{"id":23042,"date":"2024-01-23T07:28:27","date_gmt":"2024-01-23T07:28:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/?p=23042"},"modified":"2024-03-21T10:43:29","modified_gmt":"2024-03-21T10:43:29","slug":"upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/","title":{"rendered":"UPSC NCERT Notes &#8211; Ancient History &#8211; Indus Valley Civilization"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-history?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=History\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42408\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13-585x137.png 585w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The Indus Valley Civilization, one of the world&#8217;s oldest urban cultures, flourished around 3300\u20131300 BCE in the vast expanse of the Indian subcontinent. Aspiring civil servants preparing for the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) examinations delve into the intricate tapestry of this ancient civilization through NCERT notes on Ancient History. These meticulously crafted notes serve as a compass, guiding aspirants through the labyrinth of historical narratives, archaeological findings, and socio-economic dynamics that define the Indus Valley Civilization. Providing a comprehensive overview, these UPSC NCERT notes play a crucial role in enabling aspirants to navigate the complexities of the past, fostering a deep understanding of the roots that shape the present and future of the Indian subcontinent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the third and second century BC, people started moving towards the valleys of Indus, gradually they settled there and they evolved a civilisation called Indus Valley Civilisation. The name &#8216;India&#8217; is derived from the river Indus, for India means the country of the Indus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e237d00a8d2\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e237d00a8d2\"  \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Discovery_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization\" title=\"Discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization\">Discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Major_Developments_in_Harappan_Archaeology\" title=\"Major Developments in Harappan Archaeology\">Major Developments in Harappan Archaeology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Different_Phases_of_Harappan_Culture\" title=\"Different Phases of Harappan Culture\">Different Phases of Harappan Culture<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Various_Theories_on_the_Origin_of_the_Harappan_Civilization\" title=\"Various Theories on the Origin of the Harappan Civilization\">Various Theories on the Origin of the Harappan Civilization<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Origin_Periods_Given_by_Archaeologists\" title=\"Origin Periods Given by Archaeologists\">Origin Periods Given by Archaeologists<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Geographical_Extent\" title=\"Geographical Extent\">Geographical Extent<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Important_Sites_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization\" title=\"Important Sites of the Indus Valley Civilization\">Important Sites of the Indus Valley Civilization<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Harappa_Punjab_Pakistan\" title=\"Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan)\">Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Mohenjodaro_Sindh_Pakistan\" title=\"Mohenjodaro (Sindh, Pakistan)\">Mohenjodaro (Sindh, Pakistan)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Dholavira_Kutch_district_Gujarat_India\" title=\"Dholavira (Kutch district, Gujarat, India)\">Dholavira (Kutch district, Gujarat, India)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Important_Sites_of_Indus_Valley_Civilisation\" title=\"Important Sites of Indus Valley Civilisation\">Important Sites of Indus Valley Civilisation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Major_Characteristics_of_Harappan_Sites\" title=\"Major Characteristics of Harappan Sites\">Major Characteristics of Harappan Sites<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Town_Planning_and_Structure\" title=\"Town Planning and Structure:\">Town Planning and Structure:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Drainage_System\" title=\"Drainage System:\">Drainage System:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Social_and_Political_Life\" title=\"Social and Political Life:\">Social and Political Life:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Religious_Life\" title=\"Religious Life:\">Religious Life:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Burial_Practices\" title=\"Burial Practices:\">Burial Practices:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Unique_burial_practices\" title=\"Unique burial practices\">Unique burial practices<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Economic_Life\" title=\"Economic Life:\">Economic Life:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Agriculture\" title=\"Agriculture&nbsp;\">Agriculture&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Domestication_of_animals\" title=\"Domestication of animals\">Domestication of animals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Trade\" title=\"Trade\">Trade<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Major_Imports_by_the_Harappans\" title=\"Major Imports by the Harappans\">Major Imports by the Harappans<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Art_and_Architecture\" title=\"Art and Architecture\">Art and Architecture<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Harappan_Pottery\" title=\"Harappan Pottery\">Harappan Pottery<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Harappan_Seals\" title=\"Harappan Seals\">Harappan Seals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Pashupati_Seal\" title=\"Pashupati Seal\">Pashupati Seal<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Tools_and_Devices\" title=\"Tools and Devices\">Tools and Devices<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Harappan_Beads\" title=\"Harappan Beads\">Harappan Beads<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Script_and_Language\" title=\"Script and Language\">Script and Language<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Terracotta_Figurines\" title=\"Terracotta Figurines\">Terracotta Figurines<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Decline_of_Harappan_Culture\" title=\"Decline of Harappan Culture\">Decline of Harappan Culture<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#The_Decline_of_Indus_Valley_Civilisation_Different_Views\" title=\"The Decline of Indus Valley Civilisation: Different Views\">The Decline of Indus Valley Civilisation: Different Views<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Prelims_Facts\" title=\"Prelims Facts\">Prelims Facts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#UPSC_NCERT_Practice_Questions\" title=\"UPSC NCERT Practice Questions\">UPSC NCERT Practice Questions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#1_The_Harappan_Civilisation_covered_an_extensive_area_of_the_present_South_Asia_The_geographic_space_covered_by_this_civilization_included_BPSC_Pre_2011\" title=\"1. The Harappan Civilisation covered an extensive area of the present South Asia. The geographic space covered by this civilization included BPSC (Pre) 2011\">1. The Harappan Civilisation covered an extensive area of the present South Asia. The geographic space covered by this civilization included BPSC (Pre) 2011<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#2_Match_List_I_with_List_II_and_select_the_correct_answer_by_using_the_codes_given_below_the_lists\" title=\"2. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below the lists.\">2. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below the lists.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#3_The_eastern_boundary_of_the_Harappa_culture_is_indicated_by_which_of_the_following_UPPSC_Pre_2023\" title=\"3. The eastern boundary of the Harappa culture is indicated by which of the following? UPPSC (Pre) 2023\">3. The eastern boundary of the Harappa culture is indicated by which of the following? UPPSC (Pre) 2023<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#4_Which_of_the_following_pairs_is_not_correct_about_the_origin_of_Harappan_Civilisation_RASRTS_Pre_2015\" title=\"4. Which of the following pairs is not correct about the origin of Harappan Civilisation? RAS\/RTS (Pre) 2015\">4. Which of the following pairs is not correct about the origin of Harappan Civilisation? RAS\/RTS (Pre) 2015<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#5_The_two_major_cities_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilisation_revealing_uniform_urban_planning_were_Tripura_PSC_Pre_2011\" title=\"5. The two major cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation revealing uniform urban planning were Tripura PSC (Pre) 2011\">5. The two major cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation revealing uniform urban planning were Tripura PSC (Pre) 2011<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#6_From_where_the_evidence_of_the_rock-cut_architecture_was_found_concerning_the_Harappan_Civilisation_UPPSC_Pre_2006\" title=\"6. From where the evidence of the rock-cut architecture was found concerning the Harappan Civilisation? UPPSC (Pre) 2006\">6. From where the evidence of the rock-cut architecture was found concerning the Harappan Civilisation? UPPSC (Pre) 2006<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#7_Which_one_of_the_following_ancient_towns_is_well-known_for_its_elaborate_system_of_water_harvesting_and_management_by_building_a_series_of_dams_and_channelizing_water_into_connected_reservoirs_UPPSC_Pre_2014_IAS_Pre_2021\" title=\"7. Which one of the following ancient towns is well-known for its elaborate system of water harvesting and management by building a series of dams and channelizing water into connected reservoirs? UPPSC (Pre) 2014, IAS (Pre) 2021\">7. Which one of the following ancient towns is well-known for its elaborate system of water harvesting and management by building a series of dams and channelizing water into connected reservoirs? UPPSC (Pre) 2014, IAS (Pre) 2021<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#8_Which_among_the_following_Harappan_sites_terracotta_of_plough_was_found_BPSC_Pre_2018\" title=\"8. Which among the following Harappan sites terracotta of plough was found? BPSC (Pre) 2018\">8. Which among the following Harappan sites terracotta of plough was found? BPSC (Pre) 2018<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#9_Which_among_the_following_Harappan_sites_is_not_located_in_Gujarat_WBCS_Pre_2018\" title=\"9. Which among the following Harappan sites is not located in Gujarat? WBCS (Pre) 2018\">9. Which among the following Harappan sites is not located in Gujarat? WBCS (Pre) 2018<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#10_Which_one_of_the_following_is_not_a_Harappan_site_IAS_Pre_2019\" title=\"10. Which one of the following is not a Harappan site? IAS (Pre) 2019\">10. Which one of the following is not a Harappan site? IAS (Pre) 2019<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#11_Which_among_the_following_is_not_related_to_Indus_Valley_Civilisation_MPPSC_Pre_2019\" title=\"11. Which among the following is not related to Indus Valley Civilisation? MPPSC (Pre) 2019\">11. Which among the following is not related to Indus Valley Civilisation? MPPSC (Pre) 2019<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#12_From_which_archaeological_site_of_Indus_Valley_Civilisation_the_figures_or_models_of_boats_are_found_UPPSC_Pre_2022\" title=\"12. From which archaeological site of Indus Valley Civilisation, the figures or models of boats are found? UPPSC (Pre) 2022\">12. From which archaeological site of Indus Valley Civilisation, the figures or models of boats are found? UPPSC (Pre) 2022<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#13_The_shape_of_which_tree_is_found_in_the_seals_from_the_Indus_Civilisation_MPPSC_Pre_2022\" title=\"13. The shape of which tree is found in the seals from the Indus Civilisation? MPPSC (Pre) 2022\">13. The shape of which tree is found in the seals from the Indus Civilisation? MPPSC (Pre) 2022<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#14_Which_one_of_the_following_pairs_is_not_correctly_matched_IAS_Mains_2006\" title=\"14. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched? IAS (Mains) 2006\">14. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched? IAS (Mains) 2006<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Know_Right_Answer\" title=\"Know Right Answer\">Know Right Answer<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\" title=\"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)\">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#1_Q_Why_is_the_study_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization_important_for_UPSC_aspirants\" title=\"1. Q: Why is the study of the Indus Valley Civilization important for UPSC aspirants?\">1. Q: Why is the study of the Indus Valley Civilization important for UPSC aspirants?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#2_Q_What_were_the_major_cities_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization_and_why_were_they_significant\" title=\"2. Q: What were the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, and why were they significant?\">2. Q: What were the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, and why were they significant?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#3_Q_What_economic_activities_were_prevalent_in_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization\" title=\"3. Q: What economic activities were prevalent in the Indus Valley Civilization?\">3. Q: What economic activities were prevalent in the Indus Valley Civilization?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#4_Q_What_is_the_significance_of_the_script_used_in_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization_and_why_is_it_challenging_to_decipher\" title=\"4. Q: What is the significance of the script used in the Indus Valley Civilization, and why is it challenging to decipher?\">4. Q: What is the significance of the script used in the Indus Valley Civilization, and why is it challenging to decipher?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#5_Q_How_did_the_decline_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization_impact_the_subsequent_history_of_the_Indian_subcontinent\" title=\"5. Q: How did the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization impact the subsequent history of the Indian subcontinent?\">5. Q: How did the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization impact the subsequent history of the Indian subcontinent?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-57\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\" title=\"In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;\">In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-58\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-indus-valley-civilization\/#Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\" title=\"Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here\">Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Discovery_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization\"><\/span>Discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Archaeological excavations conducted in the early decades of the 20th century unveiled an extensive civilization that thrived in the Indian subcontinent.<\/li><li>The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan culture, was unearthed in 1921 at the modern site of Harappa in West Punjab, Pakistan. This civilization spanned regions including Punjab, Haryana, Sindh, Baluchistan, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and certain areas of Uttar Pradesh.<\/li><li>Among the three contemporary civilizations\u2014namely, the <strong>Egyptian Civilization <\/strong>(Egypt) in the Nile Valley, the <strong>Mesopotamian Civilization<\/strong> (Iraq) in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley, and the <strong>Hwang-Ho Civilization <\/strong>(China) in the Hwang-Ho Valley\u2014the Indus Valley Civilization stood as the largest.<\/li><li>Most settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization were situated in the Valley of the Saraswati river system, now extinct. The river Saraswati was identified as <strong>Ghaggar in Punjab and Chakra <\/strong>in the Balochistan region.<\/li><li>The <strong>Harappan Civilization<\/strong> is dated between 2600 and 1900 BC and derives its name from Harappa, the initial site where this culture was uncovered.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Major_Developments_in_Harappan_Archaeology\"><\/span>Major Developments in Harappan Archaeology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Year<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Development<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1875<\/td><td>Report of Alexander Cunningham on Harappan seal.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1921<\/td><td>Daya Ram Sahni began excavations at Harappa, Excavations began at Mohenjodaro.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1925<\/td><td>REM Wheeler excavated at Harappa.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1946<\/td><td>SR Rao began excavations at Lothal.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1955<\/td><td>BB Lal and BK Thapar began excavations at Kalibangan.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1960<\/td><td>MR Mughal began explorations in Bahawalpur, Pakistan.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1974<\/td><td>A team of German and Italian archaeologists began surface explorations at Mohenjodaro.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1980<\/td><td>American team began excavations at Harappa.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1986<\/td><td>RS Bisht began excavations at Dholavira.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Different_Phases_of_Harappan_Culture\"><\/span>Different Phases of Harappan Culture<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Periods<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Early Harappan Period (3500-2600 BC)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Mature Harappan Period (2600-1900 BC)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Late Harappan Period (1900 BC onwards)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Characteristics<\/td><td>&#8211; Many more settlements were established in the hills and the plains.<\/td><td>&#8211; Emergence of large cities, uniform types of bricks, weights, seals, beads, and pottery.<\/td><td>&#8211; Writing and city life abandoned.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>&#8211; The largest number of villages occur in this period.<\/td><td>&#8211; Planned township and long-distance trade.<\/td><td>&#8211; Continuation of Harappan crafts and pottery tradition.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>&#8211; Use of copper, wheel, and plow.<\/td><td>&#8211; Large urban centers like Harappa, Mohenjodaro, and Lothal are found.<\/td><td>&#8211; The village cultures of Punjab, and Sutlej-Yamuna divided, and Gujarat assimilated the Harappan crafts and pottery traditions.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>&#8211; Kot Diji, Amri, Dholavira, Kalibangan, etc., were early Harappan sites.<\/td><td>&#8211; Many Harappan sites were abandoned. Inter-regional exchange declines.<\/td><td>&#8211; Manda, Sanghol, Alamgirpur, and Daulatpur were some of the important sites.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Various_Theories_on_the_Origin_of_the_Harappan_Civilization\"><\/span>Various Theories on the Origin of the Harappan Civilization<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Ernest JH Mackay<\/strong> proposed the theory that the &#8220;Migration of people from Sumerian regions may have led to the formation of the Harappan Civilization.&#8221;<\/li><li><strong>Sir Mortimer Wheeler <\/strong>suggested that the &#8220;Harappan Civilization may have originated as the sudden offspring of the Mesopotamian Civilization, known as the land of the twin rivers.&#8221;<\/li><li>DH Gordon theorized that the &#8220;Indus Valley Civilization emerged as a result of migration from West Asia.&#8221;<\/li><li>Amalananda Ghosh put forth the idea that &#8220;The pre-Harappan culture of Kalibangan, known as the Sothi culture, developed into the Harappan Civilization.&#8221;<\/li><li><strong>Mohammad Rafique Mughal<\/strong> proposed that the &#8220;Harappan Civilization was completely indigenous in character but widely inspired and influenced by Sumerian and Mesopotamian cultures.&#8221;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Origin_Periods_Given_by_Archaeologists\"><\/span>Origin Periods Given by Archaeologists<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Archaeologists<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Projected Time<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>John Marshall<\/td><td>3250-2750 BC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ernest Mackay<\/td><td>2800-2500 BC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MS Vats<\/td><td>3500-2700 BC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mortimer Wheeler<\/td><td>2500-1500 BC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>W Fairservis<\/td><td>2000-1500 BC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>DP Aggarwal<\/td><td>2300-1700 BC<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Geographical_Extent\"><\/span>Geographical Extent<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Indus or the Harappan culture is older than the Chalcolithic cultures, but it is far more developed than these cultures.<\/li><li>It arose in the <strong>North-Western<\/strong> part of the Indian subcontinent.<\/li><li>Many sites in Sindh formed the Central Zone of the pre-Harappan culture.<\/li><li>The<strong> Central Zone<\/strong> of the mature Harappan culture lay in <strong>Sindh and Punjab<\/strong>, mainly in the Indus Valley. From here, it extended Southwards and Eastwards<\/li><li>The area formed a triangle and accounted for about 12,99,000 sq km, nearly 1500, Harappan sites are known so far in the subcontinent.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Sir John Marshal<\/strong>l was the first archaeologist, who named the civilization as Indus Valley Civilisation.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Important_Sites_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization\"><\/span>Important Sites of the Indus Valley Civilization<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Harappa_Punjab_Pakistan\"><\/span>Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Discovered in 1921 on the river Ravi, Harappa was the first excavated site of the Indus Valley Civilization under the supervision of <strong>Daya Ram Sahni.<\/strong> The<strong> civilization <\/strong>was initially named <strong>Harappan <\/strong>after this site.<\/li><li>The extensive mounds at Harappa were first observed by <strong>Charles Masson<\/strong> in 1826 and later visited by <strong>Alexander Cunningham<\/strong> in 1853 and 1873. Notable features include six granaries located outside the citadel and barracks or rows of single-roomed quarters just below the citadel walls.<\/li><li>Two distinct burial practices, R-37-type and H-type cemeteries, were identified. According to a recent Archaeological Survey of India report, Bhirrana in Haryana is considered the oldest Harappan site in the Indian subcontinent.<\/li><li>Various artifacts, such as a stone symbol of lingam and yoni, a seal depicting a virgin goddess, wheat and barley in a wooden mortar, a copper scale and mirror, a vanity box, dice, a bronze sculpture of a dog chasing a deer, and red sandstone torsos of a nude male and dancing female, provide insights into the culture, including traces of Jainism.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mohenjodaro_Sindh_Pakistan\"><\/span>Mohenjodaro (Sindh, Pakistan)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Discovered by <strong>Rakhal Das Banerji <\/strong>in 1922 on the river Indus, Mohenjodaro is one of the largest sites. In the Sindhi language, Mohenjodaro translates to<strong> &#8220;mound of the dead.&#8221;<\/strong><\/li><li>Notable structures include an oblong multi-pillared assembly hall and a large rectangular building assumed to serve administrative purposes. The <strong>Great Bath<\/strong>, a crucial public space, features steps leading to the surface and changing rooms with inlets and outlets for water drainage. The bath measures 39 feet in length, 23 feet in breadth, and 8 feet in depth.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td>The<strong> Great Granary<\/strong>, the largest building in Mohenjodaro, is a brick structure with dimensions of 45 meters North-South and 45 meters East-West. It comprises rooms with three sleeper walls having air space between them.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Artifacts found at Mohenjodaro include the Pashupati seal, a bronze image of a dancing girl, three cylindrical seals, a steatite image of a bearded man, clay figures of Mother Goddess, dice, an idol of a yogi, a granary, and a unicorn.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dholavira_Kutch_district_Gujarat_India\"><\/span>Dholavira (Kutch district, Gujarat, India)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Dholavira, situated in the Khadir belt of Kutch district, Gujarat, is renowned for the discovery of the world&#8217;s oldest signboard, the Vabni <strong>Dholavira signboard<\/strong>, in 1968 by archaeologist <strong>Jagat Pati Joshi.<\/strong><\/li><li>The site is known for its advanced water harvesting and management system, featuring a series of dams and interconnected reservoirs. In 2021, UNESCO declared Dholavira a World Heritage Site.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh7-us.googleusercontent.com\/rlS5LrOnUlE3yPF9phK-bfuoII43pnODbRorXknzPgYdym5n0gAOLrE4ysknU8Q6RT5jgygo64TnB7OpUJt1TDX5IZvLGTFB9v5eMwbWbGDnc01b2fhLXt1j5eETf3tlbpcTW7jMcJY2FY4eFdXUqpI\" alt=\"Dholavira\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" \/><figcaption>Dholavira<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh7-us.googleusercontent.com\/xN9p4741Yyk09zOw9VqABeTqR_k3X-C584LHiPLtuYiJwmsaI1sDNIROwCcoOsdhIMpVVT9DhdYshxBZk9VXI7RQKvy9_Fyk-owFPfEcUBdXOul9HP-6XFWc9ZvLwaF3V3MJ5yAyCbV_0lULGqdK2P0\" alt=\"Harappan Civilization\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" \/><figcaption>Harappan Civilization<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-cse-gs-integrated-course?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=GS+Integrated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42401 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8-585x137.png 585w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1280px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1280\/300;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Important_Sites_of_Indus_Valley_Civilisation\"><\/span>Important Sites of Indus Valley Civilisation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Site<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Location<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Excavated by<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Year of Excavation<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Major Findings<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Harappa<\/td><td>Montgomery, Pakistan on the banks of Ravi river<\/td><td>Daya Ram Sahni<\/td><td>1921<\/td><td>Granary, workmen&#8217;s quarter, vanity case, furnaces, piece of Pottery with Indus script, cubical limestone weight, copper Bullock cart, coffin burials, cemetery, terracotta figurines, evidence of horse at superficial level, etc.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mohenjodaro<\/td><td>Larkana District of Sind on the bank of Indus river<\/td><td>RD Banerjee<\/td><td>1925<\/td><td>Great Bath, granary, Unicorn seals, Bronze Dancing Girl statue, Pashupati seal, steatite statue of Beard Priest, piece of woven cloth, etc.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sultagendor<\/td><td>Baluchistan on Dasht river<\/td><td>Auriel Stein<\/td><td>1929<\/td><td>Trade point between Harappa and Babylon, flint Blades, stone Vessels, stone Arrowheads, Shell Beads. pottery, horse remains etc.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Chanhudaro<\/td><td>Mullan Sandha, Sind on the Indus river<\/td><td>NG Majumdar<\/td><td>1931<\/td><td>Bangle factory, inkpot, bead-makers shop, the footprint of a dog chasing a cat, cart with a seated driver, it is the only city<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rangpur<\/td><td>Kathiawad (Gujarat), on the Madar river<\/td><td>MS Vats, SR Rao<\/td><td>1931, 1957<\/td><td>without a citadel, etc.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Amri<\/td><td>Close to Baluchistan, on the bank of Indus river<\/td><td>NG Majumdar<\/td><td>1935<\/td><td>Post-Harappan site. rice husk, six types of pottery, etc. Antelope evidence, Rhinoceros&#8217; evidence, etc.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Site<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Location<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Excavated by<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Year of Excavation<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Major Findings<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kot-Diji<\/td><td>Khairpur (Sindh, Pakistan), on the Indus river<\/td><td>Fazal Ahmad, Ghureey<\/td><td>1953-1955<\/td><td>Figurine of ox, steatite seal, terracotta beads, etc.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kalibangan<\/td><td>Hanumangarh District, Rajasthan on the bank of Ghaggar river<\/td><td>Amlanand Ghose<\/td><td>1953<\/td><td>Granary, ploughed field, wooden drainage, evidence of earthquake, wooden plough, camel&#8217;s bone, fire alters, earthen bricks, etc.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lothal<\/td><td>Ahmedabad, Gujarat on Bhogva river near the Gulf of Cambay<\/td><td>R Rao<\/td><td>1955<\/td><td>Divided into six sections, bead making factory, rice husk, ivory weight balance, dockyard, fire alters, terracotta figure of horse, etc.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ropar<\/td><td>Punjab, on the river Sutlej<\/td><td>YD Sharma<\/td><td>1953<\/td><td>Five-fold sequence of culture, stone and mud house, evidence of dog burial, along with human burial, etc.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Alamgirpur<\/td><td>Meerut (UP), on the Hindon river<\/td><td>YD Sharma<\/td><td>1958<\/td><td>Pottery, animal bones, plant fossils, copper tools, etc.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Surkotada<\/td><td>Gujarat<\/td><td>JP Joshi<\/td><td>1964<\/td><td>Bones of horses, beads, stone covered beads, etc.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rakhigarhi<\/td><td>Hisar (Haryana), on the Drishdavati river<\/td><td>Surajbhan<\/td><td>1969<\/td><td>Largest Harappan site, fire alters, cylindrical seal, terracotta wheel, etc.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Banawali<\/td><td>Fatehabad district of Haryana<\/td><td>RS Bisht<\/td><td>1974<\/td><td>Remains of street and drains, beads, barley, oval-shaped settlement, the only city with radial streets, toy plough, the largest number of barley grains, etc.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dholavira<\/td><td>Gujarat in Rann of Katch<\/td><td>RS Bisht<\/td><td>1990<\/td><td>Only site to be divided into three parts, giant water reservoir, unique water harvesting system, dams-embankments, signboard Indus script, etc.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Balakot<\/td><td>Arabian Sea (Baluchistan, Pakistan)<\/td><td>George F Dales<\/td><td>1973-1979<\/td><td>Early Harappan findings, bricks, bead workshop<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Desalpur or Gunthli<\/td><td>Nakhtrana Taluka, Gujarat<\/td><td>SR Rao, A Ghosh<\/td><td>1963<\/td><td>Copper and Terracotta seals, brown pottery<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Major_Characteristics_of_Harappan_Sites\"><\/span>Major Characteristics of Harappan Sites<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Major Characteristics of Harappan sites are as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Town_Planning_and_Structure\"><\/span>Town Planning and Structure:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Town planning exhibited non-uniformity, but a common feature was the use of a <strong>grid system<\/strong>, with streets intersecting at right angles, creating large rectangular blocks.<\/li><li>Cities were divided into two parts: the upper part or citadel and the lower town.<\/li><li>Remarkably developed and well-organized urbanization stands out as a unique feature of the Indus Valley Civilisation.<\/li><li>Houses, often multi-storeyed, typically had side entrances, and main streets lacked windows.<\/li><li>The predominant use of burnt bricks was notable, with a complete absence of stone buildings, and round pillars were absent as well. Kalibangan in the southern part featured granaries.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Drainage_System\"><\/span>Drainage System:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The drainage system was impressive, with nearly every house, big or small, having its own courtyard and bathroom.<\/li><li>Water from houses flowed into the streets, which were equipped with drains.<\/li><li>A<strong>n underground drainage system<\/strong> interconnected all houses to street drains. These drains were constructed using mortar, lime, and gypsum, covered with either brick or stone slabs, and equipped with manholes. This indicates a sophisticated understanding of health and sanitation.<\/li><li>Drains were constructed using burnt bricks, and at Banawali, evidence of remains of streets and drains was found.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Social_and_Political_Life\"><\/span>Social and Political Life:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Indus Valley Civilisation exhibited a highly developed urban way of life, primarily composed of a middle-class urban population. Various social classes, including priests, merchants, craftsmen, peasants, and laborers, were present.<\/li><li>Men typically wore two cotton garments, an upper and a lower garment, with occasional use of wool.<\/li><li>Different types of necklaces and commonly used bracelets were discovered.<\/li><li>A <strong>vanity case<\/strong> found at Harappa indicated the artistic skill of Harappan women in wall painting. The absence of a central authority contributed to a lack of uniform culture, and there is no clear evidence of an organized force or standing army.<\/li><li>Unlike cities in lower Mesopotamia, priests did not rule Harappa; it was possibly ruled by a class of merchants.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Religious_Life\"><\/span>Religious Life:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Evidence from<strong> Harappan<\/strong> <strong>seals<\/strong> and terracotta figurines suggests that <strong>Proto-Shiva<\/strong> was an important deity, depicted sitting in a yogic posture.<\/li><li><strong>Fire worship<\/strong> was prevalent in some Harappan sites (Kalibangan and Lothal) but absent in Harappa and Mohenjodaro.<\/li><li><strong>Ritual bathing<\/strong>, evidenced at Mohenjodaro, might have been absent in Harappa, showcasing diversity in religious beliefs and practices.<\/li><li>A terracotta figure representing Mother Goddess, with a plant growing out of the embryo, was a <strong>chief female deity.<\/strong> Numerous symbols of phallus (lingam) and female sex organs (yoni) made of stone indicate the prevalence of lingam and yoni worship.<\/li><li>Worship extended to trees (peepal), animals (bull), birds (dove, pigeon), and stones, although no temples were found despite the practice of idolatry.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Burial_Practices\"><\/span>Burial Practices:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Disposal of the dead was a significant religious activity, with bodies generally placed in a North-South orientation.<\/li><li>Some graves contained ornaments like shell bangles, necklaces, earrings, and items such as copper mirrors, pearl shells, antimony sticks, and earthen pots.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Unique_burial_practices\"><\/span>Unique burial practices<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Location<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Burial Practices<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mohenjodaro<\/td><td>Three forms of burial: complete, fractional, and post-cremation.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kalibangan<\/td><td>Two forms of burial: circular and rectangular grove and pot burial.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Surkotada<\/td><td>Pair burial<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lothal<\/td><td>Pair burial&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Harappa<\/td><td>with East-West axis, R-37, and H cemetery, coffin burial.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Economic_Life\"><\/span>Economic Life:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Harappan economy was based on irrigated surplus agriculture, cattle rearing, proficiency in various crafts, and brisk trade (both internal and external).<\/li><li>Capital cities were <strong>Harappa and Mohenjodaro,<\/strong> while port cities included <strong>Sutkagendor, Dholavira, Lothal, and Alhadino.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Agriculture\"><\/span>Agriculture&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Agriculture was the predominant occupation, with fertile soil due to river inundation and flooding. Seeds were sown in November, and the harvest of wheat and barley occurred in April. <strong>Wooden plowshares<\/strong> and <strong>stone sickles<\/strong> were used in agricultural practices.<\/li><li>Harvesting practices in Baluchistan included the creation of Gabarbands or Nalas, enclosed by dams for water storage.<\/li><li>The region cultivated a variety of crops, such as wheat, barley, dates, peas, sesamum, mustard, millet, ragi, bajra, and jowar.<\/li><li>Rice husks were discovered at Lothal and Rangpur. The people of the Indus Valley were pioneers in cotton production, referred to as<strong> Sindon<\/strong> by the Greeks. Fragments of woven cotton cloth were unearthed at Mohenjodaro, marking their early use of cotton.<\/li><li>Evidence of indigo, well irrigation (Aldinho), dams, and irrigation canals (Dholavira and Shortugai) existed, but sugarcane was not known to the Indus people.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Domestication_of_animals\"><\/span>Domestication of animals<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>In terms of domestication of animals, the Indus Valley inhabitants practiced animal rearing, domesticating buffaloes, sheep, oxen, asses, goats, pigs, elephants, dogs, and cats. Camel bones were found at Kalibangan.&nbsp;<\/li><li>They engaged in hunting wild animals like antelope, boar, deer, gharial, and fish. While they were unfamiliar with horses and lions, a horse jawbone was discovered at Surkotada in Gujarat.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Trade\"><\/span>Trade<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Trade at Harappan sites was based on a barter system, supported by granaries, seals, a uniform script, and regulated weights and measures.&nbsp;<\/li><li>They participated in both inter-regional and foreign trade, as indicated by Sumerian texts referencing trade relations with Meluha (the ancient name for the Indus region).&nbsp;<\/li><li>Two intermediate trading stations, Dilmun (Bahrain) and Makan (Makran coast), were mentioned. Transportation involved the use of boats and <strong>bullock carts<\/strong>. Weights and measures, typically cubical and made of materials like limestone and steatite, were found in multiples of 16.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Linear systems of measurement were evident, with trade connections extending to Shortughal and Mundigak in Afghanistan, Altyn Depe and Namazga in Turkmenistan, and Tepe Yahya and Shahri-i-Sokhta in Iran. The use of metal money was not prevalent in their economic transactions.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Major_Imports_by_the_Harappans\"><\/span>Major Imports by the Harappans<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Materials<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Sources<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gold<\/td><td>Afghanistan, Persia, Karnataka<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Silver<\/td><td>Afghanistan, Iran<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Copper<\/td><td>Baluchistan and Khetri (Rajasthan)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tin<\/td><td>Afghanistan, Central Asia<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Agates<\/td><td>Western India<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Chalcedony<\/td><td>Saurashtra<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lead<\/td><td>Rajasthan, South India, Afghanistan, Iran<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lapis Lazuli<\/td><td>Badakashan and Kashmir<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Turquoise<\/td><td>Central Asia, Iran<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Amethyst<\/td><td>Maharashtra<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jade<\/td><td>Central Asia<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Carnelian<\/td><td>Saurashtra<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Art_and_Architecture\"><\/span>Art and Architecture<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>&nbsp;The Harappans were utilitarians although not completely devoid of artistic sense.<\/li><li>&nbsp;Their most notable artistic achievement was their seal engraving. The major artistic work of the Harappans was given below<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Harappan_Pottery\"><\/span>Harappan Pottery<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Harappan pottery is bright or dark red and is uniformly sturdy and well-baked. The script is also engraved on it. It is chiefly wheel-made and consists of both plain and painted ware, the plain variety being more common.<\/li><li>Harappan people used different types of pottery such as glazed, polychrome, incised perforated, and knobbed. The glazed Harappan pottery is the earliest example of its kind in the ancient world.<\/li><li>On the whole, Harappan pottery was highly ale utilitarian in character, though the painted designs on some pieces show a remarkable artistic touch. la superbes grob<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Harappan_Seals\"><\/span>Harappan Seals<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Typically crafted from steatite, a soft stone.<\/li><li>The unique technique of cutting and polishing these seals with a white lustre was an innovative skill developed by the Harappans.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pashupati_Seal\"><\/span>Pashupati Seal<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Discovered at Mohenjodaro, commonly referred to as Proto Shiva. Made of steatite, with dimensions of 3.4 cm in height, 3.4 cm in length, and 1.4 cm in width.<\/li><li>This rare seal depicts a seated figure in a yogic posture, with bent legs, outstretched arms, and hands resting on the knees. The head is crowned with a pair of horns.<\/li><li>Surrounding the yogi are various animals, including an elephant, tiger, rhinoceros, man, and buffalo. Beneath the seal, there is a pair of goats\/reindeer\/deer.<\/li><li>Provides detailed insights into prevalent religious practices and rituals.<\/li><li>Majority of Seals Many seals feature an engraved animal along with a short inscription.<\/li><li>The HA Unicorn is the most frequently represented animal on the seals.<\/li><li>The famous Bull seal was unearthed at Mohenjodaro.<\/li><li><strong>Seals<\/strong> can be categorized into square types with a carved animal and inscription, and rectangular types with inscription only.<\/li><li>A steatite image of a bearded man was excavated from <strong>Mohenjodaro.<\/strong><\/li><li>Over 2000 seals have been recovered from various<strong> Harappan sites.<\/strong><\/li><li>Indus Valley seals have been discovered in Mesopotamian towns like Ur, Kis, Susa, and Logas.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tools_and_Devices\"><\/span>Tools and Devices<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Harappans employed tools made of copper, bronze, and stone, exhibiting a remarkable consistency in both design and production techniques.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh7-us.googleusercontent.com\/1Zz2gyzV9I4xQuJ3V2WQEfCIEU7mS6B7fciJGiPng6es3_e9E7ySJJ-7pGpfBR5NFGA5Wn2uWMxjWsRHc5X_hl_GnXxQ_oczpXLnM98wyDxQh89MaBkL7LjMWkqgqqCuzoOfbI2FahTAFRusy6fcQ-c\" alt=\"Copper and Bronze tools used by Indus Valley People\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" \/><figcaption><strong>Copper and Bronze tools used by Indus Valley People<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The basic tools types were<strong> <\/strong>the<strong> flat axe<\/strong>, chisels, knives, spearheads, and arrowheads for the copper and bronze implements.<\/li><li>In the later stages of the civilization, they were also using daggers and knives.<\/li><li>They were familiar with Hooks for fishing with the techniques of casting bronze and copper.<strong> Stone tools <\/strong>were also in common use.<\/li><li>They were produced on a large scale in factory sites like <strong>Sukkur <\/strong>in Sindh and then sent to various urban centers. This shows the uniformity in the tool types.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/refer-and-earn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46428 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1-585x137.png 585w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1280px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1280\/300;\" \/><\/a><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/refer-and-earn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">Refer &amp; Earn NOW<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Harappan_Beads\"><\/span>Harappan Beads<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Harappan individuals adorned themselves with exquisite beads crafted from precious and semi-precious stones like <strong>agate, turquoise, carnelian, and steatite.<\/strong><\/li><li>The processes involved in creating these beads are evident from the findings of a workshop in Chanhudaro.<\/li><li><strong>Steatite <\/strong>was the most common material for bead production, although <strong>gold and silver beads <\/strong>have also been discovered.<\/li><li>Barrel-shaped beads with a trefoil pattern are distinctive features associated with Harappan culture, and carnelian beads are frequently found.<\/li><li>In <strong>Mohenjodaro<\/strong>, a jewelry hoard, including gold beads, fillets, and other ornaments, was uncovered. Additionally, small silver dishes were also among the discoveries.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Script_and_Language\"><\/span>Script and Language<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The earliest specimen of the Harappan script was discovered in 1853.<\/li><li>The script and language remain<strong> undeciphered and are pictographic<\/strong> in nature, with the fish symbol being the most frequently represented. There are approximately 250 to 400 pictographs.<\/li><li>The overlapping of the letters indicates that it was written from right to left in the first line and then left to right in the second line, a style known as <strong>Boustrophedon.<\/strong><\/li><li>A signboard inscription bearing 10 pictographs has been unearthed from Dholavira in Gujarat.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Terracotta_Figurines\"><\/span>Terracotta Figurines<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Fire-baked clay was utilized for creating toys, objects of worship, animals (monkeys, dogs, sheep, cattle, humped and humpless bulls), and both male and female figurines.<\/li><li>Figurine models of boats have been discovered in Mohenjodaro and Lothal.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Decline_of_Harappan_Culture\"><\/span>Decline of Harappan Culture<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Harappan culture thrived until approximately 1800 <strong>BC<\/strong>, after which it started to decline.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Many mature Harappan sites, including those in regions like Cholistan, were abandoned by 1800 BC. Populations expanded into new settlements in Gujarat, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh.<\/li><li>Various theories regarding the decline have been proposed by different scholars.<\/li><li>Some of them are as follows;<ul><li>According to British archaeologist<strong> Mortimer Wheeler<\/strong>, the Aryan people abruptly overtook and annexed the Indus Valley Civilization, with evidence of unburied bodies in the prime area of the Mohenjodaro archaeological site.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td>The <strong>Climate Change<\/strong> Theory posits that eastward-moving monsoons or winds, causing heavy rainfall, could have damaged the Harappan environment.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Hugh Trevor Lambriek<\/strong>, in 1967, suggested that the eastward migration of the Indus River led to repeated floods, resulting in the loss of agricultural produce.&nbsp;<\/li><li>This theory proposes that the new Ghaggar-Hakra waterways became the center of the Indus Civilization, causing a significant migration of artisans and tradesmen towards Saurashtra and Haryana in the early 1900 BC.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Decline_of_Indus_Valley_Civilisation_Different_Views\"><\/span>The Decline of Indus Valley Civilisation: Different Views<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Causes of Decline<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Thinkers<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>External Aggression<\/td><td>Piggot, Gordan-Childe<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Inundation by Tectonic Shift<\/td><td>MR Sahani<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Epidemic<\/td><td>KVR Kennedy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tectonic Disturbances (e.g., Dholavira)<\/td><td>Dales and Raikes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Climatic Change<\/td><td>RL Stein, AN Ghosh<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deforestation, scarcity of resources, ecological imbalances<\/td><td>Walter Fairservis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Flood (e.g., Mohenjodaro)<\/td><td>Marshal, SR Rao, Maickey<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The destruction due to a change in the course of the river Ghaggar<\/td><td>GF Holes<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Prelims_Facts\"><\/span>Prelims Facts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Which date was assigned to the Indus Valley Civilisation by Sir John Marshall? &#8211; 3250-2750 <strong>[Tripura PSC (Pre) 2011<\/strong><\/li><li>The geographic space covered extensively by the Harappan Civilisation in South Asia was &#8211; Punjab, Sindh, North West Frontier and Kashmir <strong>[BPSC (Pre) 2011)<\/strong><\/li><li>Two Indians associated with the discovery of Indus Valley Civilisation are &#8211; Rakhal Das Banerjee and Daya Ram Sahni <strong>ICGPSC (Pre) 2003]<\/strong><\/li><li>The first archaeologist who excavated Harappa, but could not recognize its significance, was &#8211; A Cunningham <strong>[UPPSC (Mains) 2006]<\/strong><\/li><li>Which is the largest building at Harappa? &#8211; Granary<strong> [Nagaland PSC (Pre) 2016]<\/strong><\/li><li>What does the term &#8216;Mohenjodaro&#8217; mean? &#8211; Mound of the dead<strong> [Nagaland PSC (Pre) 2012]<\/strong><\/li><li>Great bath&#8217; was found in which site of Indus Valley Civilisation? &#8211; Mohenjodar<strong>o [WBCS (Pre) 2013]<\/strong><\/li><li>Which ancient town was well known for its elaborate system of water harvesting and management by building a series of dams and channeling water into connected reservoirs? &#8211; Dholavira <strong>[UPPSC (Pre) 2014, IAS (Pre) 2021)<\/strong><\/li><li>Which is the only Harappan city that is divided into three parts? &#8211; Dholavira<strong> [CGPSC (Pre) 2015]<\/strong><\/li><li>The Harappan site &#8216;Mandi is situated in the state of &#8211; Uttar Pradesh<strong> [UPPSC (Pre) 2021]<\/strong><\/li><li>Which type of excavations was found from the Harappan site of Sonauli? &#8211; Human burials<strong> [UPPSC (Pre) 2004]<\/strong><\/li><li>Who discovered the Indus valley of &#8216;Kot Diji? &#8211; FA Khan, GS Ghuriye <strong>(WBCS (Pre) 2022<\/strong><\/li><li>The city of Harappa was discovered by whom? &#8211; Daya Ram Sahni [<strong>WBCS (Pre) 2022<\/strong><\/li><li>Harappan people carried the practice of trade with &#8211; Summer<strong> [WBCS (Pre) 2010]<\/strong><\/li><li>The animal that is not represented on the seals of terracotta art of Harappan culture is -the cow |IAS (Pre) 2001, <strong>UPPSC (Pre) 2007]<\/strong><\/li><li>Which soft stone was used to make the Seals in Sindhu Civilisation? &#8211; Steatite <strong>IMPSC (Pre) 2017<\/strong><\/li><li>According to the he report of IIT Kharagpur study group, the Indus Valley Civilisation declined due to the continuous rainfall for how many years? &#8211; 900 years<strong> (BPSC (Pre) 2018)<\/strong><\/li><li>The shape of tree found in the seals from Harappan Civilisation depicts which tree &#8211; Peepal I<strong>MPPSC (Pre) 2022]<\/strong><\/li><li>Which site yielded the evidence of double burial? &#8211; Lothal<strong><em> [UPPSC (Mains) 2016]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>Who explored the city of Kalibangan? &#8211; Luigi Pio Tessitori [WBCS (Pre) 2022]<\/li><li>The city of Mohenjodaro was explored by whom? &#8211; Rakhal Das Bandyopadhyay<strong><em> |WBCS (Pre) 2022].<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>The statue of the &#8216;Dancing girl&#8217; was found at which Harappan site? &#8211; Mohenjodaro <strong><em>IUPPSC (Mains) 2017]<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li>The figure of boats are found in which Harappan sites? &#8211; Mohenjodaro and Lothal<strong> [UPPSC (Pre) 2022]<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"UPSC_NCERT_Practice_Questions\"><\/span>UPSC NCERT Practice Questions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_The_Harappan_Civilisation_covered_an_extensive_area_of_the_present_South_Asia_The_geographic_space_covered_by_this_civilization_included_BPSC_Pre_2011\"><\/span>1. The Harappan Civilisation covered an extensive area of the present South Asia. The geographic space covered by this civilization included BPSC (Pre) 2011<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Kashmir, Punjab, Sindh, and North-Eastern Frontier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Punjab, Sindh, North-Western Frontier and Kashmir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Punjab, Sindh, and a part of North-Western Frontier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Punjab, Sindh, and a part of North-Western Frontier, Kathiawar, and a part of Ganga-Yamuna Doab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Match_List_I_with_List_II_and_select_the_correct_answer_by_using_the_codes_given_below_the_lists\"><\/span>2. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below the lists.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>List I<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>List II<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Harappa<\/td><td>Godavari<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hastinapur<\/td><td>Ravi<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nagarjunakonda<\/td><td>Ganga<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Paithan<\/td><td>Krishna<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Codes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a) 1 2 3 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b) 2 3 4 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c) 4 3 21&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>d) 3 4 1 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_The_eastern_boundary_of_the_Harappa_culture_is_indicated_by_which_of_the_following_UPPSC_Pre_2023\"><\/span>3. The eastern boundary of the Harappa culture is indicated by which of the following? UPPSC (Pre) 2023<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Manda<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Rakhigarhi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Alamgirpur<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Harappa<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Which_of_the_following_pairs_is_not_correct_about_the_origin_of_Harappan_Civilisation_RASRTS_Pre_2015\"><\/span>4. Which of the following pairs is not correct about the origin of Harappan Civilisation? RAS\/RTS (Pre) 2015<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) EJH Mackay &#8211; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Migration of people from Sumer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Mortimer Wheeler &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Migration of the idea of civilization from West Asia.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Amalananda Ghose&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Pre-Harappan culture matured to make Harappan Civilisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) M Rafique Mughal&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Harappan Civilisation was inspired by Mesopotamian Civilisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_The_two_major_cities_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilisation_revealing_uniform_urban_planning_were_Tripura_PSC_Pre_2011\"><\/span>5. The two major cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation revealing uniform urban planning were Tripura PSC (Pre) 2011<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Mohenjodaro and Chanhudaro<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Mohenjodaro and Lothal<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Mohenjodaro and Dholavira<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Mohenjodaro and Harappa<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_From_where_the_evidence_of_the_rock-cut_architecture_was_found_concerning_the_Harappan_Civilisation_UPPSC_Pre_2006\"><\/span>6. From where the evidence of the rock-cut architecture was found concerning the Harappan Civilisation? UPPSC (Pre) 2006<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Kalibangan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Dholavira<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Kot Diji<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Amri<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Which_one_of_the_following_ancient_towns_is_well-known_for_its_elaborate_system_of_water_harvesting_and_management_by_building_a_series_of_dams_and_channelizing_water_into_connected_reservoirs_UPPSC_Pre_2014_IAS_Pre_2021\"><\/span>7. Which one of the following ancient towns is well-known for its elaborate system of water harvesting and management by building a series of dams and channelizing water into connected reservoirs? UPPSC (Pre) 2014, IAS (Pre) 2021<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Dholavira<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Kalibangan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Rakhigarhi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Ropar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Which_among_the_following_Harappan_sites_terracotta_of_plough_was_found_BPSC_Pre_2018\"><\/span>8. Which among the following Harappan sites terracotta of plough was found? BPSC (Pre) 2018<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Dholavira<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Banawali<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Kalibangan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Lothal<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Which_among_the_following_Harappan_sites_is_not_located_in_Gujarat_WBCS_Pre_2018\"><\/span>9. Which among the following Harappan sites is not located in Gujarat? WBCS (Pre) 2018<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Surkotada&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Lothal&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Dholavira&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Banawali<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_Which_one_of_the_following_is_not_a_Harappan_site_IAS_Pre_2019\"><\/span>10. Which one of the following is not a Harappan site? IAS (Pre) 2019<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Chanhudaro&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Kot Diji&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Sohgaura&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Desalpur<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_Which_among_the_following_is_not_related_to_Indus_Valley_Civilisation_MPPSC_Pre_2019\"><\/span>11. Which among the following is not related to Indus Valley Civilisation? MPPSC (Pre) 2019<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Construction of streets&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Construction of pillars<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Construction of wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Construction of bows<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_From_which_archaeological_site_of_Indus_Valley_Civilisation_the_figures_or_models_of_boats_are_found_UPPSC_Pre_2022\"><\/span>12. From which archaeological site of Indus Valley Civilisation, the figures or models of boats are found? UPPSC (Pre) 2022<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Harappa and Kot Diji&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Kalibangan and Ropar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Dholavira and Bhagatrav (d)Mohenjodaro and Lothal<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"13_The_shape_of_which_tree_is_found_in_the_seals_from_the_Indus_Civilisation_MPPSC_Pre_2022\"><\/span>13. The shape of which tree is found in the seals from the Indus Civilisation? MPPSC (Pre) 2022<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Mango<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Peepal<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Parijat<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Sal<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"14_Which_one_of_the_following_pairs_is_not_correctly_matched_IAS_Mains_2006\"><\/span>14. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched? IAS (Mains) 2006<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Harappa&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Daya Ram Sahani<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Lothal &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &#8211; SR Rao<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Surkotada &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; JP Joshi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Dholavira &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; BK Thapar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Know_Right_Answer\"><\/span>Know Right Answer<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1 (a)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2 (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3 (c)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4 (d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5 (d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6 (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7 (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8 (d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>9 (d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>10 (c)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>11 (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>12 (d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>13(b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>14 (d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\"><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Q_Why_is_the_study_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization_important_for_UPSC_aspirants\"><\/span><strong>1. Q: Why is the study of the Indus Valley Civilization important for UPSC aspirants?<\/strong> <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: The knowledge of the Indus Valley Civilization is crucial for UPSC aspirants as it forms an integral part of the ancient history syllabus. Understanding this civilization provides insights into early urban planning, trade practices, social structures, and technological advancements, which are essential for grasping the roots of Indian civilization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Q_What_were_the_major_cities_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization_and_why_were_they_significant\"><\/span><strong>2. Q: What were the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, and why were they significant?<\/strong> <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: The major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization include Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities were well-planned with advanced drainage systems, indicating a high level of civic administration. Their significance lies in being early examples of urbanization, showcasing sophisticated architectural and engineering skills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Q_What_economic_activities_were_prevalent_in_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization\"><\/span><strong>3. Q: What economic activities were prevalent in the Indus Valley Civilization?<\/strong> <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: The economy of the Indus Valley Civilization was primarily based on agriculture. Advanced irrigation systems and fertile land allowed for surplus food production. Additionally, evidence of trade with other civilizations, as seen in artifacts and seals, suggests a well-established network of economic activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Q_What_is_the_significance_of_the_script_used_in_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization_and_why_is_it_challenging_to_decipher\"><\/span><strong>4. Q: What is the significance of the script used in the Indus Valley Civilization, and why is it challenging to decipher?<\/strong> <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: The script of the Indus Valley Civilization, found on seals and artifacts, remains undeciphered, posing a challenge for historians. Its significance lies in its potential to provide insights into the cultural, religious, and administrative aspects of the civilization. However, due to the lack of a bilingual text, decipherment has been elusive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Q_How_did_the_decline_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization_impact_the_subsequent_history_of_the_Indian_subcontinent\"><\/span><strong>5. Q: How did the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization impact the subsequent history of the Indian subcontinent?<\/strong> <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: The reasons for the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization are still debated among historians. The vacuum left by its decline paved the way for the emergence of Vedic culture and the subsequent development of ancient Indian history. Understanding this transition is crucial for UPSC aspirants to comprehend the foundational aspects of India&#8217;s cultural and historical evolution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-essay?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Essay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/UPSC-Essay-Course-1280\u00d7300-1-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42688 lazyload\" width=\"781\" height=\"182\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 781px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 781\/182;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\"><\/span><strong>In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For UPSC Prelims Resources,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc-cse-prelims-resource-centre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Click here<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For Daily Updates and Study Material:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Join our Telegram Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/WithEdukemy4IAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edukemy for IAS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>1. Learn through Videos &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3vOD8sU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>2. Be Exam Ready by Practicing Daily MCQs &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3Q9z2nF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>3. Daily Newsletter &#8211; Get all your Current Affairs Covered &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3bE2y5J\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>4. Mains Answer Writing Practice &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3mZuVxl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\"><\/span>Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@ShabbirsEduKemyforIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Indus Valley Civilization, one of the world&#8217;s oldest urban cultures, flourished around 3300\u20131300 BCE in the vast expanse of the Indian subcontinent.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":23043,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1424],"tags":[286,899,1052,232,140],"class_list":["post-23042","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ncert-ancient-history-notes","tag-ancient-history-notes","tag-indus-valley-civilization","tag-ncert-notes","tag-upsc","tag-upsc_preparation_strategy"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23042","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23042"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23042\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35348,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23042\/revisions\/35348"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23043"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23042"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23042"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23042"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}