt output. Desalination is critical in arid regions, led by <b data-path-to-node=\"22,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"234\">Saudi Arabia<\/b> and the <b data-path-to-node=\"22,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"255\">United States<\/b> (California &amp; Florida).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p data-path-to-node=\"22,4,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"22,4,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Renewable Marine Energy:<\/b> High-density, zero-emission tidal and wave energy. India&#8217;s total identified tidal energy potential is <b data-path-to-node=\"22,4,0\" data-index-in-node=\"127\">12,455 MW<\/b>, with key sites in the <b data-path-to-node=\"22,4,0\" data-index-in-node=\"160\">Gulf of Khambhat, Gulf of Kutch, and Sundarbans<\/b>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"24\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Indias_Strategic_Maritime_Context\"><\/span><b data-path-to-node=\"24\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">4. India&#8217;s Strategic Maritime Context<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<blockquote data-path-to-node=\"25\">\r\n<p data-path-to-node=\"25,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"25,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">GEO Focus \u2014 India&#8217;s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p data-path-to-node=\"25,1\">India boasts an EEZ spanning <b data-path-to-node=\"25,1\" data-index-in-node=\"29\">2.02 million square kilometers<\/b> and a coastline of 7,516 km. The coastal economy directly sustains <b data-path-to-node=\"25,1\" data-index-in-node=\"127\">over 4 million fisherfolk<\/b>. Key flagships include the <b data-path-to-node=\"25,1\" data-index-in-node=\"180\">Deep Ocean Mission (Samudrayaan)<\/b> for deep-sea mining (75,000 sq. km allotted in CIOM) and the <b data-path-to-node=\"25,1\" data-index-in-node=\"274\">National Blue Economy Policy<\/b>.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"27\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Impact_of_Marine_Pollution_on_Marine_Resources\"><\/span><b data-path-to-node=\"27\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">5. Impact of Marine Pollution on Marine Resources<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p data-path-to-node=\"28\">Anthropogenic activities\u2014from land-based runoff to offshore industrial drilling\u2014severely degrade marine ecosystem functions and reduce economic productivity.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"horizontal-scroll-wrapper\">\r\n<div class=\"table-block-component\">\r\n<div class=\"table-block has-export-button new-table-style has-scrollbar is-at-scroll-start\">\r\n<div class=\"table-content md-content\" data-hveid=\"0\" data-ved=\"0CAAQ3ecQahgKEwjuw_bN__SWAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQ1gE\">\r\n<div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table data-path-to-node=\"29\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><span data-path-to-node=\"29,0,0,0\">Pollutant Type<\/span><\/th>\r\n<th><span data-path-to-node=\"29,0,1,0\">Primary Source \/ Mechanism<\/span><\/th>\r\n<th><span data-path-to-node=\"29,0,2,0\">Impact on Marine Life &amp; Ecosystems<\/span><\/th>\r\n<th><span data-path-to-node=\"29,0,3,0\">Economic Losses &amp; Consequences<\/span><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"29,1,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"29,1,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Oil Spills &amp; Seepage<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"29,1,1,0\">Offshore rigs, tanker collisions, ballast discharge<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"29,1,2,0\">Smothers marine birds and turtles; toxic to larvae; destroys nursery habitats.<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"29,1,3,0\">Collapse of commercial fisheries (Tuna, Mahi-Mahi, Grouper); multi-billion dollar cleanup costs.<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"29,2,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"29,2,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Sewage &amp; Runoff<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"29,2,1,0\">Untreated municipal waste, agricultural fertilizers<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"29,2,2,0\">Causes\u00a0<b data-path-to-node=\"29,2,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"7\">Eutrophication<\/b>, Algal Blooms (Red Tides), and Hypoxic\u00a0<b data-path-to-node=\"29,2,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"61\">&#8220;Dead Zones&#8221;<\/b>.<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"29,2,3,0\">Mass kill of cultured seafood; beach closures destroying coastal tourism revenue.<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"29,3,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"29,3,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Heavy Metals<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"29,3,1,0\">Industrial effluents (Mercury, Lead, Cadmium)<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"29,3,2,0\">Benthic accumulation;\u00a0<b data-path-to-node=\"29,3,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"22\">Biomagnification<\/b>\u00a0up the food chain.<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"29,3,3,0\">Neurological risks in humans (e.g.,\u00a0<i data-path-to-node=\"29,3,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"36\">Minamata Disease<\/i>\u00a0in Japan); strict seafood export bans.<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"29,4,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"29,4,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Synthetic Chemicals &amp; Plastics<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"29,4,1,0\">Endocrine Disruptors (EDCs), microplastics<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"29,4,2,0\">Hormonal disruption in fish; reduced fertility; microplastic ingestion by pelagic species.<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"29,4,3,0\">Decline in wild stock recruitment; bio-fouling and increased operational costs for desalination plants.<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"31\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Way_Forward_Global_Governance_Frameworks\"><\/span><b data-path-to-node=\"31\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">6. Way Forward &amp; Global Governance Frameworks<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<ol start=\"1\" data-path-to-node=\"32\">\r\n<li>\r\n<p data-path-to-node=\"32,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"32,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">UNCLOS &amp; BBNJ Treaty:<\/b> Enforce the High Seas Treaty to safeguard marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p data-path-to-node=\"32,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"32,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZMP):<\/b> Balance economic exploitation with marine spatial planning to eliminate land-based ocean pollution.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p data-path-to-node=\"32,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"32,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Decarbonization &amp; Circular Economy:<\/b> Mandate IMO MARPOL norms for shipping emissions and phase out single-use plastics under global plastic treaties.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h1 data-path-to-node=\"34\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\"><\/span><strong>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\r\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"35\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q1_What_is_the_distinction_between_territorial_waters_and_the_Exclusive_Economic_Zone_EEZ_under_UNCLOS\"><\/span><b data-path-to-node=\"35\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Q1. What is the distinction between territorial waters and the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) under UNCLOS?<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p data-path-to-node=\"36\"><b data-path-to-node=\"36\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Answer:<\/b> Under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), <b data-path-to-node=\"36\" data-index-in-node=\"64\">Territorial Waters<\/b> extend up to 12 nautical miles from the coastal baseline, over which the state exercises full sovereignty. The <b data-path-to-node=\"36\" data-index-in-node=\"194\">Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)<\/b> extends from the edge of the territorial sea up to 200 nautical miles, where the state has sovereign rights over the exploration, exploitation, and management of natural resources (living and non-living), but must allow freedom of navigation to foreign vessels.<\/p>\r\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"37\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q2_How_does_marine_pollution_trigger_coastal_economic_losses_through_%E2%80%9CRed_Tides%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><b data-path-to-node=\"37\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Q2. How does marine pollution trigger coastal economic losses through &#8220;Red Tides&#8221;?<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p data-path-to-node=\"38\"><b data-path-to-node=\"38\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Answer:<\/b> &#8220;Red Tides&#8221; or Harmful Algae Blooms (HABs) occur when excess nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural runoff and untreated sewage enter coastal waters. The algae proliferate rapidly and produce potent neurotoxins (such as Saxitoxins) that accumulate in filter-feeding shellfish. Consuming affected shellfish causes Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in humans, forcing ban enforcement on commercial harvesting, closing beaches to tourism, and causing severe financial losses to coastal economies.<\/p>\r\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"39\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q3_Why_are_Polymetallic_Nodules_PMNs_considered_a_frontier_resource_for_the_clean_energy_transition\"><\/span><b data-path-to-node=\"39\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Q3. Why are Polymetallic Nodules (PMNs) considered a frontier resource for the clean energy transition?<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p data-path-to-node=\"40\"><b data-path-to-node=\"40\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Answer:<\/b> Polymetallic Nodules located on abyssal plains (4,000\u20136,000 meters deep) are rich in Nickel, Cobalt, Copper, and Manganese. These metals are critical raw materials required for manufacturing high-density lithium-ion batteries, electric vehicle (EV) drivetrains, and grid-scale storage systems essential for transitioning away from fossil fuels.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-essay?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Essay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/UPSC-Essay-Course-1280\u00d7300-1-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42688 lazyload\" width=\"781\" height=\"182\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 781px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 781\/182;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9773890604\"><\/span><strong>In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9773890604<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>Enrol in Geography Optional by Shabbir Sir: <a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/geography-optional-by-shabbir-sir-foundation-course\">Here<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>Enrol in GS Mentorship Program: <a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/gs-foundation-mentorship-program-led-by-shabbir-sir\">Here<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>Enrol In GS Mains Mentorship Program<a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/gs-mains-mentorship-program-led-by-shabbir-sir\">: Here<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>Explore One Integrated Platform for UPSC Prep: <a href=\"http:\/\/askyooki.com\">Yooki<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\"><\/span>Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@ShabbirsEduKemyforIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Marine resources play a pivotal role in sustaining life on Earth, providing a myriad of ecological, economic, and social benefits. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":21766,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":"","_members_access_role":[],"_members_access_error":""},"categories":[1546],"tags":[143,1385,142,232,145,140],"class_list":["post-21764","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-upsc-geography-optional-mains-solved-paper-2023","tag-geography_optional","tag-marine-resources","tag-previous_year_questions","tag-upsc","tag-upsc-mains-question-paper","tag-upsc_preparation_strategy"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.9 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Marine resources play a pivotal role in sustaining life on Earth, providing a myriad of ecological, economic, and social benefits.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Edukemy Team\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/give-an-account-of-marine-resources-and-their-economic-significance-how-has-marine-pollution-affected-such-resources-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2023\/\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 4.9.9\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Blog - Edukemy&#039;s Blog for aspirants\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Give an account of marine resources and their economic significance. 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