{"id":22439,"date":"2024-01-18T06:39:27","date_gmt":"2024-01-18T06:39:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/?p=22439"},"modified":"2024-03-08T12:57:22","modified_gmt":"2024-03-08T12:57:22","slug":"upsc-environment-and-ecology-complete-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-environment-and-ecology-complete-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"UPSC Environment and Ecology Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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The UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) Environment and Ecology Notes serve as an invaluable resource for aspirants preparing for the Civil Services Examination in India. These comprehensive notes are specifically designed to cover the multifaceted aspects of environmental science and ecology, offering a detailed understanding of the complex interplay between human societies and the natural world. In the context of the UPSC examination, which assesses candidates on a wide range of subjects to select officers for the country’s top administrative services, a nuanced grasp of environmental issues is crucial. The notes encompass a diverse array of topics, including biodiversity, climate change, environmental policies, and sustainable development, providing aspirants with a holistic knowledge base to navigate the dynamic challenges posed by environmental concerns in the contemporary global scenario. As candidates strive for success in this highly competitive examination, the UPSC Environment and Ecology Notes serve as an indispensable tool for developing a profound understanding of the environmental issues that are integral to effective governance and sustainable development.<\/p>\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Topic<\/strong> <\/td>\nSub – Topic<\/strong> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Environment, Habitat and Ecosystem <\/td>\nEnvironment<\/a> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nHabitat <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nHabitat vs Environment <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEcosystem <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nClassification of Ecosystems <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEcosystem vs Environment vs Ecology <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nComponents of an Ecosystem – Abiotic and Biotic <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ecology \u2013 Principles and Organizations <\/td>\nLevels of Organizations in Ecology – Individual and Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Ecotone, Biosphere <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nPrinciples of Ecology – Adaptation, Variation, Speciation, Mutation, Natural Selection, Evolution, Extinction <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Functions of an Ecosystem \u2013 Succession and Homeostasis <\/td>\nEcological Succession <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nStages in Ecological Succession – Primary and Secondary <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nHomeostasis <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Functions of an Ecosystem \u2013 Trophic Levels <\/td>\nFood Chain – Grazing and Detritus <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nFood Web <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nTypes of Biotic Interactions in a Food Web <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEcological Pyramids, Types and Limitations <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nBiomagnification \u2013 Pollutants and Trophic Level <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Functions of an Ecosystem \u2013 Biogeochemical Cycling <\/td>\nTypes of Nutrient Cycles – Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Water, Phosphorus, Methane <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNitrogen Fixing \u2013 N2 to Ammonia (NH3) <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNitrification \u2013 Ammonia to Nitrites and Nitrates <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nAmmonification \u2013 Urea, Uric Acid to NH3 to Nitrite <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nDenitrification \u2013 Nitrate to Nitrogen <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nMethane Emissions and Sink <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Natural Ecosystems <\/td>\nTerrestrial Ecosystems or Biomes <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nTundra Biome <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nTaiga or Boreal Biome <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nTemperate Deciduous Biome (North-Western Europe \u2013 British Type Climate) <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nTemperate Rainforest Biome <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nSub-Tropical Deciduous Biome in Eastern China, South-eastern USA <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nSteppe or Temperate Grassland Biome <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nTemperate Deciduous Biome (Mediterranean) <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nTropical Deciduous Biome (Monsoon Climate) <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nSavanna or Tropical Wet and Dry Biome <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nTropical Rainforest Biome <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nDesert Biome <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Aquatic Ecosystems <\/td>\nAquatic Organisms <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nFactors Limiting the Productivity <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Natural Ecosystem Services and Goods <\/td>\nQuantifying the Economic Value of Natural Ecosystems (Ecosystem valuation) <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nThe Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nPayment for Ecosystem Services (PES) <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEcosystem Services by Seagrass <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEcosystem Services by Seaweed <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wetland Ecosystem <\/td>\nDifferences Between Wetlands and Lakes <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEstuarine Wetland Ecosystem <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nDifferences between Lagoon and Estuary <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nImportance of Estuaries <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEstuarine Vegetation <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nIndian Estuarine Ecosystem <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nThreats Faced by the Estuarine Ecosystem <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nMangroves <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nAdaptive Mechanism of Mangroves <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nMangroves in India <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nGlobal Status of Mangrove Cover <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nImportance of mangroves <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nThreats to Mangroves <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nImportance of Wetlands <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nReasons for the Depletion of Wetlands <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nMitigation of Wetland Destruction <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nMeasures to Protect Wetlands of India <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems (NPCA) <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nWetlands (Conservation-Management) Rules 2010 <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nWetlands (Conservation-Management) Rules 2017 <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nMeasures to Protect Global Wetlands <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nRamsar Convention on Wetlands <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nRamsar Site <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Biodiversity and Loss of Biodiversity <\/td>\nTerms Related to Biodiversity <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nBiodiversity – Genetic, Species and Ecological <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEndemism <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nSpecies Types <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nBioprospecting <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nBiopiracy <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nBiodiversity of India <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nRealms <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nBiomes, Biogeographic Zones and Provinces <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nBiodiversity Hot Spots <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nBiodiversity Hotspots in India <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nLoss of Biodiversity <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nThe Extent of Biodiversity Loss as per IPBES Report <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nLiving Planet Report 2022 <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nThe State of the World\u2019s Birds <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCauses Behind Biodiversity Loss <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nHabitat Loss and Fragmentation <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nAlien Species Invasions <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nOver-Exploitation <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nSpecies Extinction <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nGenetically Modified Organisms (GMO\/Transgenic Organisms) <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nTrade in Wildlife <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nPollution and Climate Change <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nConsequences of Loss of Biodiversity <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nAffects Livelihood <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nHuman-animal Conflict <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nIncreased Zoonosis due to Habitat Loss <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nAdverse Changes to Biotic Interactions <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Biodiversity Conservation <\/td>\nIn situ conservation  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nReserved and Protected Forests  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nWildlife Sanctuaries or Wildlife Refuges  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Park  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nBiosphere Reserve  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nConservation Reserves  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCommunity Reserves  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nSacred Groves  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEx Situ Conservation  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Initiatives  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nWildlife Mitigation Measures \u2013 Eco-Bridges  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nPreservation of the Western and Eastern Ghats  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEnvironment Movements  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nConvention on Biological Diversity (CBD)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCartagena Protocol on Biosafety  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nInternational Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nAichi Biodiversity Targets  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCOP-15 of the UN CBD  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nPost-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nKunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nGlobal Partnership on Forest and Landscape Restoration (GPFLR)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nWorld Forestry Congress and Seoul Declaration  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nInitiatives By The UN <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wildlife Conservation <\/td>\nWildlife (Protection) Act, 1972  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\n19th Conference of the Parties to CITES (CoP19)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nPolicies\/Laws Concerning CITES in India  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nInternational Wildlife Conservation Organisation – MIKE, TRAFFIC, CAWT  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nRegulating Trade in Wildlife and Policies Regulating Foreign Trade  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEnforcement: Wildlife Crime Control Bureau  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nConvention on Migratory Species (CMS)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nThe 13th Conference of the Parties to CMS (CoP13)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nIUCN Red List or Red Data List or Red Book  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nBirdLife International (BI)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nTiger Conservation and Project Tiger – NTCA, Tiger Corridors, Core-Buffer Zones, Tiger Census  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nChallenges to Tiger Conservation  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nInternational Efforts Towards Tiger and Snow Leopard Conservation  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nThe Global Tiger Initiative, St. Petersburg Declaration, TX2 and Tiger Conservation Excellence Award  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nProject Snow Leopard  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nReintroduction of Cheetahs in India – Why Kuno NP?  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCheetah vs Leopard vs Jaguar  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nConservation of Lions – Asiatic Lion, Project Lion  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nConservation of Elephants – Project Elephant, Elephant Corridor  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nAsian Elephant vs African Elephant and African Forest Elephant vs African Savanna (Bush) Elephant  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nConservation of Great One-Horned Rhino – World Rhino Species,   <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nIndia\u2019s Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros – India Rhino Vision (IRV) 2020  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nConservation of the Indian Dolphins – Gangetic, Indus, Irrawaddy Dolphins  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nIndian Crocodile Species – Crocodile vs Alligator vs Gharial  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nConservation of India Crocodile Species – Indian Crocodile Conservation Project  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nConservation of Turtles(Batagur, Nissilonia & Others) – Sea Turtle Conservation Project  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nIndia & Non Indian Vultures Species – Conservation of Indian Vultures  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nDiclofenac and Indian Vulture Crisis – Steps Taken by The Government  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nProject Hangul (Kashmiri Stag)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nIntegrated Development of Wildlife Habitats  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nAnimal Welfare Board of India  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Wildlife Action Plan (NWAP) 2017-2031  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Action Plan for Conservation of Migratory Birds (2018-2023)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nBombay Natural History Society (BNHS)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nInternational Whaling Commission (IWC)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nWorld Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nGreen Good Deeds Initiative  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nIndia State of Forest Report 2021 – Major Terms\/Definitions, Forest-Tree cover,   <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nRecorded Forest Area (RFA), Tress Outside Forests (TOF), Fire Proneness, Mangrove Cover  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nForest Survey of India (FSI)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCriticism of FSI\u2019s approach and ISFR  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Forest Inventory, Growing Stock, Bamboo Resources, Carbon Stock in India’s Forests  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nForest Types of India  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nGlobal Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Forest Area of Top 5 Countries In 2020  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nGFRA and India  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nPolicies – National Forest Policy 1988, Draft National Forest Policy 2018  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nAfforestation Programmes – National Afforestation Programme (NAP), Compensatory Afforestation (CA), Aerial Seeding for Reforestation  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nGreen Credit Scheme  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Air Pollution: Causes and Air Pollutants <\/td>\nPollution – Air Pollution(Major Causes, Classification of Air Pollutants) <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nOther Pollutants – Particulate Pollutants, Fly ash, Nanoparticles (NPs), Black Carbon (Soot)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCarbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Oxides(NOx),Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Benzene,   <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nStratospheric Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nAir Pollution: Effects and Control Measures, Effects of Air Pollution, Prevention and Control of Air Pollution  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nSmog (Smoke + Fog),  Aerosols and their Impact on Monsoon Rainfall  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nAcid Rain \u2013 Acidification  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nControl of Industrial Pollution, Pollution Index to Control Industrial Pollution,   <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nOzone Depletion – Measures to Regulate Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS), Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol, Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol 2016  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCoal Gasification   <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nMeasures to Control Vehicular Pollution in India  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Clean Air Program (NCAP) – Measures to Control Air Pollution in NCR  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Air Quality Monitoring Programme  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nSAFAR System for Monitoring Air Pollutants  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Air Quality Index (AQI)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Radioactive Pollution <\/td>\nRadioactive Pollution – Ionising & Non Ionising Accidents , Safe Disposal of Nuclear Wastes  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Water Pollution <\/td>\nWater Pollution: Causes, Effects & Control Measures  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nMeasuring Pollution Load in Water <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEffects of Water Pollution – Industrial Wastes, Thermal and Radiation Pollution, Mining. Groundwater and Drinking Water Contamination, Sewage Water, Agricultural Sources, Invasive Aquatic Species  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nPollution in River Ganga  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nMarine Pollution: Oil Spills and Plastic  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEffects of Water Pollution – Human Health, Environment, Aquatic Ecosystem  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEutrophication and Ageing of Lakes, Algal Blooms, Dead Zones  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nBlue Tide  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nWater Pollution Control Measures – Bioremediation, Riparian buffers for Mitigation of Eutrophication, Sewage Water Treatment for Domestic Use, Bio-Toilets  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nWater Pollution Control Measures in India and Indian River Systems   <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nMajor River Conservation Initiatives  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nSwachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Water Quality Monitoring Programme <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nMeasures to Curb Marine Pollution  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nConvention on Dumping of Wastes at Sea  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nThe United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nInternational Maritime Organization (IMO)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Plastic Pollution <\/td>\nPlastic Pollution, Solid, Hazardous and E-Waste  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nMajor Plastics in Use – Microplastics, Microbeads & Nanoplastics & their effects.  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nPlastic Waste Management Rules, 2016  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNITI Aayog\u2019s Report on Alternatives to Plastics  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nSolid Wastes – Sources, Treatment and Disposal, Measures to Manage  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nSolid Waste Management Rules (2016)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nBio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2016  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nHazardous Waste – Regulating, Basel Convention  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nHazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2016  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nPersistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) – Stockholm Convention  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nRotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nJoint meetings of Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm Conventions  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nHong Kong Convention on Recycling of Ships and Recycling of Ships Act, 2019  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nRegulatory Measures by India <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nSteel Scrap Recycling Policy  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nHeavy Metals – Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Chromium, Other Heavy Metals  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nElectronic waste (E-Waste) – Generation and Recycling and E-Waste Management Rules, 2016  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Highly Polluting Industries (HPIs) <\/td>\nMajor Polluting Industries – Thermal PowerPlants, Iron and Steel, Cement, Cu Smelting, Zinc\/Lead, Aluminium, Fertiliser, Paper&Pulp,Sugar, Tanneries, Petroleum Refining & Petrochemicals  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nIndustrial Emissions and Effluents Monitoring  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nPollutants From HPIs  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Land Degradation & Desertification <\/td>\nMajor Causes for Land Degradation – Deforestation, Soil Salinity and Soil Alkalinity, Desertification,Waterlogging,   <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nFaulty Methods of Agriculture  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nWind Erosion, Water Erosion, Sea Erosion in India  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nDesertification – United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), UNCCD Global Land Outlook Report, Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) initiative  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nSoil Conservation  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Climate Change <\/td>\nClimate Change \u2013 Causes, Impacts & Mitigation  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nClimate Change (CC) and Global Warming – History & its impact  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nGreenhouse effect – Greenhouse Gases  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nGlobal Warming Potential & Lifetime of GHGs – Carbon Dioxide, Ozone, Water Vapor, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Black Carbon, Fluorinated Gases, Carbon Monoxide  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCarbon Footprint – Various Sector, State Wise Carbon Emission  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nClimate Sensitivity – Feedbacks Drive Uncertainty  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCurrent State of Emissions – IEA World Energy Outlook Recent Report, Climate Change Performance Index,  Environmental Performance Index (EPI)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nClimate Change Mitigation Measures – Clean coal technology, Geoengineering, Climate Smart Cities, Transition to Green Economy  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCarbon Capture and Storage  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCarbon Sink and Carbon Sequestration  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nDeterioration of Carbon sinks  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nClimate Migrants  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCoral Reefs – Ideal Conditions, Corals and Zooxanthellae, Causes of Coral Bleaching  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nAustralia\u2019s Great Barrier Reef  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nBiorock Technology for Coral Restoration  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nIncreased Frequency and Severity of Heat Waves – Urban Heat Islands, Marine Heat Waves, Wildfires  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nShrinking Cryosphere – Arctic Amplification (PA), Sea Level Change,   <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nTropical Cyclones are Becoming More Severe  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IPCC Reports <\/td>\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) – IPCC Reports, IPCC Special Reports, IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
International Environmental Conventions, NGOs and Laws <\/td>\nUnited Nations Conference on the Human Environment (1972) – Stockholm Declaration  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nUN Environment Programme (UNEP) – Agencies, Global Environment Facility (GEF)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nUNCED\/Earth Summit, Rio De Janeiro – Landmark Agreements and High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nThe History of SDGs – Brundtland Commission, UNCED or Earth Summit 1992, Rio De Janeiro Brazil  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nPost UNCED – Rio+10 (2002) or Earth Summit 2002, Rio+20 (2012) or Earth Summit 2012, UN Agenda 2030 \u2013 Sustainable Development Goals  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) – COP, Criticism  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nKyoto Protocol (COP 3; UNFCCC 1997) – Common but Differentiated Responsibilities, Doha Amendment, Flexible Market Mechanisms, Criticisms  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nUNFCCC Summits Post Kyoto  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nProposed: Carbon Tax as An Alternative to Carbon Trading  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nSummits Before and after Paris Summit 2015  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nIntended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) and Major Contentions,   <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nIndia\u2019s INDC objectives – Funds required to meet India’s INDC  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nParis Agreement – Paris 2015 (COP 21; CMP 11)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nClimate Neutral Now  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nChina-U.S. Deal on Emission Cuts  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNet Zero Emissions and Carbon Neutrality  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nHow Can Net Zero Emissions Be Achieved? – India\u2019s Objection to Net Zero  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEuropean Green New Deal  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nUNEP Emissions Gap Report  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nThe Glasgow Climate Pact  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCarbon Markets  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCOP 26 – Major Outcomes of COP26, India at COP26,   <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCOP27 – LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment), Loss and Damage Fund, Methane Alert and Response System (MARS),   <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nIllegal Wildlife Trade (IWT) and Climate Change  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCarbon Border Tax, Long-Term Low-Emission Development Strategy  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nUN-REDD and REDD+ – Forest Carbon Partnership Facility  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nClimate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
National Environmental Legislations <\/td>\nPollution Related Laws  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nThe Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974 and Amendment, 1988  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nThe Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981 and amendment, 1987  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEnvironment (Protection) Act of 1986 – Major Provisions  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEnvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA) – 2016, Amendment 2020  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nWild Life (Protection) Act of 1972 – Delineation of Powers, Central Zoo Authority, NBWL  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nWild Life (Protection) Amendment Bill, 2022  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Forest Conservation and Biodiversity <\/td>\nIndian Forest Act 1927 (IFA, 1927)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nForest (Conservation) Act 1980 (FCA, 1980)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nForest Rights Act, 2006 (FRA 2006)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCritical Wildlife Habitats (CWH)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nBiodiversity Act 2002 and Biological Diversity Amendment Bill 2021  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Green Tribunal Act, 2010 – Development vs Conservation  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCoastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Rules – 2011, 2019  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nActivities Permitted in the CRZ of Certain Beaches and Issues with the CRZ rules    <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nRules for Hazardous Microorganisms\/Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells 1989  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nPesticide Regulatory Regime in India – Pesticides Management Bill 2020, Anupam Verma Committee  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nIndia’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Solar Mission (JNNSM)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Mission on Sustainable Habitat  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Water Mission (NWM) Mission  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Mission for A Green India  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Mission for Sustainable Agriculture  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change (NMSKCC)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Green Revolution & Sustainable Agricultural Practices <\/td>\nGreen Revolution  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nIndia\u2019s First and Second Green Revolution and Green Revolution in Eastern India  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEvergreen Revolution  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nThe Concept of Sustainable Agriculture and Sustainable Practises for Natural Farming & Agriculture  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNutrient Management – Macronutrients and Micronutrients for Plants  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nFertilizer Subsidies and Consequences  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nOrganic Farming – Bio – Fertilizers, Present Status and Initiatives  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNatural Farming – Benefits, Challenges, Zero-Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) and Bharatiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati (BPKP) Scheme,  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nOrganic Farming vs. Natural Farming (ZBNF)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nPermaculture <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nModern Agricultural Practices – Precision Farming, Protected Cultivation of Horticulture Crops  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nGenetically Modified Organism (GMO)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nVarious Agricultural Activities and Revolutions in Agriculture  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Miscellaneous <\/td>\nCurrent Affairs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Energy <\/td>\nSources of Energy, Renewables and Energy Conservation  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nConventional and Non-Conventional Sources of Energy  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nMajor Energy Sources – Cleaner Energy and Calorific Value of Various Sources of Energy <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nTotal Installed Power Capacity in India  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nWorld Energy Outlook and India Energy Outlook Report 2022  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nSolar Energy – International Solar Alliance (ISA), One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG), Steps to Increase, Issues  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nWind Energy – Major Wind Farms, Offshore Wind Energy, Issues and Challenges  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nWind vs Solar <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nOnshore vs Offshore  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nBiofuel – Generation, Advantages, Disadvantages  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNational Policy on Biofuels 2018  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nHydrogen Economy – Current Status, Green Hydrogen, Hydrogen Fuel Cell, National Hydrogen Mission  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nChallenges Faced by Renewable Energy – Smart Grid, Critical Minerals  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nMeasures to Boost Renewable Energy – IREDA, Green Bonds  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nEnergy Conservation Measures – Energy Conservation Act 2001, Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill, 2022  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nWater Conservation – Water Scarcity, Water Stress and Water Risk, India\u2019s Water Situation  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nMeasures by the Government – CGWB, CWC, NAMMP, Atal Jal, Jal Shakti Abhiyan, Jal Jeevan Mission, Retrieving data. Jal, Jeevan, Hariyali Mission, BIS, National Hydrology Project <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nRecommended Conservation Measures – Clean Water Sacturies, Sponge City Concept  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nDroughts – Concept, Drought Management (India and International)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Major Species and Their Conservation Status – Invasive Species <\/td>\nMammals \u2013 Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), Near Threatened (NT), Least Concern (LC)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nBirds – Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), Near Threatened (NT), Least Concern (LC)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nFish – Critically Endangered (CR)  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nOthers – Amphibians, Reptiles, Spiders, Insects, Plants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nInvasive Species – Plant, Fish and Amphibian <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Protected Areas <\/td>\nNational Parks of India and Major Wildlife Sanctuaries  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nCommunity and Conservation Reserves  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nTiger Reserves of India and Proposed  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nElephant Reserves of India  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nRamsar Sites of India <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nBiosphere Reserves – Concept, Reserves of India, Flora and Fauna  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nNatural World Heritage Sites in India  <\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nBiodiversity Heritage Site (BHS) of India  <\/a><\/td><\/tr>
 <\/td>\nTiger, Leopard, and Elephant population by state <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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