{"id":23033,"date":"2024-01-23T06:55:41","date_gmt":"2024-01-23T06:55:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/?p=23033"},"modified":"2024-03-21T10:36:52","modified_gmt":"2024-03-21T10:36:52","slug":"upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/","title":{"rendered":"UPSC NCERT Notes &#8211; Ancient History &#8211; Sources of Ancient Indian History"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-history?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=History\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42408\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13-585x137.png 585w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The &#8216;History&#8217; is the study of the human past that is left behind by humans, unlike a study of just battles and kings as is generally understood. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The word &#8216;History&#8217; is defined as the studies of humanities that lays the foundation for all Social inquiry to explore what happened in the past.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d839440acbf\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d839440acbf\"  \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Introduction\" title=\"Introduction:\">Introduction:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Historical_Sources\" title=\"Historical Sources:\">Historical Sources:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Archaeological_Sources\" title=\"Archaeological Sources:\">Archaeological Sources:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Major_Archaeological_Sites_and_their_Findings\" title=\"Major Archaeological Sites and their Findings\">Major Archaeological Sites and their Findings<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Mounds\" title=\"Mounds:\">Mounds:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Monuments\" title=\"Monuments:\">Monuments:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Ruins\" title=\"Ruins:\">Ruins:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Potteries\" title=\"Potteries:\">Potteries:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Seals\" title=\"Seals:\">Seals:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Coins\" title=\"Coins:\">Coins:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Evolution_of_Coins_in_India\" title=\"Evolution of Coins in India:\">Evolution of Coins in India:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Sculptures_and_Paintings\" title=\"Sculptures and Paintings:\">Sculptures and Paintings:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Tools\" title=\"Tools:\">Tools:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Graves_and_Burials\" title=\"Graves and Burials:\">Graves and Burials:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Scientific_Dating_Techniques\" title=\"Scientific Dating Techniques:\">Scientific Dating Techniques:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Inscriptions\" title=\"Inscriptions:\">Inscriptions:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Historical_Importance_of_Bogazkoi_and_Bisitun_Inscription\" title=\"Historical Importance of Bogazkoi and Bisitun Inscription:\">Historical Importance of Bogazkoi and Bisitun Inscription:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Important_Inscriptions_and_their_Rulers\" title=\"Important Inscriptions and their Rulers\">Important Inscriptions and their Rulers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Inscriptions_Key_Points\" title=\"Inscriptions: Key Points\">Inscriptions: Key Points<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Literary_Sources\" title=\"Literary Sources:\">Literary Sources:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Religious_Literature\" title=\"Religious Literature:\">Religious Literature:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Shruti_and_Smriti\" title=\"Shruti and Smriti:\">Shruti and Smriti:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Vedas\" title=\"Vedas:\">Vedas:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Brahmanas\" title=\"Brahmanas:\">Brahmanas:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Aranyakas\" title=\"Aranyakas:\">Aranyakas:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Upanishads\" title=\"Upanishads:\">Upanishads:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Vedangas\" title=\"Vedangas:\">Vedangas:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Ramayana_and_Mahabharata\" title=\"Ramayana and Mahabharata:\">Ramayana and Mahabharata:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Sutras\" title=\"Sutras:\">Sutras:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Puranas\" title=\"Puranas:\">Puranas:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Dharmashastras\" title=\"Dharmashastras:\">Dharmashastras:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Buddhist_Literature\" title=\"Buddhist Literature\">Buddhist Literature<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Jataka\" title=\"Jataka\">Jataka<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Jaina_Literature\" title=\"Jaina Literature\">Jaina Literature<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Non-Religious_Literature\" title=\"Non-Religious Literature\">Non-Religious Literature<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Historical_Writings\" title=\"Historical Writings\">Historical Writings<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Arthashastra\" title=\"Arthashastra\">Arthashastra<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Works_of_Kalidasa\" title=\"Works of Kalidasa\">Works of Kalidasa<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Rajataringini\" title=\"Rajataringini\">Rajataringini<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Harshacharitam\" title=\"Harshacharitam\">Harshacharitam<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Sangama_Literature\" title=\"Sangama Literature\">Sangama Literature<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Foreign_Accounts_and_Travelogues\" title=\"Foreign Accounts and Travelogues\">Foreign Accounts and Travelogues<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Greco-Roman_Source\" title=\"Greco-Roman Source\">Greco-Roman Source<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Herodotus\" title=\"Herodotus\">Herodotus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Diodorus\" title=\"Diodorus\">Diodorus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Megasthenese\" title=\"Megasthenese\">Megasthenese<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea\" title=\"Periplus of the Erythraean Sea\">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Justin\" title=\"Justin:\">Justin:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Ptolemy\" title=\"Ptolemy:\">Ptolemy:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Pliny\" title=\"Pliny:\">Pliny:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Chinese_Scholars\" title=\"Chinese Scholars:\">Chinese Scholars:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Arab_Travellers\" title=\"Arab Travellers:\">Arab Travellers:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Contribution_of_Modern_Historians\" title=\"Contribution of Modern Historians\">Contribution of Modern Historians<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Prelims_Facts\" title=\"Prelims Facts\">Prelims Facts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#UPSC_NCERT_Practice_Questions\" title=\"UPSC NCERT Practice Questions\">UPSC NCERT Practice Questions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#1_Consider_the_following_statements\" title=\"1. Consider the following statements.\">1. Consider the following statements.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-57\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#2_The_Harappan_Civilisation_discovered_as_the_well_flourished_culture_through_its\" title=\"2. The Harappan Civilisation discovered as the well flourished culture through its\">2. The Harappan Civilisation discovered as the well flourished culture through its<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-58\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#3_Which_type_of_potteries_were_in_use_during_the_Buddhist_period\" title=\"3. Which type of potteries were in use during the Buddhist period?\">3. Which type of potteries were in use during the Buddhist period?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-59\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#4_In_ancient_India_Punch-marked_coins_that_were_made_of_silver_and_copper_were_called\" title=\"4. In ancient India, Punch-marked coins that were made of silver and copper were called\">4. In ancient India, Punch-marked coins that were made of silver and copper were called<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-60\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#5_Consider_the_following_statements\" title=\"5. Consider the following statements.\">5. Consider the following statements.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-61\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#6_The_earliest_inscriptions_found_in_the_Indian_subcontinent_were_in_which_among_the_following_languages\" title=\"6. The earliest inscriptions found in the Indian subcontinent were in which among the following languages?\">6. The earliest inscriptions found in the Indian subcontinent were in which among the following languages?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-62\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#7_Consider_the_following_statements\" title=\"7. Consider the following statements.\">7. Consider the following statements.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-63\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#8_Consider_the_following_statements\" title=\"8. Consider the following statements.\">8. Consider the following statements.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-64\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#9_Consider_the_following_statements\" title=\"9. Consider the following statements.\">9. Consider the following statements.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-65\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#10_Consider_the_following_statements\" title=\"10. Consider the following statements.\">10. Consider the following statements.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-66\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Know_Right_Answer\" title=\"Know Right Answer\">Know Right Answer<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-67\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\" title=\"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)\">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-68\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#1_Question_What_are_the_primary_sources_of_Ancient_Indian_History_according_to_UPSC_NCERT_Notes\" title=\"1. Question: What are the primary sources of Ancient Indian History according to UPSC NCERT Notes?\">1. Question: What are the primary sources of Ancient Indian History according to UPSC NCERT Notes?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-69\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#2_Question_How_do_UPSC_NCERT_Notes_distinguish_between_literary_and_non-literary_sources_in_Ancient_Indian_History\" title=\"2. Question: How do UPSC NCERT Notes distinguish between literary and non-literary sources in Ancient Indian History?\">2. Question: How do UPSC NCERT Notes distinguish between literary and non-literary sources in Ancient Indian History?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-70\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#3_Question_What_role_do_coins_play_as_sources_of_Ancient_Indian_History_as_per_UPSC_NCERT_Notes\" title=\"3. Question: What role do coins play as sources of Ancient Indian History, as per UPSC NCERT Notes?\">3. Question: What role do coins play as sources of Ancient Indian History, as per UPSC NCERT Notes?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-71\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\" title=\"In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;\">In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-72\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-sources-of-ancient-indian-history\/#Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\" title=\"Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here\">Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Historical sources are the conduits through which information about the past is conveyed. These sources play a crucial role in unraveling the tapestry of history.<\/li><li>The study of Ancient Indian history provides insights into the origins, development, and locations where the earliest cultures in our country flourished. Various groups, such as the <strong>pre-Aryans, Indo-Aryans, Greeks, Scythians, Hunas, Turks,<\/strong> and more, made India their home, each contributing significantly to the richness and substantial enormity of Indian culture.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Historical_Sources\"><\/span>Historical Sources:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The historical sources of Indian history encompass a vast array of physical objects, resources, and spaces that define a <strong>civilization, culture, and tradition<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/li><li>These sources manifest as traces of the past, taking the form of graves, building remnants, inscriptions, secular and religious literature, chronicles, traveler&#8217;s accounts, coins, monuments, palaces, forts, royal farms, court bulletins, historical letters, and more. Each artifact serves as a valuable piece in reconstructing the narrative of bygone eras.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Archaeological_Sources\"><\/span>Archaeological Sources:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The ancient inhabitants of India have left behind numerous material remnants that play a crucial role in establishing a chronological sequence of cultural evolution. The study of these material remains is facilitated through the field of <strong>Archaeology.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Archaeology: <\/strong>A scientific discipline, Archaeology allows us to systematically excavate successive layers of ancient mounds, providing insights into the material life of past civilizations based on discovered artifacts.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The significance of excavations is exemplified by the findings from<strong> Harappan excavations<\/strong>, revealing details about settlement layouts, house structures, pottery, tools, implements, and dietary habits of the ancient inhabitants.<\/li><li>In South India, unique burial practices involved interring individuals along with their tools, weapons, pottery, and other belongings beneath massive stones, leading to the creation of Megaliths. These large single-stone structures, whether constructed as burial sites or commemorative memorials, stand as some of the earliest man-made structures, offering valuable evidence of prehistoric cultures.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Major_Archaeological_Sites_and_their_Findings\"><\/span>Major Archaeological Sites and their Findings<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Region<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Significance<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Narmada Valley<\/td><td>Early Hunting and gathering communities.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>North of Vindhyas<\/td><td>In India, rice was first grown here.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>North-West Sulaiman and Kirthar Hills<\/td><td>First crops such as wheat and barley about 8000 years ago.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Magadha<\/td><td>The first kingdom of India, Het, was established here.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Garo Hills<\/td><td>Jengor began to grow here.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Indus and its tributaries<\/td><td>Early agriculture in India.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ganga Valley<\/td><td>The first cities in the Indian subcontinent. Cities developed about 2500 years ago.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mounds\"><\/span>Mounds:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Mounds, <strong>rounded domes <\/strong>on the surface, offer glimpses into the activities of past civilizations, showcasing signs of great cultural achievements. The buried remnants, scattered across the country, hold major parts of these historical remains. Different types of mounds reveal insights into a single culture, multi-culture, and various major and minor cultural civilizations. Excavations can be either <strong>vertical or horizontal<\/strong>, with vertical digs providing a periodwise sequence of cultures.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Monuments\"><\/span>Monuments:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Monuments, including buildings, temples, statues, and pottery, serve as major archaeological sources offering valuable and authentic historical information about the ancient period.&nbsp;<\/li><li>These structures, significant from a cultural perspective, illuminate social life, religious beliefs, and the knowledge of the people of the time. Temples, forts, palaces, stupas, and monasteries bring the past to life, playing a crucial role in connecting us to our ancient history. Excavations in<strong> Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Kalibangan, Lothal<\/strong>, and Taxila have revealed unknown historical discoveries.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ruins\"><\/span>Ruins:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Ruins, the remnants of buildings or cities in disrepair or decay, provide insights into social, economic, and religious conditions prevalent in the past.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Potteries\"><\/span>Potteries:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Potteries are crucial archaeological sources determining the spread of<strong> culture and civilization<\/strong>. From pre-historic to historic periods, various types of potteries like Painted Grey Ware, Black and <strong>Red Ware, Red Ware,<\/strong> and Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) signify different eras and play a vital role in reconstructing history.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Seals\"><\/span>Seals:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Seals, carved or engraved cylinder seals found in the<strong> Indus Valley Civilization<\/strong>, were used as labels on trade goods or for other purposes. Their discovery in<strong> Mesopotamia and Central Asia<\/strong> suggests extensive trade during that period.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Coins\"><\/span>Coins:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Coins, flat discs or pieces of metal with official stamps, serve as important artifacts for studying history. Ancient Indian coins made of copper, silver, gold, or lead, including<strong> Punch-marked coins<\/strong> or<strong> Aahat coins<\/strong>, provide insights into various aspects of Indian history through the study of <strong>numismatics.<\/strong><\/li><li>Coins made of silver and copper with irregular shapes, sometimes square or rectangular, date back to the sixth and second centuries BC. In the absence of a banking system in ancient India, people stored their money in <strong>earthenware and brass vessels<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Many hoards have been discovered containing not only Indian coins but also those belonging to the Roman Empire found in various parts of India. Coins play a vital role in providing valuable information about economic history as they serve as a<strong> medium of exchange.<\/strong><\/li><li>Some coins bearing the word <strong>&#8220;negama<\/strong>&#8221; were issued by guilds or associations of merchants and craftsmen with the rulers&#8217; permission, reflecting the influence of craft and commerce. Coins also depict kings, gods, and religious symbols, shedding light on the art and religion of that time.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Evolution_of_Coins_in_India\"><\/span>Evolution of Coins in India:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Cowry shells <\/strong>were initially used as commodity money.<\/li><li><strong>Punch-marked coins<\/strong> were prevalent during the<strong> Nanda dynasty<\/strong> of Magadha and continued during the Mauryan period.<\/li><li><strong>Indo-Greeks,<\/strong> ruling from 180 BC to around AD 10, issued the largest gold coins, popularizing the practice of depicting the ruler&#8217;s bust on coins.<\/li><li><strong>Kushana kings <\/strong>were the first to issue gold coins with a standardized form, weighing between 12 grams and 15 grams.<\/li><li>The <strong>Satavahanas<\/strong> were the first rulers to issue coins of lead and potin (base silver).<\/li><li><strong>Gupta rulers issued <\/strong>the highest number of gold coins, notable for their purity of gold content.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sculptures_and_Paintings\"><\/span>Sculptures and Paintings:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Paintings <\/strong>and <strong>sculptures<\/strong> provide insights into the culture and religious beliefs of ancient Indian people, dating back to the Harappan period.&nbsp;<\/li><li>These art forms were crafted from various materials like stone, steatite, clay, terracotta, lime, bronze, ivory, and wood. Some adorned the walls of temples, while others were individual sculptures for various purposes, including toys and entertainment.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tools\"><\/span>Tools:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Tools, such as trowels, shovels, spades, brushes, buckets, and sieves, have been integral to human civilization, shaping societies. Archaeologists use these tools to uncover evidence of lifestyle and food habits from the past.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Graves_and_Burials\"><\/span>Graves and Burials:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Burial site<\/strong>s and <strong>graves<\/strong> provide valuable insights into the life patterns, socio-economic conditions, and culture of past generations. Historians focus on these sites to study the time periods and extract unknown details from inscriptions and symbols on memorials.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scientific_Dating_Techniques\"><\/span>Scientific Dating Techniques:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Various scientific dating techniques help establish the age of rocks or fossils:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Radiocarbon Dating:<\/strong> Analyzing the content of Carbon-14 in organic materials.<\/li><li><strong>Pollen Analysis (Palynology)<\/strong>: Developing a pollen chronology to determine agricultural practices.<\/li><li><strong>Cation-Ratio Dating<\/strong>: Determining the exposure duration of rock surfaces, such as stone artifacts and cliffs.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Inscriptions\"><\/span>Inscriptions:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Inscriptions refer to permanent writings engraved on hard surfaces like stone, metal, or terracotta, holding a significance even greater than that of coins. The study of inscriptions is known as <strong>Epigraphy<\/strong>, while the examination of the writing styles used in inscriptions is termed <strong>Palaeography.<\/strong><\/li><li>Inscriptions in India can be found on seals, stone pillars, rocks, copper plates, temple walls, and bricks or images.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td>The earliest inscriptions were penned in <strong>Prakrit<\/strong>, a language used by the common people. Over time,<strong> Tamil and Sanskrit<\/strong> were also employed in inscriptions.<br><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Historical_Importance_of_Bogazkoi_and_Bisitun_Inscription\"><\/span>Historical Importance of Bogazkoi and Bisitun Inscription:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The <strong>Bogazkoi inscription,<\/strong> located in Asia Minor, Turkey, dates back to 1400 BC and mentions Vedic Gods like Indra, Varuna, Mitra, and the two Nasatyas or Ashwini Kumaras.&nbsp;<\/li><li>On the other hand, the <strong>Bisitun<\/strong> (or Behistun) inscription, a monumental rock inscription in the <strong>Zagros Mountains <\/strong>near modern-day <strong>Kermanshah<\/strong> (Iran), was commissioned by Darius I, the king of the Achaemenid Empire, around 520 BC. It provides fragmented information about the western parts of India, including details about its climate and geography.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Important_Inscriptions_and_their_Rulers\"><\/span>Important Inscriptions and their Rulers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Inscriptions<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Rulers<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Junagarh Rock Inscription<\/td><td>King Rudradaman of Saka Dynasty (around AD 150)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Allahabad Pillar<\/td><td>Samudragupta<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>Describes the boundaries of Gupta Empire<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aihole Inscription<\/td><td>Chalukya king Pulakeshin II<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gwalior Inscription<\/td><td>Provides a full account of Bhoja, his predecessors, and their achievements<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mehrauli Pillar Inscription\/Garuda<\/td><td>Chandragupta Vikramaditya<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Besnagar\/Vidisha Inscription<\/td><td>Helaidorus, the Greek Ambassador (Sunga period, 2nd century BC)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Inscription<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Rulers<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mandasaur Inscription<\/td><td>By Kumaragupta in AD 437-38 mentioning construction of Sun temple.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Uttaramerur Inscription<\/td><td>Mentions the qualifications, mode of election, disqualification criteria and constitution of committee for local governance.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lumbini Pillar Inscription<\/td><td>Royal commemorative inscription recording Ashoka&#8217;s visit to Buddha&#8217;s birthplace.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nasik Inscription<\/td><td>Mentions the achievement of Gautamiputra Satkarni. Composed by his mother Gautami Balasri.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hathigumpha Inscription<\/td><td>Composed by Kharavela, the ruler of Kalinga during the second century BC. Located in Udayagiri, near Bhubaneswar, Odisha.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kandahar Inscription<\/td><td>Maurya period inscription. Emperor Ashoka appeals to daughters-in-law and fishermen to establish peace.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nanaghat Inscription<\/td><td>Engraved by Nayanika, wife of Satavahana ruler Satakarni, also known as &#8216;Dakshina Pathpati&#8217;.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Inscriptions_Key_Points\"><\/span>Inscriptions: Key Points<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The earliest inscriptions date back to around 2500 BC and are found on the seals of Harappa, but their decipherment remains elusive.<\/li><li><strong>Ashoka,<\/strong> the Mauryan king, was the first to issue deciphered inscriptions. Most of his inscriptions, in <strong>Prakrit language <\/strong>and Brahmi script, shed light on his religious and administrative policies.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Some in the North-West were written in Kharosthi, while scripts like Aramaic and Greek were used in Afghanistan for local comprehension.<\/li><li><strong>James Prinsep,<\/strong> a civil servant in British India, successfully deciphered the<strong> Brahmi script<\/strong> in 1837. Brahmi was written from left to right, akin to Hindi, while Kharosthi followed a right-to-left orientation.<\/li><li><strong>Ashokan inscriptions<\/strong> play a crucial role in understanding his religious and administrative strategies. By the first century BC, kings began granting land to religious figures, with the Satavahana kings of the Deccan being pioneers in this practice.<\/li><li>Poetic compositions praising kings and patrons are termed <strong>Prashastis<\/strong> in inscriptions.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Literary_Sources\"><\/span>Literary Sources:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Writing in India traces back to 2500 BC, but our oldest compiled texts emerged in AD 400, primarily written on <strong>sheep leather and wooden tablets<\/strong>. Although ancient Sanskrit manuscripts are widespread, they are predominantly found in South India, Kashmir, and Nepal.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td>A <strong>manuscript<\/strong>, a handwritten document with scientific, historical, or cultural significance, can be preserved on various materials such as paper, bark, cloth, metal, palm leaves, or others.<br><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Literary sources can be categorized into three groups:<strong> Religious literature, Non-Religious or Secular literature, and Foreign Accounts\/Travelogue.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Religious_Literature\"><\/span>Religious Literature:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Ancient Indian texts predominantly explore religious themes, including the <strong>Vedas,<\/strong> the <strong>Epics<\/strong> <strong>(Ramayana and Mahabharata)<\/strong>, and the <strong>Purana<\/strong>s. While shedding light on the social and cultural conditions of ancient times, applying them contextually remains challenging.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Shruti_and_Smriti\"><\/span>Shruti and Smriti:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Vedic literature is broadly divided into two categories\u2014Shruti and Smriti.<\/li><li><strong>Shruti<\/strong> comprises sacred texts like the Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads, transmitted orally for centuries.<\/li><li><strong>Smriti<\/strong>, meaning &#8220;that which is remembered,&#8221; constitutes the post-Vedic Classical Sanskrit literature.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vedas\"><\/span>Vedas:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The earliest religious texts are the Vedas, written between 1500 600 BC, forming Hinduism&#8217;s oldest scriptures.<\/li><li><strong>Rig Veda<\/strong>, the oldest, consists of prayers, 1028 hymns (Suktas), and 10 books (Mandalas), addressing philosophical questions and societal virtues.<\/li><li><strong>Sama Veda <\/strong>(1200-800 BC) is the root of Indian classical music and dance with 1549 verses.<\/li><li><strong>Yajur Veda<\/strong> (1100-800 BC) compiles ritual-offering mantras\/chants performed by priests alongside a ritual performer.<\/li><li><strong>Atharva Veda<\/strong> (1000-800 BC) focuses on daily life procedures, spells, and magical formulas.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Brahmanas\"><\/span>Brahmanas:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Vedic shruti works attached to the Samhitas of the Vedas, Brahmanas (900-700 BC) compile teachings on rituals and hidden meanings of sacred texts, shedding light on contemporary society.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Aranyakas:<\/strong> Later works with a similar style as Brahmanas but inclined more towards philosophy were called Aranyakas, serving as a link between the Brahmanas and the Upanishads.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Aranyakas\"><\/span>Aranyakas:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Philosophically interpreting rituals, Aranyakas derive their name from <strong>&#8220;Aranya,&#8221;<\/strong> meaning the forest. These texts, also known as the <strong>Forest Book<\/strong>, were primarily written for hermits and students residing in jungles, serving as the concluding portions of the Brahmanas. Key Aranyakas include <strong>Aitareya, Taittiriya, and Maitrayani.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Upanishads\"><\/span>Upanishads:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Totaling 108, Upanishads are religious and philosophical treatises, representing the last phase of the Vedic revelation. They contain spiritual knowledge aimed at fostering supreme understanding. Prominent Upanishads include Brihadaranyaka, Katha, and Chandogya.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vedangas\"><\/span>Vedangas:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Composed between 600-200 BC, Vedangas are supplementary texts aiding the proper understanding and recitation of the Vedas.&nbsp;<\/li><li>The six Vedangas are <strong>Shiksha <\/strong>(Phonetics\/Pronunciation), Kalpa Sutras (Sacrificial ritual), <strong>Vyakarana<\/strong> (Grammar), <strong>Nirukta <\/strong>(Etymology), <strong>Chhanda <\/strong>(Metrics), and<strong> Jyotisha <\/strong>(Astronomy).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ramayana_and_Mahabharata\"><\/span>Ramayana and Mahabharata:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Compiled by AD 400, <strong>Ramayana and Mahabharata<\/strong> are two epics attributed to sage Vyasa. The Mahabharata, originally containing<strong> 8,800 verses<\/strong>, expanded to 24,000 verses and included the Bhagavad Gita. Ramayana, originally with 6,000 verses, expanded to<strong> 24,000 verses.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sutras\"><\/span>Sutras:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>In the post-Vedic period (600 BC onwards), ritual literature on moral values called <strong>Sutras <\/strong>emerged.<strong> Shrautasutra<\/strong> records lower varna people serving the upper three varnas and grand public sacrifices. Grihyasutras prescribe domestic rituals and were compiled between 600-300 BC.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Puranas\"><\/span>Puranas:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Numbering 18, the Puranas are essential texts providing detailed information about ancient Indian history.<strong> Matasya, Vayu, and Vishnu <\/strong>Puranas contain significant information on ancient Indian dynasties, serving as the primary source after the Battle of Mahabharata. Puranas contribute to the cultural history of Ancient India, offering a chronological account of different dynasties.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dharmashastras\"><\/span>Dharmashastras:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Belonging to the category of law books, Dharmashastras prescribe duties for different social groups and set out codes of conduct for various offenses like theft, murder, and adultery.&nbsp;<\/li><li>An estimated 18 to about 100 Dharmashastras were written, reflecting the moral and legal guidelines of the time.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Buddhist_Literature\"><\/span>Buddhist Literature<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The oldest Buddhist writings emerged several centuries after Gautama Buddha&#8217;s demise, predominantly falling under the<strong> sutta <\/strong>or sutra genre.<\/li><li><strong>Canonical and non-canonical<\/strong> literature exist within Buddhist texts.<\/li><li>The earliest Buddhist texts, written in the Pali language, are known as <strong>Tripitakas,<\/strong> comprising Sutta Pitaka, Vinaya Pitaka, and Abhidhamma Pitaka.<\/li><li><strong>Sutta Pitaka<\/strong> contains over 10 thousand suttas or sutras related to Buddha and his companions, including discussions from the first <strong>Buddhist council <\/strong>held shortly after Buddha&#8217;s death (around <strong>400 BC).<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Vinaya Pitaka<\/strong> focuses on monastic rules for monks and nuns, serving as the Book of Discipline.<\/li><li><strong>Abhidhamma Pitaka <\/strong>delves into the philosophy and doctrine of Buddhism present in the suttas, lacking systematic philosophical treatises.<\/li><li>In the 5th century AD, <strong>Buddhaghosha<\/strong> wrote a commentary on the Tripitaka.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jataka\"><\/span>Jataka<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Jatakas are crucial non-religious Buddhist literature, recounting stories of the Buddha&#8217;s previous births.<\/li><li>It is believed that before becoming <strong>Gautama<\/strong>, the Buddha experienced over 550 births, with each birth story termed a Jataka.&nbsp;<\/li><li>These stories provide insights into the social and economic conditions between the 5th and 2nd centuries BC.<\/li><li>Other significant Buddhist texts include<strong> Mahavamsa<\/strong>, Dipavamsa, Buddhacharita, and Lalitavistara.<\/li><li>Mahavamsa details royal dynasties in the Indian subcontinent, including Sri Lanka.<\/li><li><strong>Dipavamsa<\/strong> discusses the arrival of Buddha&#8217;s teachings and preachers in Sri Lanka.<\/li><li><strong>Buddhacharit<\/strong>a, by <strong>Asvaghosa,<\/strong> is an epic Sanskrit text narrating Gautama Buddha&#8217;s life.<\/li><li><strong>Lalitavistara<\/strong> is revered in Mahayanic writings, focusing on the Buddha&#8217;s biography.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-cse-gs-integrated-course?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=GS+Integrated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42401 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8-585x137.png 585w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1280px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1280\/300;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jaina_Literature\"><\/span>Jaina Literature<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Jaina literature, collectively termed <strong>Agamas,<\/strong> consists of canonical texts based on Lord Mahavira&#8217;s teachings. Written in<strong> Prakrit<\/strong>, these texts were compiled in the 6th century <strong>AD at Vallabhi in Gujarat.<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Angas<\/strong> form a significant part of Jaina literature, containing the philosophical concepts of the Jainas.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Achrangasutra<\/strong>, the oldest Jaina text, outlines monastic rules, while <strong>Kalpasutra <\/strong>narrates the biographies of Jain Tirthankaras, especially Parshvanatha and Mahavira.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Non-Religious_Literature\"><\/span>Non-Religious Literature<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Non-religious or secular literature delves into themes such as basic codes of conduct, laws, socio-drama, love, and romance.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Historical_Writings\"><\/span>Historical Writings<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Ancient Indian historical writings include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Ashtadhyayi: <\/strong>An essential work on grammar written by Panini around 700 BC, it aids historical reconstruction by determining prevalent language and grammar in the contemporary period. Ashtadhyayi also provides guidance for correct usage in spoken language and sacred contexts.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Arthashastra\"><\/span>Arthashastra<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Kautilya&#8217;s Arthashastra<\/strong> is a renowned source for studying statecraft, political theories, economic policies, and military strategies in ancient India. It also aligns with the Philosophical School of Charvaka, advocating a completely materialistic perspective on the universe and human existence.<\/li><li><strong>Mahabhasya <\/strong>Patanjali&#8217;s Mahabhasya, a book on Sanskrit Grammar dating back to the second century BC, serves as a commentary on selected rules from Panini&#8217;s Ashtadhyayi and Katyayana&#8217;s Varttika Sutra.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Works_of_Kalidasa\"><\/span>Works of Kalidasa<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Kalidasa, a poet and playwright during the Gupta period, crafted notable works like <strong>Abhijananashakuntalam, Ritusamhara, and Meghadutam<\/strong>. Beyond their creative brilliance, these works offer glimpses into the social and cultural life of the Gupta age.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rajataringini\"><\/span>Rajataringini<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Kalhana&#8217;s <strong>Rajataringini<\/strong>, written in the 12th century AD, provides a Sanskrit account of various monarchies in Kashmir before the arrival of Islam, serving as a crucial historical chronicle for the region.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Harshacharitam\"><\/span>Harshacharitam<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Harshacharita, written by <strong>Banabhatta<\/strong> in praise of <strong>Harshavardhana<\/strong>, is a significant non-religious text offering biographical details. However, caution is warranted due to the tendency to exaggerate patron achievements.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sangama_Literature\"><\/span>Sangama Literature<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Sangama literature<\/strong>, written in<strong> Tamil during<\/strong> 300 BC &#8211; AD 300, serves as a major source for studying South Indian society, economy, and polity. Comprising short and long poems, it praises various heroes and includes epics like Silappadikaram and Manimekalai.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Foreign_Accounts_and_Travelogues\"><\/span>Foreign Accounts and Travelogues<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The <strong>Greeks, Romans, Chinese<\/strong>, and Arabs provide rich historical data about India. These foreign accounts complement indigenous literature and offer vivid descriptions of what these travelers witnessed.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Greco-Roman_Source\"><\/span>Greco-Roman Source<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Many Greek and Roman accounts of the first and second centuries mentioned many Indian ports and commodities of trade between India and the Roman Empire. Description of some Greco-Romani writers are given below.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Herodotus\"><\/span>Herodotus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>He is generally considered as the Father of History. He was an ancient Greek historian who gained fame for his monumental work called the Histories (440 BC).&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Diodorus\"><\/span>Diodorus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>He was a Greek Historian who wrote <strong>Bibliotheca Historica<\/strong>. His description was based on an account by Megasthenes.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Megasthenese\"><\/span>Megasthenese<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>In the court of Chandragupta Maurya, a Greek Ambassador called Megasthenese came, who wrote Indica.<\/li><li>Its original text is lost but parts of it have been preserved in fragments quoted by subsequent Greek writers.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea\"><\/span>Periplus of the Erythraean Sea<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea is an account of ancient travel to India via the Red Sea written by <strong>William H Schoff.<\/strong><\/li><li>It mentions <strong>India by Hippalus<\/strong>, which historians believe occurred about AD 47<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Justin\"><\/span>Justin:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Marcus Junianus Justinus,<\/strong> a Roman historian of the third century, penned the Epitome, providing intricate details about Alexander the Great&#8217;s conquest of India.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ptolemy\"><\/span>Ptolemy:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Around AD 150, Ptolemy composed<strong> Geographia<\/strong>, a comprehensive work consolidating knowledge of the world&#8217;s geography within the Roman Empire during the second century. He also vividly described the Indo-Roman trade in his writings.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pliny\"><\/span>Pliny:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Pliny the Elder, a<strong> Roman author<\/strong>, naturalist, and philosopher in the early Roman Empire, presented detailed information about India&#8217;s history. In AD 77, he referred to India as the repository of the world&#8217;s gold.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chinese_Scholars\"><\/span>Chinese Scholars:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Buddhist Chinese travelers Fa-Hsien and<strong> Hsuan Tsang<\/strong> journeyed to India, primarily to explore Buddhist shrines and study Buddhism.<\/li><li><strong>Fa-Hsien<\/strong>, in the fifth century, depicted India during the Gupta era, while Hsuan Tsang provided a similar account in the seventh century during the reign of King <strong>Harshavardhana.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/li><li>Hsuan Tsang also described Nalanda University&#8217;s glory in detail.<\/li><li><strong>Song-Yun<\/strong>, a Chinese Buddhist monk, chronicled the <strong>Gandhara dynasty<\/strong>, and Lama <strong>Taranatha<\/strong>, a Tibetan historian, furnished a detailed account of Buddhism in India, offering rare historical data and interesting Indian folklore.<\/li><li><strong>I-Tsing,<\/strong> a seventh-century Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, left an account of his travels to India, providing insights into the social and religious conditions of the society.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Arab_Travellers\"><\/span>Arab Travellers:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Beginning in the eighth century AD, Arab travelers started documenting their experiences in India.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Sulaiman-al-Tajir, the first Arab traveler in the mid-ninth century, wrote about the Palas, Pratiharas, and Gurjaras.<\/li><li><strong>Al-Masudi,<\/strong> during<strong> AD 941-943, p<\/strong>rovided detailed information about the<strong> Rashtrakuta dynasty.<\/strong> Al-Biruni, a significant Arab author and scholar, meticulously wrote about various aspects of Indian life in his renowned book Kitab-ul-Hind, covering mathematics, geography, philosophy, religious practices, culture, traditions, and social conditions of contemporary India.<\/li><li><strong>Marco Polo:<\/strong> Venetian merchant and explorer Marco Polo traversed Asia along the Silk Road between 1271 and 1295, documenting his experiences in the Travels of Marco Polo.<\/li><li><strong>Ibn Battuta:<\/strong> A medieval Muslim traveler, Ibn Battuta authored one of the world&#8217;s most famous travelogues, the Rihlah.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/refer-and-earn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46428 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1-585x137.png 585w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1280px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1280\/300;\" \/><\/a><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/refer-and-earn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">Refer &amp; Earn NOW<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Contribution_of_Modern_Historians\"><\/span>Contribution of Modern Historians<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Books<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Authors\/ Writers<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Features<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A Code of Gentoo Laws<\/td><td>Nathaniel Brassey Halhed<\/td><td>The first Indian book (Manu Smriti) to get translated into English AD 1776.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Song of God<\/td><td>Charles Wilkins<\/td><td>Translation of Bhagvad Gita into English in AD 1785.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Abhiyanashakuntalam (Translated into English)<\/td><td>Sir William Jones<\/td><td>Sir Jones was the first scholar to suggest that Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek belonged to the same family of languages.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aitareya Upanishad (Translated into English)<\/td><td>Henry Thomas Colebrooke<\/td><td>The first Sanskrit-to-English translation of the Upanishad.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kena Upanishad (Translated into English)<\/td><td>Raja Ram Mohan Roy<\/td><td>First Indian to translate sacred text from Sanskrit to English.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rig Veda Samhita \/ Hitopadesha<\/td><td>Friedrich Max Miller<\/td><td>Considered as the greatest scholar in ancient Indian studies or Indology.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Early History of India<\/td><td>Vincent Arthur Smith<\/td><td>Written in 1904, it is the first systematic history of ancient India.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Indo-Aryans<\/td><td>Rajendra Lal Mitra<\/td><td>Represents Indian history in a nationalist point of view.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems<\/td><td>Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar<\/td><td>Credited as the first Indian who reconstructed the political history of the Satavahanas.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>History of the Dharmasastra<\/td><td>Pandurang Vaman Kane<\/td><td>A five-volume book considered an encyclopedia of ancient social laws and customs.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>History and Culture of the Indian People<\/td><td>RC Majumdar<\/td><td>Stronger element of Hindu revivalism appears in his writings.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A History of South India<\/td><td>KA Nilakanta Sastri<\/td><td>Highlights the harmony that prevailed in early Indian society.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hindu Polity (1918) and History of India, AD 150 to AD 350 (1933)<\/td><td>Kashi Prasad Jayaswal<\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Education in Ancient India<\/td><td>AS Altekar<\/td><td>Credited for showing that Indian republics were among the oldest and most powerful of the ancient world.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Wonder That Was India<\/td><td>AL Basham<\/td><td>Detailed information about the materialist philosophy of some heterodox sects in ancient and medieval India.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>An Introduction to the Study of Indian History and The Civilisation of Ancient India in Historical Outline<\/td><td>DD Kosambi<\/td><td>Early modernist style of historical writing, emphasis on materialistic and cash-based economy in ancient India.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Prelims_Facts\"><\/span>Prelims Facts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Who was the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Who is also known as the father of Indian archaeology? <strong>&#8211; Alexander Cunningham <em>[MPPSC (Pre) 2017<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Which ministry deals with the Archaeological Survey of India as an accessory office? <strong>&#8211; Ministry of Culture<em> [JPSC (Pre) 2011]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Which rock shelter of Vindhyas, a maximum number of human skeletons have been found? <strong>&#8211; Ghagharia<em> [UPPSC (Pre) 2016]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Three human skeletons in a single grave were discovered at which site? <strong>&#8211; Damdama <em>[UPPSC (Pre) 2016]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Bone ornaments in the Mesolithic context in India have been obtained from &#8230; <strong>&#8211; Mahadaha<em> [UPPSC (Pre) 2010, UP RO\/ARO (Mains) 2013]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>The evidence of pit dwelling has been obtained from which site? <strong>&#8211; Burzahom <em>[UPPSC (Mains) 2011]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>The evidence of burying the dog with a human body is found at which place? <strong>&#8211; Burzahom<em> [UKPSC (Pre) 2010]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>At which place did the earliest evidence of rice cultivation in Ganga Valley is found? <strong>&#8211; Lahuradewa<em> [UPPSC (Pre) 2008]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Which was the first cereal used by man? <strong>&#8211; Barley<em> [UPPSC (Pre) 1997)<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>The Ochre Coloured Pottery (OCP) was christened at which site? &#8211;<strong> Hastinapur<em> [UPPSC (Mains) 2006]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>The cultural remains from the Stone Age to Harappan Civilisation have been obtained from which ancient site? <strong>&#8211; Mehrgarh <em>[UPPSC (Pre) 2008]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>The earliest evidence of man in India is found in which place? <strong>&#8211; Narmada Valley<em> [UKPSC (Pre) 2006]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Where are the caves of Bhimbhetka situated? <strong>&#8211; Obedullaganj-Raisen<em> [MPPSC (Pre) 2013]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Which Indian archaeologist first visited &#8216;Bhimbhetka caves and discovered the pre-historic significance of its painting <strong>&#8211; VS Wakankar <em>[MPPSC (Pre) 2020, UPPSC (Pre) 2020]&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>In the Mesolithic context, evidence of animals, domestication has been found at which site? <strong>&#8211; Adamgarh<em> [UPPSC (Pre) 2008]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Which site provides evidence of the domestication of animals in the Mesolithic period? <strong>Bangor <em>[UPPSC (Pre) 2018]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Which burial practice of Chalcolithic communities was characterized by burial within precincts of houses after chopping off the feet of a cadaver?-<strong> Jorwa <em>UPSC (Pre) 2010]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Which script of ancient India was written from right to left <strong>&#8211; Kharosthi [IAS (Pre) 1947]<\/strong><\/li><li>The Brahmi script was first deciphered by letters inscribed on <strong>&#8211; Pillars<em> [UPPSC (Mains) 2008]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>The first scholar who read Ashokan edicts was <strong>&#8211; James Prinsep [UPPSC (Pre) 2010]<\/strong><\/li><li>Pre-Ashokan Brahmi script was found at <strong>&#8211; Anuradhapura<em> [UPPSC (Pre) 2008]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Which is the oldest Veda? &#8211; <strong>Rig Veda<em> [UPPSC (Pre) 2010]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Which Veda contains an account of magical charms and spells? <strong>&#8211; Atharva Veda<em> IJPSC (Pre) 2011]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Upanishads are books on <strong>&#8211; Philosophy<em> [UPPSC (Mains) 2003]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Nachiketa legend find mention in <strong>&#8211; Kathopanishad <em>[UPPSC (Mains) 2006]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>King Aswapati of the Upanishadic period was the ruler of <strong>Kekaya<em> [UPPSC (Pre) 1999]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>The legend of Satyakama Jabala, which challenge the stigma of being an unmarried mother, is mentioned in <strong>&#8211; Chandogya Upanishad<em> [RAS\/RTS (Pre) 2016]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>The manu smriti mainly deals with <strong>&#8211; Laws<em> [UPPSC (Pre) 2007]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Sarga, Pratisarga, Uansa, Manvantara and Vanshanucharita are the indicators of <strong>&#8211; Puranas<em> [UPPSC (Pre) 2015)<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>&#8216;Rajatarangani&#8217; written by Kalhana is associated with <strong>History of Kashmir<em> IMPPSC (Pre) 2012)<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Kautilya&#8217;s Arthashastra is a book on <strong>&#8211; Practice of statecraft <em>BPSC Pre 2019<\/em><\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"UPSC_NCERT_Practice_Questions\"><\/span>UPSC NCERT Practice Questions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Consider_the_following_statements\"><\/span>1. Consider the following statements.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Historical sources refers to the objects that defines a civilisation only.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Forts, court bulletins and historical letters can be useful as sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Which of the statements) given above is\/are correct?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Only 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Only 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Both 1 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_The_Harappan_Civilisation_discovered_as_the_well_flourished_culture_through_its\"><\/span>2. The Harappan Civilisation discovered as the well flourished culture through its<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) socio-culture variation&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) economic prosperity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) material sources<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) All of these<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Which_type_of_potteries_were_in_use_during_the_Buddhist_period\"><\/span>3. Which type of potteries were in use during the Buddhist period?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Black and Red Ware<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Painted Grey Ware<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Red Ware<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Northern Black Polished Ware<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_In_ancient_India_Punch-marked_coins_that_were_made_of_silver_and_copper_were_called\"><\/span>4. In ancient India, Punch-marked coins that were made of silver and copper were called<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Nishka<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Pana<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Aahat<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Kashhah<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Consider_the_following_statements\"><\/span>5. Consider the following statements.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Punch-marked coins were issued largely during Nanda and Mauryan periods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Indo-Greek were the first rulers to issue the largest Gold coins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Kushanas and Sabas, both issue a most standardised form of Gold coins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Satavahanas and Kadambas were the first rulers to issue lead and brass coins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Which of the statements) given above is\/are correct?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) 1 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) 2 and 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) 1, 2 and 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Only 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_The_earliest_inscriptions_found_in_the_Indian_subcontinent_were_in_which_among_the_following_languages\"><\/span>6. The earliest inscriptions found in the Indian subcontinent were in which among the following languages?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Pali<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Prakrit<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Assamaic<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Sanskrit<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Consider_the_following_statements\"><\/span>7. Consider the following statements.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1. The Bogazkoi inscription located in Afghanistan, dates back to 1400 BC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. The Bisitun inscription found in the Zagros Mountains, was written at the behest of Darius I during 520 BC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Which of the statements) given above is\/are correct?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) 1 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Only 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Only 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) None of these<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Consider_the_following_statements\"><\/span>8. Consider the following statements.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1. King Ashoka was the first person to issue an inscription.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Brahmi script was first deciphered by Charles Wilkins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Some inscriptions composed by poets in praise of kings are called Prashastis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Which of the statements) given above is\/are correct?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Only 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) 1 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) All of these<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Consider_the_following_statements\"><\/span>9. Consider the following statements.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1. The Brahmanas are Vedic Shruti works attached to the Samhitas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. The earliest form of Mahabharata was known as Bharata because it had only 24000 verses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. A great amount of information on ancient Indian dynasties is found in Matsya, Vayu, and Vishnu Puranas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Which of the statements) given above is\/are correct?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) 1 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Only 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) 1 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_Consider_the_following_statements\"><\/span>10. Consider the following statements.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Abhijananashakuntalam, Ritusamhara, and Meghadutam provide glimpses of the social and cultural life of the Gupta age.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Justin is considered as the Father of History.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Sulaiman-al-Tajir, the first Arab traveler referred to India as the sink of the world&#8217;s gold.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Which of the statements) given above is\/are not correct?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) 1 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Only 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Only 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Know_Right_Answer\"><\/span>Know Right Answer<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>1(b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2 (d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3 (d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4 (c)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5 (a)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6 (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7 (c)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8 (c)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>9 (d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>10 (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\"><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Question_What_are_the_primary_sources_of_Ancient_Indian_History_according_to_UPSC_NCERT_Notes\"><\/span><strong>1. Question: What are the primary sources of Ancient Indian History according to UPSC NCERT Notes?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Answer: According to UPSC NCERT Notes on Ancient Indian History, primary sources include archaeological findings, inscriptions, coins, and literature from the ancient period. These sources provide crucial insights into the socio-cultural, economic, and political aspects of ancient Indian civilizations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Question_How_do_UPSC_NCERT_Notes_distinguish_between_literary_and_non-literary_sources_in_Ancient_Indian_History\"><\/span><strong>2. Question: How do UPSC NCERT Notes distinguish between literary and non-literary sources in Ancient Indian History?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Answer: UPSC NCERT Notes emphasize that literary sources in Ancient Indian History encompass texts like Vedas, Upanishads, and epics such as Mahabharata and Ramayana. Non-literary sources, on the other hand, include artifacts, monuments, and inscriptions, shedding light on material aspects like art, architecture, and historical events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Question_What_role_do_coins_play_as_sources_of_Ancient_Indian_History_as_per_UPSC_NCERT_Notes\"><\/span><strong>3. Question: What role do coins play as sources of Ancient Indian History, as per UPSC NCERT Notes?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Answer: According to UPSC NCERT Notes, coins serve as valuable sources for understanding economic history and trade routes in ancient India. They provide information about rulers, dynasties, and economic transactions, aiding historians in reconstructing the economic landscape of ancient Indian civilizations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-essay?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Essay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/UPSC-Essay-Course-1280\u00d7300-1-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42688 lazyload\" width=\"781\" height=\"182\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 781px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 781\/182;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\"><\/span><strong>In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For UPSC Prelims Resources,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc-cse-prelims-resource-centre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Click here<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For Daily Updates and Study Material:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Join our Telegram Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/WithEdukemy4IAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edukemy for IAS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>1. Learn through Videos &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3vOD8sU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>2. Be Exam Ready by Practicing Daily MCQs &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3Q9z2nF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>3. Daily Newsletter &#8211; Get all your Current Affairs Covered &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3bE2y5J\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>4. Mains Answer Writing Practice &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3mZuVxl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\"><\/span>Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@ShabbirsEduKemyforIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The &#8216;History&#8217; is the study of the human past that is left behind by humans, unlike a study of just battles and kings as is generally understood.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":23038,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1424],"tags":[286,354,1052,232,140],"class_list":["post-23033","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ncert-ancient-history-notes","tag-ancient-history-notes","tag-history","tag-ncert-notes","tag-upsc","tag-upsc_preparation_strategy"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23033","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23033"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23033\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35344,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23033\/revisions\/35344"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23038"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23033"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23033"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23033"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}