{"id":23354,"date":"2024-01-24T10:06:06","date_gmt":"2024-01-24T10:06:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/?p=23354"},"modified":"2024-03-21T11:04:23","modified_gmt":"2024-03-21T11:04:23","slug":"upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/","title":{"rendered":"UPSC NCERT Notes &#8211; Ancient History &#8211; The Sangam Age"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-history?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=History\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42408\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13-585x137.png 585w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The Sangam age is considered to have lasted from 300 BC to AD 300. It constitutes an important chapter in the history of South India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The three empires that ruled the South of India during the Sangam age were the Cholas, Cheras, and the Pandyas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The period roughly between the third century BC and AD third century in South India is known as the <strong>Sangam period<\/strong>. The first detailed description of the South Indian states is found in <strong>Sangam literature.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d8b8aeb31a5\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d8b8aeb31a5\"  \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Sources_of_Sangam_Age\" title=\"Sources of Sangam Age&nbsp;\">Sources of Sangam Age&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Literary_Sources\" title=\"Literary Sources\">Literary Sources<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Archaeological_Sources\" title=\"Archaeological Sources\">Archaeological Sources<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Epigraphy\" title=\"Epigraphy\">Epigraphy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Excavations\" title=\"Excavations\">Excavations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Underwater_Archaeology\" title=\"Underwater Archaeology\">Underwater Archaeology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Coins\" title=\"Coins\">Coins<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Foreign_Accounts\" title=\"Foreign Accounts\">Foreign Accounts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Three_Sangams\" title=\"Three Sangams\">Three Sangams<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#The_Early_Kingdoms\" title=\"The Early Kingdoms\">The Early Kingdoms<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Brief_Description_of_the_Chola_Chera_and_the_Pandya_Kingdom\" title=\"Brief Description of the Chola, Chera, and the Pandya Kingdom\">Brief Description of the Chola, Chera, and the Pandya Kingdom<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#The_Chola_Kingdom\" title=\"The Chola Kingdom\">The Chola Kingdom<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Chera_Kingdom\" title=\"Chera Kingdom:\">Chera Kingdom:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Pandya_Kingdom\" title=\"Pandya Kingdom:\">Pandya Kingdom:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Minor_Chieftains\" title=\"Minor Chieftains:\">Minor Chieftains:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Sangam_Administration\" title=\"Sangam Administration:\">Sangam Administration:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Military_Administration\" title=\"Military Administration:\">Military Administration:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Revenue_Administration\" title=\"Revenue Administration:\">Revenue Administration:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Provincial_and_Local_Administration\" title=\"Provincial and Local Administration:\">Provincial and Local Administration:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Social_Life\" title=\"Social Life:\">Social Life:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Position_of_Women\" title=\"Position of Women:\">Position of Women:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Food_and_Dress_Traditions\" title=\"Food and Dress Traditions:\">Food and Dress Traditions:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Economic_Life\" title=\"Economic Life:\">Economic Life:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Foreign_Trade\" title=\"Foreign Trade:\">Foreign Trade:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Religious_Life\" title=\"Religious Life:\">Religious Life:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Sangam_Literature\" title=\"Sangam Literature\">Sangam Literature<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Earliest_Tamil_Works\" title=\"Earliest Tamil Works\">Earliest Tamil Works<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Pathinenkilkanakku_Eighteen_Minor_Works\" title=\"Pathinenkilkanakku (Eighteen Minor Works)\">Pathinenkilkanakku (Eighteen Minor Works)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#The_Epics\" title=\"The Epics\">The Epics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Art_Forms\" title=\"Art Forms\">Art Forms<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#End_of_Sangam_Age\" title=\"End of Sangam Age\">End of Sangam Age<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Prelims_Facts\" title=\"Prelims Facts\">Prelims Facts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#UPSC_NCERT_Practice_Questions\" title=\"UPSC NCERT Practice Questions\">UPSC NCERT Practice Questions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#1_During_the_Sangam_period_Kon_Ko_and_Mannan_are_the_synonyms_of_RASRTS_Pre_2010\" title=\"1. During the Sangam period, Kon, Ko, and Mannan are the synonyms of RAS\/RTS (Pre) 2010\">1. During the Sangam period, Kon, Ko, and Mannan are the synonyms of RAS\/RTS (Pre) 2010<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#2_Udiyanjiral_belongs_to_which_dynasty_UKPSC_Pre_2022\" title=\"2. Udiyanjiral belongs to which dynasty? UKPSC (Pre) 2022\">2. Udiyanjiral belongs to which dynasty? UKPSC (Pre) 2022<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#3_Which_Chola_king_was_known_as_%E2%80%98Arumolivarman_before_his_coronation_WBCS_Pre_2022\" title=\"3. Which Chola king was known as &#8216;Arumolivarman&#8217; before his coronation? WBCS (Pre) 2022\">3. Which Chola king was known as &#8216;Arumolivarman&#8217; before his coronation? WBCS (Pre) 2022<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#4_The_royal_insignia_of_the_Chera_dynasty_was_IAS_Pre_2007\" title=\"4. The royal insignia of the Chera dynasty was IAS (Pre) 2007\">4. The royal insignia of the Chera dynasty was IAS (Pre) 2007<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#5_A_king_of_South_India_sent_an_ambassador_to_the_kingdom_of_Rome_in_26_BC_to_which_dynasty_did_he_belong_MPPSC_Pre_2005\" title=\"5. A king of South India sent an ambassador to the kingdom of Rome in 26 BC to which dynasty did he belong? MPPSC (Pre) 2005\">5. A king of South India sent an ambassador to the kingdom of Rome in 26 BC to which dynasty did he belong? MPPSC (Pre) 2005<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#6_Consider_the_following_statements_IAS_Pre_2003\" title=\"6. Consider the following statements. IAS (Pre) 2003\">6. Consider the following statements. IAS (Pre) 2003<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#7_Consider_the_following_events_in_the_history_of_India_IAS_Pre_2020\" title=\"7. Consider the following events in the history of India. IAS (Pre) 2020\">7. Consider the following events in the history of India. IAS (Pre) 2020<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#8_With_reference_to_ancient_South_India_Korkai_Poompuhar_and_Muchiri_were_well_known_as_IAS_Pre_2023\" title=\"8. With reference to ancient South India, Korkai, Poompuhar, and Muchiri were well known as IAS (Pre) 2023\">8. With reference to ancient South India, Korkai, Poompuhar, and Muchiri were well known as IAS (Pre) 2023<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#9_From_the_excavations_of_which_ancient_site_information_has_been_gathered_regarding_brisk_trade_relations_between_India_and_Rome_during_the_early_centuries_of_the_Christian_era_UPPSC_Pre_2003\" title=\"9. From the excavations of which ancient site, information has been gathered regarding brisk trade relations between India and Rome during the early centuries of the Christian era. UPPSC (Pre) 2003\">9. From the excavations of which ancient site, information has been gathered regarding brisk trade relations between India and Rome during the early centuries of the Christian era. UPPSC (Pre) 2003<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#10_State_who_amongst_the_following_were_the_poets_of_the_Sangama_literature_MPSC_Pre_201\" title=\"10. State who amongst the following were the poets of the Sangama literature. MPSC (Pre) 201)\">10. State who amongst the following were the poets of the Sangama literature. MPSC (Pre) 201)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#11_Which_one_of_the_following_statements_about_Sangam_literature_in_ancient_South_India_is_correct\" title=\"11 Which one of the following statements about Sangam literature in ancient South India is correct?\">11 Which one of the following statements about Sangam literature in ancient South India is correct?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#IAS_Pre_2021\" title=\"IAS (Pre) 2021&nbsp;\">IAS (Pre) 2021&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Know_Right_Answer\" title=\"Know Right Answer\">Know Right Answer<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\" title=\"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)\">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Q_What_is_the_significance_of_the_Sangam_Age_in_ancient_Indian_history\" title=\"Q: What is the significance of the Sangam Age in ancient Indian history?\">Q: What is the significance of the Sangam Age in ancient Indian history?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Q_Who_were_the_major_rulers_during_the_Sangam_Age\" title=\"Q: Who were the major rulers during the Sangam Age?\">Q: Who were the major rulers during the Sangam Age?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Q_What_were_the_economic_features_of_the_Sangam_Age\" title=\"Q: What were the economic features of the Sangam Age?\">Q: What were the economic features of the Sangam Age?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Q_How_did_social_life_evolve_during_the_Sangam_Age\" title=\"Q: How did social life evolve during the Sangam Age?\">Q: How did social life evolve during the Sangam Age?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Q_What_are_the_key_contributions_of_the_Sangam_Age_to_literature_and_culture\" title=\"Q: What are the key contributions of the Sangam Age to literature and culture?\">Q: What are the key contributions of the Sangam Age to literature and culture?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\" title=\"In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;\">In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-sangam-age\/#Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\" title=\"Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here\">Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sources_of_Sangam_Age\"><\/span>Sources of Sangam Age&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Sources of Sangam age are as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Literary_Sources\"><\/span>Literary Sources<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The sources that define the history of the Sangam age are Tolkappiyam, Ettuthogai\/Ettuthogal, and Pattupattu. Among these, Tolkappiyam was the earliest.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td>During the post-Sangam period, the<strong> Pathinenkilkanakku,<\/strong> or the 18 minor works was composed. The twin epics <strong>Silappadikaram<\/strong> and <strong>Manimekalai<\/strong> also belonged to the post-Sangam period. All these literatures help us to know the society, economy, and culture of the ancient Tamils.<br><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Archaeological_Sources\"><\/span>Archaeological Sources<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The archaeological sources for the Sangam period are limited in number. They may be classified into <strong>Epigraphy, Excavations<\/strong>, and Coins.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Epigraphy\"><\/span>Epigraphy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Ashokan Edicts mention the <strong>Chera, Chola,<\/strong> and <strong>Pandya kingdoms.<\/strong><\/li><li>The Hathigumpha Inscription of the Kalinga king, <strong>Kharavela,<\/strong> also references the three Tamil Kingdoms.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Tirupparankundrum<\/strong> inscriptions mention the gifting of cave beds to Jain monks, while <strong>Arnattar Hills&#8217;<\/strong> inscriptions from the 1st century AD provide information about the <strong>Chera kings<\/strong>.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Excavations\"><\/span>Excavations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Robert Bruce Foote <\/strong>conducted the first excavations at <strong>Adhichanallur,<\/strong> revealing numerous <strong>iron, bronze,<\/strong> and gold articles depicting ancient Tamil life.<\/li><li>Mortimer Wheeler excavated Arikkamedu near Pondicherry, discovering Roman pottery, glass bowls, gems, and coins, confirming Roman-Tamil commercial contacts during the Sangam age.<\/li><li>A<strong> Buddhist Vihara<\/strong> found at Kilaiyur near Kaveripoompattinam dates to the post-Sangam period.<\/li><li>Other significant excavation sites include <strong>Uraiyur, Kanchipuram, and Kodumanal.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Underwater_Archaeology\"><\/span>Underwater Archaeology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Modern archaeologists conducted underwater excavations near <strong>Poompuhar,<\/strong> revealing a<strong> shipwreck <\/strong>that sheds light on Sangam period history.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Coins\"><\/span>Coins<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Tamil Kings issued limited <strong>gold<\/strong> and<strong> silver coins <\/strong>during the Sangam period. However, Roman gold and silver coins are widespread in Tamil Nadu, confirming trade relations.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Foreign_Accounts\"><\/span>Foreign Accounts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Greek and Roman writers, such as <strong>Megasthenes<\/strong>,<strong> Strabo, Pliny, and Ptolemy<\/strong>, offer insights into the society and economy of Sangam Tamils.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Sri Lankan Buddhist accounts, <strong>Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa,<\/strong> also provide valuable evidence.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Three_Sangams\"><\/span>Three Sangams<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>According to Tamil legends, <strong>three Sangam<\/strong>s existed in ancient Tamil Nadu, supported by the Pandyas.&nbsp;<\/li><li>The first, held at Madurai, was attended by gods and sages.&nbsp;<\/li><li>The second, at Kapatapuram, saw the destruction of literary works except for Tolkappiyam.<\/li><li>The third, at Madurai, produced voluminous literature, with only a few surviving works.&nbsp;<\/li><li>While considered mythical by some due to discrepancies in traditional dates, these Tamil literary works remain crucial for understanding the Sangam age.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Early_Kingdoms\"><\/span>The Early Kingdoms<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>In the 1st century AD, three states emerged under the <strong>Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas<\/strong> in the southernmost part of the Indian peninsula.<\/li><li>The collective term for the three ancient kingdoms, Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas, was <strong>Tamilakha, or the Tamil Realm.<\/strong><\/li><li>The form of government during the Sangam period was a Hereditary Monarchy. Each dynasty had a unique royal emblem: Tiger for the Cholas, Fish for the Pandyas, and Bow for the Cheras.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Brief_Description_of_the_Chola_Chera_and_the_Pandya_Kingdom\"><\/span>Brief Description of the Chola, Chera, and the Pandya Kingdom<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Kingdoms<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Present Day Regions<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Capitals<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Significant Rulers<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Major Titles of the King<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Major Ports<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Chola<\/td><td>Upper Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>Uraiyur, Puhar<\/td><td>Karikala<\/td><td>Sennis, Sembiyas, Valavan and Killi<\/td><td>Kaveripattanam<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Chera<\/td><td>Kerala<\/td><td>Vanji<\/td><td>Cheran Senguttuvan<\/td><td>Vanavar, Villavar, Kudavar, Kuttuvar, Poralyar<\/td><td>Musiri, Tondi<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pandya<\/td><td>Southern Tamil Nadu<\/td><td>Madurai<\/td><td>Nedunche-liyan<\/td><td>Kavuriyar, Korkai, Panchavar, Kaveri Tennar, Seliyar, etc.<\/td><td>Muchiri,<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Chola_Kingdom\"><\/span>The Chola Kingdom<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Known as <strong>Cholamandalam or Coromandal, <\/strong>the Chola kingdom occupied the Northeastern part of the Pandyas&#8217; territory, situated between the Pennar and<strong> Velur rivers.<\/strong><\/li><li>The political epicenter of the Cholas was<strong> Uraiyur<\/strong>, renowned for its <strong>cotton trade<\/strong>.<\/li><li>In the mid-second century BC, Chola king Elara conquered Sri Lanka and ruled for nearly 50 years.<\/li><li>The kingdom&#8217;s true foundation was established in the 2nd century AD by the renowned king <strong>Karikala<\/strong>, who founded the city of <strong>Puhar<\/strong> and constructed a 160 km embankment along the Kaveri River.<\/li><li><strong>Pattinappalai<\/strong>, authored by <strong>Kadiyalur Uruttirangannanar<\/strong>, vividly portrays the life and military achievements of Karikala, a significant Chola ruler.<\/li><li>Under Karikala&#8217;s rule, <strong>trade and commerce<\/strong> flourished, accompanied by the construction of <strong>irrigation tanks<\/strong> along the Kaveri River to facilitate farming on reclaimed land from the forest.<\/li><li>The Great Battle of Venni, near Thanjavur, saw Karikala defeating a coalition of rulers, led by Cheras and Pandya kings.<\/li><li>Karikala&#8217;s naval strength was formidable, leading to the conquest of Sri Lanka, while Puhar, identified as Kaveripattanam, served as the thriving Chola capital for trade and commerce.<\/li><li>The decline of the <strong>Chola kingdom <\/strong>ensued with weak successors to <strong>Karikala <\/strong>and attacks from neighboring Cheras and Pandyas.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chera_Kingdom\"><\/span>Chera Kingdom:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Also known as<strong> Keralaputras<\/strong>, the Cheras were situated to the West and North of the Pandya kingdom, with their capital at Vanji or Karur, covering modern Kerala and Tamil Nadu.<\/li><li>Udiyanjeral, an early Chera ruler, earned his title from serving both armies in the <strong>Kurukshetra war.<\/strong><\/li><li>Pugalur inscriptions from the first-century reference three generations of <strong>Chera kings, <\/strong>with Musiri and Tondi as crucial seaports.<\/li><li>Romans stationed regiments in the Chera region, specifically at Muziris <strong>(modern Cranganore)<\/strong>, safeguarding their trade interests and even building a temple of Augustus.<\/li><li><strong>Senguttuvan<\/strong>, the most prominent Chera king, earned the title &#8220;<strong>The Red or Good Chera.&#8221;<\/strong> His conquests extended beyond the Ganga, invading Northern India.<\/li><li><strong>Senguttuvan&#8217;s<\/strong> military exploits, chronicled in the epic Silapathikaram, recount his Himalayan campaign where he triumphed over numerous rulers from Northern India. Notably, he is credited with constructing a Temple of<strong> Kannagi,<\/strong> the Goddess of chastity, and establishing the renowned<strong> Pattini cult. <\/strong>Additionally, he earned historical significance by being the first to dispatch an ambassador from South India to China.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pandya_Kingdom\"><\/span>Pandya Kingdom:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Pandya Kingdom is centered around Madurai.<\/li><li>Sangam literature and<strong> Megasthenes&#8217; <\/strong>accounts mention the rule of Pandyas, with one text highlighting a female ruler.<\/li><li>Flourishing trade ties with the Roman Empire included sending embassies to Roman Emperor Augustus.<\/li><li><strong>Pandyan kings<\/strong> were noted for Vedic sacrifices, with Mudukudumi as one of the earliest rulers.<\/li><li><strong>Nedunjeliyan<\/strong>, a prominent Pandya king, accused Kovalan of theft, leading to the city of Madurai facing a curse from Kannagi. The Pandyas embraced the Vedic religion and supported Brahmin priests. Their power waned with the <strong>Kalabhras tribe<\/strong> invasion.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Minor_Chieftains\"><\/span>Minor Chieftains:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Beyond the major Tamil kingdoms, local <strong>chieftains<\/strong> known as <strong>Velirs <\/strong>ruled various parts of Tamil Nadu.<\/li><li>Sangam literature extensively details Velir leaders like <strong>Pari, Kari, Ori, Malayan, Elini, Pegan, Aay, <\/strong>and <strong>Nalli, <\/strong>with the<strong> Seven Patrons <\/strong>or <strong>Kadaiyelu Vallalgal <\/strong>being the most renowned.<\/li><li>These chieftains generously supported Tamil poets, contributing to the cultural vibrancy during the Sangam age.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-cse-gs-integrated-course?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=GS+Integrated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42401 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8-585x137.png 585w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1280px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1280\/300;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sangam_Administration\"><\/span>Sangam Administration:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Sangam literature sheds light on the administration during this period, highlighting a <strong>monarchy<\/strong> system.<\/li><li>The king referred to as <strong>Vendan, Ko,<\/strong> and <strong>Irai<\/strong>, held vast powers, seen as a representative of God.<\/li><li>The king balanced conquest with responsibilities for the people&#8217;s welfare, law, and justice, celebrated annually on his birthday (Perunal).<\/li><li>Sangam rulers such as Karikalan, Manu Needhi Cholan, and Porkai Pandyan were known for impartial justice.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Officials included <strong>Amaichar (<\/strong>Ministers), <strong>Purohitar <\/strong>(Priests), <strong>Thuthar (<\/strong>Envoys), <strong>Senapatiyar <\/strong>(Army Commander), and <strong>Orrar<\/strong> (Spies).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Military_Administration\"><\/span>Military Administration:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>A well-organized military structure existed, with each ruler having a regular army <strong>comprising chariots, elephants, cavalry<\/strong>, and infantry.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Revenue_Administration\"><\/span>Revenue Administration:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Land revenue<\/strong> and customs duty on foreign trade were key sources of state income.<\/li><li>The royal treasury was supplemented by<strong> tributes <\/strong>from feudatories and war booty.<\/li><li>Roads and highways were actively maintained and guarded to prevent robbery and smuggling.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Provincial_and_Local_Administration\"><\/span>Provincial and Local Administration:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The entire Sangam kingdom was referred to as Mandalam, with major Mandalams such as <strong>Chola Mandalam, Pandya Mandalam, and Chera Mandalam<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Beyond Mandalam, there was a significant division known as<strong> Nadu <\/strong>(province).<\/li><li><strong>Nadu<\/strong>s were typically administered by hereditary chiefs.<\/li><li>Villages served as the fundamental units of administration, overseen by local assemblies called Manrams.<\/li><li><strong>Ur<\/strong>, described variably as a big village (Perar), a small village (Sirur), or an old village (Mudur), functioned as a town.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Social_Life\"><\/span>Social Life:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The society had divisions between <strong>Brahmins and Non-Brahmins,<\/strong> with <strong>Tamil Brahmins<\/strong> forming a respected and learned community, often living separately. Many kings treated them with great courtesy.<\/li><li>Trade was common among<strong> Vaishyas and Villas<\/strong>. Learning, agriculture, and performing sacrifices were considered the prescribed duties of a Vaishya.<\/li><li>The practice of untouchability was present, and those considered untouchables were known as Parriyas.<\/li><li>Sangam society was regarded as advanced and civilized, emphasizing education as a widespread social activity.<\/li><li><strong>Tolkappiyam<\/strong> referred to the five-fold division of lands: <strong>Kurinji (<\/strong>hilly tracks), <strong>Mulla<\/strong>i (pastoral),<strong> Marudam<\/strong> (agricultural),<strong> Neydal <\/strong>(coastal), and<strong> Palai<\/strong> (desert).<\/li><li>Ancient primitive tribes like Thodas, Irulas, Nagas, and Vedars coexisted during this period.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Position_of_Women\"><\/span>Position of Women:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The status of women in Sangam society was unequal compared to men, despite women enjoying various freedoms. Women poets like<strong> Avaiyar, Nachchellaiyar, and Kakkaipadiniyar<\/strong> flourished during this period.<\/li><li><strong>Polygamy<\/strong> was prevalent in society, and prostitutes and dancing girls lived in urban areas and towns, commanding respect.<\/li><li><strong>Female ascetics <\/strong>belonging to Buddhist or Jain traditions, such as <strong>Kaundi Adigal<\/strong> and <strong>Manimekalai<\/strong>, were present. A large number of courtesans also played roles in society.<\/li><li><strong>Arundhati,<\/strong> a character in Sanskrit literature, served as a model for South Indian women during the Sangam age. The worship of <strong>Kannagi<\/strong> (the Chaste Lady) was an early institution and an extension of the worship of the Goddess of Chastity.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Food_and_Dress_Traditions\"><\/span>Food and Dress Traditions:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The staple food during this period was <strong>rice<\/strong>. Food habits varied based on economic status, with other chief articles including grain, meat, and milk products.<\/li><li>Grain was dried and turned into flakes called Aval. A luxury food item was the rice cake soaked in milk, known as <strong>Apupa or Appam.<\/strong><\/li><li>Dressing traditions varied based on social status, with wealthy individuals wearing silk and fine cotton garments.<\/li><li>The middle class and common people generally wore two pieces of cloth made of cotton. Both men and women adorned themselves with a variety of ornaments made of gold, silver, pearls, and precious stones.<\/li><li>Women in the society were particular about their hairstyles, often adorning them with flowers like jasmine and lotus.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Economic_Life\"><\/span>Economic Life:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Sangam economy was largely<strong> self-sufficient<\/strong>, with <strong>agriculture<\/strong> being the primary occupation.<\/li><li>Chief crops included rice, cotton, millet, sugarcane, pepper, ginger, turmeric, cardamom, and cinnamon.<\/li><li>Land was categorized as <strong>Vanpulam<\/strong> (non-agrarian) and<strong> Menpulam<\/strong> (Agrarian). <strong>Ulavar<\/strong> and<strong> toluvare <\/strong>were referred to as tillers of Menpulam.<\/li><li>Irrigation methods like tank irrigation (ayam) and minor dam (Sinai) were employed.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Land tax, known as<strong> Karai, <\/strong>was a common and significant source of revenue, but the specific share claimed and collected by the king was unspecified.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Measures of land included<strong> Ma and Veli,<\/strong> while <strong>Kalam<\/strong> was considered a measure of grain.<\/li><li>Variyam, a well-known unit of territory yielding tax, had an officer called a <strong>Variyar<\/strong> in charge of tax collection.<\/li><li>Tolls and custom duties were referred to as Ulgu or Sungum, and duties paid to the king were generally known as<strong> Kadamai or Paduvadu.<\/strong><\/li><li>The barter system was prevalent as a medium of exchange, and Pattinam served as a center for long-distance trade.<\/li><li>Weaving, ship-building, metalworking, carpentry, rope-making, ornament-making, ivory product crafting, tanning, etc., were widely practiced handicrafts.<\/li><li>The marketplace was known as<strong> Avanam<\/strong>, and craft and industry thrived due to increased demand in overseas markets.<\/li><li><strong>Taniyurs<\/strong>, developed from major Brahmadeyas and temple settlements, included several hamlets and revenue villages.<\/li><li><strong>Eripatti<\/strong>, a special category of land, contributed revenue for the maintenance of the village tank.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Foreign_Trade\"><\/span>Foreign Trade:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Foreign trade occurred between<strong> South India <\/strong>and <strong>Hellenistic kingdoms<\/strong> such as Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula, and the <strong>Malay Archipelago.<\/strong><\/li><li>The <strong>Periplus of the Erythraean Sea<\/strong> provided valuable information about trade between India and the Roman Empire.<\/li><li>Leading ports during the Sangam period included Naura, Tyndis, Muzuris, and Nelcynda.<\/li><li>Exports to the Roman Empire included pepper, pearls, ivory, silk, spike-nard, precious stones, and tortoiseshell.<\/li><li>Silk, a significant export, was considered highly valuable, with the Roman Emperor Aurelian declaring it worth its weight in <strong>gold.<\/strong><\/li><li>The Romans sent a large number of gold and silver coins to India and exported items like <strong>Amphorae wine<\/strong> and red glazed Arretine-ware to India, found at <strong>Arikamedu <\/strong>(modern-day Puducherry).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Religious_Life\"><\/span>Religious Life:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Religious practices were influenced by<strong> rituals and animism<\/strong>, with a planted log of wood called Kandu serving as an object of worship.<\/li><li><strong>Brahmanism <\/strong>gained popularity in Sangam kingdoms, particularly in the northern part of India, and kings performed Vedic Yajnas.<\/li><li>A special festival dedicated to the <strong>Vedic God<\/strong> Indra was instituted in Puhar.<\/li><li>Deities like Korravai (Goddess of Victory) and Murugan were worshipped.<\/li><li>Three strands of religion, marked off from each other, were <strong>discernible <\/strong>during the Sangam period:&nbsp;<ul><li>Indigenous gods and systems of worship<\/li><li>Exotic Hindu Gods and systems of worship<\/li><li>Exotic non-Hindu religious faiths and functions.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sangam_Literature\"><\/span>Sangam Literature<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>&nbsp;The age of Tamil literature, often referred to as Sangam literature, holds a special place as Tamil stands out as the oldest among the spoken literary languages of South India.<\/li><li>This literary tradition delves into secular subjects related to public and social activities, encompassing themes such as government, war, charity, trade, worship, and agriculture.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Notable poets and thinkers from the Sangam era include <strong>Tolkappiyar, Tiruvalluvar, Ilango<\/strong> Adigal, Sittalai Sattanar, Nakkirar, Kapilar, Paraner, Auvaiyar, and Mangudi Marudanar.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Sangam literature can be broadly categorized into two groups: narrative and didactic, offering a unique secular perspective with major themes revolving around love, revenge, and poetry.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Earliest_Tamil_Works\"><\/span>Earliest Tamil Works<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Tolkappiyam: <\/strong>The oldest surviving Tamil grammar, written by Tolkappiyar (one of the 12 disciples of sage Agastya). It is divided into three major parts, each consisting of nine years (sub-parts), totaling 1612 sutras.<\/li><li><strong>Pattupattu (Ten poems):<\/strong> The poetry in Pattupattu is classified into two main groups: <strong>Aham <\/strong>(dealing with matters strictly limited to subjective experiences like love) and Puram (dealing with matters capable of externalization or objectification).&nbsp;<\/li><li>Works like Murugarruppadai (by Nakkirar), Sirupanarruppadai (by Nattanar), Perumbanarruppadai, Maduraikkanji (by Mangudi Marudam), Pattinappalai (by Kannan), and others fall under the category of Pattupattu.<\/li><li><strong>Ettutogai: <\/strong>A collection of eight anthologies, including <strong>Aingurunuru<\/strong>, <strong>Agananuru<\/strong>, <strong>Narrinai<\/strong>, <strong>Kuruntogai, Purananuru, Kalithogai, Paripadal, and Padirruppattu.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pathinenkilkanakku_Eighteen_Minor_Works\"><\/span>Pathinenkilkanakku (Eighteen Minor Works)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>These works, considered minor due to their shorter form, include the significant <strong>Tirukkural by Tiruvalluvar,<\/strong> known as the Bible of the Tamil land.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Tirukkural combines elements of<strong> Dharmashastra, Arthashastra<\/strong>, and Kamasutra. Translated into English by<strong> Dr. A. Dakshinamurthy<\/strong> in 2010, these works primarily focus on morals and ethics.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Epics\"><\/span>The Epics<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The epics Silappadikaram (The Jewelled Anklet) and Manimekalai belong to the early centuries of the Christian era.<\/li><li><strong>Silappadikaram: <\/strong>Written by Ilango Adigal in the 2nd century AD, it narrates the tragic story of Kovalan, a merchant from Puhar, who falls in love with the dancer Madhavi, leading to revenge by his wife Kannagi. The epic initiates the Kannagi cult, venerating Kannagi as the true wife.<\/li><li>There is also a reference to the Ceylonese king Gajabahu being present on the occasion of the installation of a Kannagi Goddess in the temple, by Chera king Senguttuvan.<\/li><li><strong>Manimekalai:<\/strong> Penned by poet Sattanar, this epic continues the story of Manimekalai, daughter of Kovalan and Madhavi.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td>The primary aim of this epic is to showcase the excellence of the Buddhist religion through the painful life of Manimekalai due to the loss of the city, Puhar. It stands as an essential ancient work providing a glimpse into the development of fine arts in the Sangam age.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Art_Forms\"><\/span>Art Forms<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Among the Sangam people, <strong>poetry, music, and dance <\/strong>held prominent positions.<\/li><li>Monarchs, chieftains, and the nobility generously rewarded poets for their contributions.<\/li><li>Two singing bards, <strong>Panar and Viraliyar<\/strong>, graced the royal courts, showcasing mastery in traditional tunes and dances. Music and dance flourished as highly developed arts during the Sangam period.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Various groups of performers included:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Thudian<\/strong> players, skilled in the use of the thudi, a small percussion instrument.<\/li><li><strong>Paraiyan <\/strong>is responsible for beating maylam (drums) and performing kooththu, a dance-based stage drama, along with proclaiming the king&#8217;s announcements.<\/li><li>Muzhavan, who played the muzhavu, a wind instrument, signaling the start and end of the day and battlefield victories for the army. They also participated in kooththu performances alongside other artists.<\/li><li><strong>Kadamban<\/strong>, adept at playing a large bass-like drum, the kadamparai, and blowing a long bamboo instrument, kuzhal, theri thuthi (similar to the present naagasuram).<\/li><li><strong>Paanan<\/strong>, responsible for singing songs in all pann tunes (specific tunes for each landscape) and mastering the yaazh, a stringed instrument with a wide frequency range.<\/li><li>These talented individuals, along with poets (pulavar) and academic scholars (saandror), emerged from diverse backgrounds, showcasing their skills regardless of their native professions.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"End_of_Sangam_Age\"><\/span>End of Sangam Age<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Sangam period gradually declined towards the end of the 3rd century AD. For nearly two and a half centuries, the Kalabhras occupied the Tamil land.<\/li><li>Limited knowledge exists about the Kalabhra reign, during which Jainism and Buddhism gained prominence.<\/li><li>The <strong>Pallavas <\/strong>in Northern Tamil Nadu and the<strong> Pandyas<\/strong> in Southern Tamil Nadu eventually ousted the <strong>Kalabhra<\/strong>s, establishing their rule.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/refer-and-earn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46428 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1-585x137.png 585w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1280px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1280\/300;\" \/><\/a><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/refer-and-earn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">Refer &amp; Earn NOW<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Prelims_Facts\"><\/span>Prelims Facts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Tolkappiyam was a Tamil text based on &#8211; Grammar [<strong>Nagaland PSC (Pre) 2014]<\/strong><\/li><li>The story of the transformation of a dancing girl into a Buddhist nun is narrated in &#8211; Manimekalai <strong>[IAS (Pre) 2002]<\/strong><\/li><li>In Sangam literature, the fertile agricultural land was called by which name? &#8211; Marutham <strong>[UPPSC (Pre) 2014]<\/strong><\/li><li>The Sangam flourished at different places. Which places were associated with the three Sangams? &#8211; Madurai and Kapatapurm<strong> [IAS (Pre) 2004]<\/strong><\/li><li>The Manimekalai that conveys the story of a merchant is composed by whom? &#8211; Sithalai Sattanar <strong>[UPPSC (Pre) 2014]<\/strong><\/li><li>The philosophy &#8216;Tirrukkural&#8217; was written by &#8211; Tiruvalluvar <strong>[UPPSC (Pre) 2014]<\/strong><\/li><li>Information about which king is found in the Kuruspal Inscription? &#8211; Someshwar<strong> [CGPSC (Pre) 2020]<\/strong><\/li><li>The Eastern Indo-Aryan language of Halbi is related to which language family? <strong>&#8211; Aryan [CGPSC (Pre) 2018<\/strong><\/li><li>The collection of the writings of the Saivite Saints is considered as fifth Veda. What is the name of the above collection? &#8211; Tirumura<strong>i [JPSC (Pre) 2021]<\/strong><\/li><li>Which port was known as poduke to the author of &#8216;The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea&#8217;? &#8211; Arikamedu <strong>[UPPSC (Pre) 1997]<\/strong><\/li><li>The &#8216;Dakshinmurti&#8217; idol of Shiva depicts him in which form? &#8211; Teacher [<strong>UPPSC (Pre) 2013]<\/strong><\/li><li>The name of the poet Kalidasa is mentioned in which inscription? &#8211; Aihole inscription<strong> [IAS (Pre) 1994)<\/strong><\/li><li>The Sage who is said to have Aryanised South India was- <strong>&#8211; Agastya [JPSC (Pre) 2012]<\/strong><\/li><li>The First translator of Mahabharata into Tamil was- Perunduanar <strong>[IAS (Pre) 1999]<\/strong><\/li><li>Which Tamil text has been called &#8216;Laghuveda&#8217;? <strong>&#8211; Kural [UPPSC (Pre) 2013]<\/strong><\/li><li>Which poet of the sangam age has referred to a Mauryan expedition against a Tamil Chieftain? <strong>&#8211; Mamulanar IIAS (Pre) 2001]<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"UPSC_NCERT_Practice_Questions\"><\/span>UPSC NCERT Practice Questions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_During_the_Sangam_period_Kon_Ko_and_Mannan_are_the_synonyms_of_RASRTS_Pre_2010\"><\/span>1. During the Sangam period, Kon, Ko, and Mannan are the synonyms of RAS\/RTS (Pre) 2010<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) the Prime Minister<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) the Finance Minister<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) the Army Chief<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) the King<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Udiyanjiral_belongs_to_which_dynasty_UKPSC_Pre_2022\"><\/span>2. Udiyanjiral belongs to which dynasty? UKPSC (Pre) 2022<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Chera dynasty<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Pandyas dynasty<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Chola dynasty<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Satavahana dynasty<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Which_Chola_king_was_known_as_%E2%80%98Arumolivarman_before_his_coronation_WBCS_Pre_2022\"><\/span>3. Which Chola king was known as &#8216;Arumolivarman&#8217; before his coronation? WBCS (Pre) 2022<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Vira Rajendra<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Rajaraja I<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Kulottunga l<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) None of them<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_The_royal_insignia_of_the_Chera_dynasty_was_IAS_Pre_2007\"><\/span>4. The royal insignia of the Chera dynasty was IAS (Pre) 2007<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Bow<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Fish\/Carp<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Tiger<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Elephant<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_A_king_of_South_India_sent_an_ambassador_to_the_kingdom_of_Rome_in_26_BC_to_which_dynasty_did_he_belong_MPPSC_Pre_2005\"><\/span>5. A king of South India sent an ambassador to the kingdom of Rome in 26 BC to which dynasty did he belong? MPPSC (Pre) 2005<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Chola<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Chera<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Pandya<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Chalukya<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Consider_the_following_statements_IAS_Pre_2003\"><\/span>6. Consider the following statements. IAS (Pre) 2003<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1. The Cholas defeated Pandya and Chera rulers and established their domination over peninsular India in the early medieval times.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. The Cholas sent an expedition against the Sailendra empire of South-East Asia and conquered some of the areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Which of these statements) is\/are correct?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Only 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Only 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Both 1 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Consider_the_following_events_in_the_history_of_India_IAS_Pre_2020\"><\/span>7. Consider the following events in the history of India. IAS (Pre) 2020<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Rise of Pratiharas under king Bhoja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Establishment of Pallava power under Mahendravarman I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Establishment of Chola power by Parantaka I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Pala dynasty founded by Gopala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What is the correct chronological order of the above events, starting from the earliest time?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;(a) 2, 1, 4, 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) 3, 1, 4, 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) 2, 4, 1, 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) 3, 4, 1, 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_With_reference_to_ancient_South_India_Korkai_Poompuhar_and_Muchiri_were_well_known_as_IAS_Pre_2023\"><\/span>8. With reference to ancient South India, Korkai, Poompuhar, and Muchiri were well known as IAS (Pre) 2023<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) capital cities<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) ports<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) centers of iron and steel making<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) shrines of Jain Tirthankaras<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_From_the_excavations_of_which_ancient_site_information_has_been_gathered_regarding_brisk_trade_relations_between_India_and_Rome_during_the_early_centuries_of_the_Christian_era_UPPSC_Pre_2003\"><\/span>9. From the excavations of which ancient site, information has been gathered regarding brisk trade relations between India and Rome during the early centuries of the Christian era. UPPSC (Pre) 2003<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Madurai&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Tamralipti&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Tondi&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Arikamedu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_State_who_amongst_the_following_were_the_poets_of_the_Sangama_literature_MPSC_Pre_201\"><\/span>10. State who amongst the following were the poets of the Sangama literature. MPSC (Pre) 201)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Tolakappiya<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Valluvar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Sittalaisittanur<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Ilango Adigal<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Codes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) 1, 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) 2, 3 and 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) 1 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) All of these<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_Which_one_of_the_following_statements_about_Sangam_literature_in_ancient_South_India_is_correct\"><\/span>11 Which one of the following statements about Sangam literature in ancient South India is correct?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"IAS_Pre_2021\"><\/span>IAS (Pre) 2021&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Sangam poems are devoid of any reference or culture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) The social classification of Varna was known to Sangam poets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Sangam poems have no reference to warrior ethics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Sangam literature refers to magical forces as irrational.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Know_Right_Answer\"><\/span>Know Right Answer<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>1 (d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2 (a)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3 (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4 (a)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5 (c)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6 (c)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7 (c)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8 (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>9 (d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>10 (d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>11 (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\"><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q_What_is_the_significance_of_the_Sangam_Age_in_ancient_Indian_history\"><\/span><strong>Q: What is the significance of the Sangam Age in ancient Indian history?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> The Sangam Age, approximately ranging from 300 BCE to 300 CE, holds great significance in ancient Indian history. It is characterized by the flourishing of Tamil literature and the establishment of three Sangams (academies of poets) in the Tamil region. This period witnessed the creation of some of the oldest extant Tamil literature, providing insights into the socio-political and cultural aspects of ancient South India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q_Who_were_the_major_rulers_during_the_Sangam_Age\"><\/span><strong>Q: Who were the major rulers during the Sangam Age?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> The Sangam Age was marked by the rule of three dynasties: the Cheras, the Cholas, and the Pandyas. These dynasties were prominent in the Tamil region, and they played crucial roles in shaping the political landscape during this period. The Sangam literature provides valuable information about the patronage extended by these rulers to poets and scholars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q_What_were_the_economic_features_of_the_Sangam_Age\"><\/span><strong>Q: What were the economic features of the Sangam Age?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> The economy of the Sangam Age was primarily agrarian. Agriculture, trade, and commerce were integral to the economy. The region had a well-developed irrigation system, and trade connections were established with distant lands, including the Roman Empire. The Sangam texts depict a society with a thriving economy based on agriculture, animal husbandry, and trade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q_How_did_social_life_evolve_during_the_Sangam_Age\"><\/span><strong>Q: How did social life evolve during the Sangam Age?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> The Sangam Age society was characterized by a division based on occupational activities. The society was broadly classified into five groups known as &#8216;Panchamas&#8217; \u2013 Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras, and Atiyars. The Sangam literature provides insights into the social customs, rituals, and the status of women during this period. Women enjoyed a relatively higher status, and there are references to women poets and scholars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q_What_are_the_key_contributions_of_the_Sangam_Age_to_literature_and_culture\"><\/span><strong>Q: What are the key contributions of the Sangam Age to literature and culture?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> The Sangam Age is renowned for its rich literary contributions. Sangam literature is classified into two categories \u2013 Ettuthogai (eight anthologies) and Pattupattu (ten idylls). Poems from this period celebrate love, war, nature, and provide glimpses into the daily life and ethos of the people. The Sangam poets made significant contributions to Tamil grammar and poetics, leaving a lasting impact on the cultural heritage of South India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-essay?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Essay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/UPSC-Essay-Course-1280\u00d7300-1-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42688 lazyload\" width=\"781\" height=\"182\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 781px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 781\/182;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\"><\/span><strong>In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For UPSC Prelims Resources,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc-cse-prelims-resource-centre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Click here<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For Daily Updates and Study Material:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Join our Telegram Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/WithEdukemy4IAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edukemy for IAS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>1. Learn through Videos &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3vOD8sU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>2. Be Exam Ready by Practicing Daily MCQs &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3Q9z2nF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>3. Daily Newsletter &#8211; Get all your Current Affairs Covered &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3bE2y5J\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>4. Mains Answer Writing Practice &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3mZuVxl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\"><\/span>Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@ShabbirsEduKemyforIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Sangam age is considered to have lasted from 300 BC to AD 300. It constitutes an important chapter in the history of South India.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":23355,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1424],"tags":[286,1052,1187,232,140],"class_list":["post-23354","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ncert-ancient-history-notes","tag-ancient-history-notes","tag-ncert-notes","tag-sangam-age","tag-upsc","tag-upsc_preparation_strategy"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23354","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23354"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23354\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35360,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23354\/revisions\/35360"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23355"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23354"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23354"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23354"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}