{"id":23364,"date":"2024-01-24T10:56:26","date_gmt":"2024-01-24T10:56:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/?p=23364"},"modified":"2024-03-21T11:11:20","modified_gmt":"2024-03-21T11:11:20","slug":"upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/","title":{"rendered":"UPSC NCERT Notes &#8211; Ancient History &#8211; The Post-Gupta Era"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-history?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=History\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42408\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13-585x137.png 585w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The Post-Gupta Era marks a crucial phase in ancient Indian history, characterized by political fragmentation, cultural efflorescence, and the emergence of new socio-religious movements. As a vital component of the UPSC examination syllabus, a comprehensive understanding of this period is indispensable for aspirants. The decline of the Gupta Empire around the 6th century CE paved the way for regional kingdoms and diverse political entities, shaping the socio-political landscape of the Indian subcontinent. In this epoch, intricate details of historical events, socio-cultural developments, and religious transformations come to the fore, offering aspirants a rich tapestry to explore. The UPSC NCERT Notes on Ancient History &#8211; The Post-Gupta Era serve as a valuable resource, unraveling the intricacies of this era and aiding aspirants in mastering the historical narrative that laid the foundation for India&#8217;s medieval history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The decline and disintegration of the Gupta dynasty, the political power centre of Northern India indulged in &#8216;continuous clashing kingdoms&#8217; and each kingdom tried to become a sovereign power.<\/li><li>Among these, King Harsha became the prominent one, who not only united the whole of North India but also promoted art and culture during this period.<\/li><li>In the 6th century AD, after the Gupta empire fell apart, Northern India slowly broke into smaller kingdoms that kept fighting with each other.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Magadha<\/strong> and its capital<strong> Pataliputra<\/strong> lost their importance. Following the Gupta decline, five major power centers emerged in North India: Maukharis, Maitrakas, Gaudas, Hunas, and the Pushyabhuti dynasty.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e23ff6b13fa\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e23ff6b13fa\"  \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#The_Maukharis\" title=\"The Maukharis\">The Maukharis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Ishanavarmana\" title=\"Ishanavarmana:\">Ishanavarmana:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#The_Maitrakas\" title=\"The Maitrakas:\">The Maitrakas:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Bhatarka_AD_470-492\" title=\"Bhatarka (AD 470-492):\">Bhatarka (AD 470-492):<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Dharasena_I_AD_493-499\" title=\"Dharasena I (AD 493-499):\">Dharasena I (AD 493-499):<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Dronasingha_AD_499-519\" title=\"Dronasingha (AD 499-519):\">Dronasingha (AD 499-519):<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Dhruvasena_I_AD_519-549\" title=\"Dhruvasena I (AD 519-549):\">Dhruvasena I (AD 519-549):<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Dhruvasena_Baladitya_AD_627-641\" title=\"Dhruvasena Baladitya (AD 627-641):\">Dhruvasena Baladitya (AD 627-641):<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#The_Gaudas\" title=\"The Gaudas\">The Gaudas<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#The_Hunas\" title=\"The Hunas\">The Hunas<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Eran_Stone_Boar_Inscription\" title=\"Eran Stone Boar Inscription\">Eran Stone Boar Inscription<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#The_Pushyabhutis\" title=\"The Pushyabhutis\">The Pushyabhutis<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Harshavardhana_AD_606-647\" title=\"Harshavardhana (AD 606-647)\">Harshavardhana (AD 606-647)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Harshavardhanas_Conquests\" title=\"Harshavardhana&#8217;s Conquests\">Harshavardhana&#8217;s Conquests<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Harshas_Administration\" title=\"Harsha&#8217;s Administration\">Harsha&#8217;s Administration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Officials_in_the_Harsha_Administration\" title=\"Officials in the Harsha Administration\">Officials in the Harsha Administration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Military_Administration_Under_Harsha\" title=\"Military Administration Under Harsha\">Military Administration Under Harsha<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Society_Under_Harsha\" title=\"Society Under Harsha\">Society Under Harsha<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Religious_Policy_of_Harsha\" title=\"Religious Policy of Harsha\">Religious Policy of Harsha<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Two_Assemblies\" title=\"Two Assemblies\">Two Assemblies<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Kannauj\" title=\"Kannauj&nbsp;\">Kannauj&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Allahabad\" title=\"Allahabad\">Allahabad<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Education_and_Learning_Under_Harsha\" title=\"Education and Learning Under Harsha\">Education and Learning Under Harsha<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Various_Literary_Works\" title=\"Various Literary Works\">Various Literary Works<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Economy_Under_Harsha\" title=\"Economy Under Harsha\">Economy Under Harsha<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#The_Decline_of_the_Empire\" title=\"The Decline of the Empire\">The Decline of the Empire<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Age_of_Three_Empires\" title=\"Age of Three Empires\">Age of Three Empires<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#The_Tripartite_Struggle\" title=\"The Tripartite Struggle\">The Tripartite Struggle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#The_Pala_Empire\" title=\"The Pala Empire\">The Pala Empire<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#The_important_leaders_of_the_Pala_Empire_were\" title=\"The important leaders of the Pala Empire were:\">The important leaders of the Pala Empire were:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Gopala_AD_750-770\" title=\"Gopala (AD 750-770):\">Gopala (AD 750-770):<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Dharmapala_AD_770-810\" title=\"Dharmapala (AD 770-810):\">Dharmapala (AD 770-810):<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Devapala_AD_810-850\" title=\"Devapala (AD 810-850):\">Devapala (AD 810-850):<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Mahipala_AD_978-1028\" title=\"Mahipala (AD 978-1028):\">Mahipala (AD 978-1028):<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Ramapala_AD_1075-1126\" title=\"Ramapala (AD 1075-1126):\">Ramapala (AD 1075-1126):<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Madanapala_AD_1144-1162\" title=\"Madanapala (AD 1144-1162):\">Madanapala (AD 1144-1162):<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Administration_Under_Pala_Kingdom\" title=\"Administration Under Pala Kingdom:\">Administration Under Pala Kingdom:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Military_Administration_Under_Palas\" title=\"Military Administration Under Palas:\">Military Administration Under Palas:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Religious_Life_of_Palas\" title=\"Religious Life of Palas:\">Religious Life of Palas:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Education_Under_Palash\" title=\"Education Under Palash\">Education Under Palash<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Works_on_Medicine\" title=\"Works on Medicine\">Works on Medicine<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Art_and_Architecture_Under_Palas\" title=\"Art and Architecture Under Palas\">Art and Architecture Under Palas<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#The_decline_of_the_Pala_Kingdom\" title=\"The decline of the Pala Kingdom\">The decline of the Pala Kingdom<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#The_Sena_family\" title=\"The Sena family\">The Sena family<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Vijaya_Sena\" title=\"Vijaya Sena\">Vijaya Sena<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Ballal_Sena_AD_1158-1178\" title=\"Ballal Sena (AD 1158-1178)\">Ballal Sena (AD 1158-1178)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Lakshmana_Sena\" title=\"Lakshmana Sena\">Lakshmana Sena<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Gurjara-Pratiharas\" title=\"Gurjara-Pratiharas\">Gurjara-Pratiharas<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Major_Rulers\" title=\"Major Rulers\">Major Rulers<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Nagabhata_I_AD_730-756\" title=\"Nagabhata I (AD 730-756)\">Nagabhata I (AD 730-756)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Vatsaraja_AD_775-800\" title=\"Vatsaraja (AD 775-800)\">Vatsaraja (AD 775-800)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Nagabhata_II_AD_800-833\" title=\"Nagabhata II (AD 800-833)\">Nagabhata II (AD 800-833)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Mihira_Bhoja_I_AD_836-885\" title=\"Mihira Bhoja I (AD 836-885)\">Mihira Bhoja I (AD 836-885)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Mahendrapala_I_AD_885-910\" title=\"Mahendrapala I (AD 885-910)\">Mahendrapala I (AD 885-910)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Mahipala_I_AD_912-944\" title=\"Mahipala I (AD 912-944)\">Mahipala I (AD 912-944)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Rajyapala\" title=\"Rajyapala\">Rajyapala<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-57\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Administration_Under_Gurjara-Pratiharas\" title=\"Administration Under Gurjara-Pratiharas\">Administration Under Gurjara-Pratiharas<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-58\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Military_Administration_Under_Gurjara-Pratiharas\" title=\"Military Administration Under Gurjara-Pratiharas\">Military Administration Under Gurjara-Pratiharas<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-59\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Architecture_Under_Gurjara-Pratiharas\" title=\"Architecture Under Gurjara-Pratiharas\">Architecture Under Gurjara-Pratiharas<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-60\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Literary_Work\" title=\"Literary Work\">Literary Work<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-61\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#The_decline_of_the_Gurjara-Pratihara_Kingdom\" title=\"The decline of the Gurjara-Pratihara Kingdom\">The decline of the Gurjara-Pratihara Kingdom<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-62\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Rashtrakutas_Rise_and_Achievements\" title=\"Rashtrakutas: Rise and Achievements\">Rashtrakutas: Rise and Achievements<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-63\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Dantidurga_AD_735-756\" title=\"Dantidurga (AD 735-756)\">Dantidurga (AD 735-756)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-64\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Krishna_I_AD_756-774\" title=\"Krishna I (AD 756-774)\">Krishna I (AD 756-774)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-65\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Dhruva_Dharavarsha_AD_780-793\" title=\"Dhruva Dharavarsha (AD 780-793)\">Dhruva Dharavarsha (AD 780-793)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-66\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Govinda_III_AD_793-814\" title=\"Govinda III (AD 793-814)\">Govinda III (AD 793-814)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-67\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Amoghavarsha_I_AD_814-878\" title=\"Amoghavarsha I (AD 814-878)\">Amoghavarsha I (AD 814-878)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-68\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Indra\" title=\"Indra\">Indra<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-69\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Krishna_III_AD_934-966\" title=\"Krishna III (AD 934-966)\">Krishna III (AD 934-966)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-70\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Indra_IV\" title=\"Indra IV\">Indra IV<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-71\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Administration_and_Economy_Under_Rashtrakutas\" title=\"Administration and Economy Under Rashtrakutas\">Administration and Economy Under Rashtrakutas<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-72\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Economy_Under_Rashtrakutas\" title=\"Economy Under Rashtrakutas\">Economy Under Rashtrakutas<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-73\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Society_Under_Rashtrakutas\" title=\"Society Under Rashtrakutas\">Society Under Rashtrakutas<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-74\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Literature_During_Rashtrakuta_Rule\" title=\"Literature During Rashtrakuta Rule\">Literature During Rashtrakuta Rule<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-75\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Architecture_During_the_Rashtrakuta_Rule\" title=\"Architecture During the Rashtrakuta Rule\">Architecture During the Rashtrakuta Rule<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-76\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Decline_of_the_Empires\" title=\"Decline of the Empires\">Decline of the Empires<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-77\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Rajput_Kingdoms\" title=\"Rajput Kingdoms:\">Rajput Kingdoms:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-78\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#The_Tomars_of_Delhi\" title=\"The Tomars of Delhi:\">The Tomars of Delhi:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-79\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Chauhans_of_Ajmer\" title=\"Chauhans of Ajmer:\">Chauhans of Ajmer:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-80\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#The_Gahadavalas_of_Varanasi\" title=\"The Gahadavalas of Varanasi\">The Gahadavalas of Varanasi<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-81\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Salankis_chalukya_Dynasty\" title=\"Salankis (chalukya Dynasty)\">Salankis (chalukya Dynasty)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-82\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#The_Paramaras\" title=\"The Paramaras\">The Paramaras<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-83\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#The_Chandelles\" title=\"The Chandelles\">The Chandelles<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-84\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Society_under_Rajput_Kingdoms\" title=\"Society under Rajput Kingdoms\">Society under Rajput Kingdoms<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-85\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Importance_of_Rajputs\" title=\"Importance of Rajputs:\">Importance of Rajputs:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-86\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#The_Failure_of_the_Rajput_Kingdoms\" title=\"The Failure of the Rajput Kingdoms:\">The Failure of the Rajput Kingdoms:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-87\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Prelims_Facts\" title=\"Prelims Facts\">Prelims Facts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-88\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#UPSC_NCERT_Practice_Questions\" title=\"UPSC NCERT Practice Questions\">UPSC NCERT Practice Questions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-89\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#1_The_capital_of_Maukhari_dynasty_was_CGRSC_Pre_2012\" title=\"1. The capital of Maukhari dynasty was&nbsp; CGRSC (Pre) 2012\">1. The capital of Maukhari dynasty was&nbsp; CGRSC (Pre) 2012<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-90\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#2_Among_the_following_rulers_who_had_defeated_Harshavardhana_UPPSC_Mains_2016\" title=\"2. Among the following rulers, who had defeated Harshavardhana? UPPSC (Mains) 2016\">2. Among the following rulers, who had defeated Harshavardhana? UPPSC (Mains) 2016<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-91\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#3_Emperor_Harshas_Southward_march_was_stopped_on_the_Narmada_river_by_IAS_Pre_2003\" title=\"3. Emperor Harsha&#8217;s Southward march was stopped on the Narmada river by IAS (Pre) 2003\">3. Emperor Harsha&#8217;s Southward march was stopped on the Narmada river by IAS (Pre) 2003<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-92\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#4_From_the_decline_of_the_Guptas_until_the_rise_of_Harshavardhana_in_the_early_seventh_century_which_of_the_following_kingdoms_were_holding_power_in_Northern_India_IAS_Pre_2021\" title=\"4. From the decline of the Guptas until the rise of Harshavardhana in the early seventh century, which of the following kingdoms were holding power in Northern India? IAS (Pre) 2021\">4. From the decline of the Guptas until the rise of Harshavardhana in the early seventh century, which of the following kingdoms were holding power in Northern India? IAS (Pre) 2021<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-93\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#5_Which_of_the_following_phrases_defines_the_nature_of_the_Hundi_generally_referred_to_in_the_sources_of_the_post-Harsha_period_IAS_Pre_2020\" title=\"5. Which of the following phrases defines the nature of the Hundi&#8217; generally referred to in the sources of the post-Harsha period? IAS (Pre) 2020\">5. Which of the following phrases defines the nature of the Hundi&#8217; generally referred to in the sources of the post-Harsha period? IAS (Pre) 2020<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-94\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#6_The_Chinese_traveler_Hiuen-Tsang_who_visited_India_recorded_the_general_conditions_and_culture_of_India_at_that_time_In_this_context_which_of_the_following_statements_isare_correct_UPPSC_Pre_2013\" title=\"6. The Chinese traveler (Hiuen-Tsang) who visited India recorded the general conditions and culture of India at that time. In this context, which of the following statements) is\/are correct? UPPSC (Pre) 2013\">6. The Chinese traveler (Hiuen-Tsang) who visited India recorded the general conditions and culture of India at that time. In this context, which of the following statements) is\/are correct? UPPSC (Pre) 2013<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-95\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#7_Which_of_the_following_statements_isare_correct_IAS_Pre_2000_04\" title=\"7. Which of the following statements) is\/are correct? IAS (Pre) 2000, 04\">7. Which of the following statements) is\/are correct? IAS (Pre) 2000, 04<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-96\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#8_Match_the_following_MPSC_Pre_2019\" title=\"8. Match the following. MPSC (Pre) 2019\">8. Match the following. MPSC (Pre) 2019<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-97\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#9_Which_of_the_following_plays_were_written_by_Harshavardhana_MPSC_Pre_2017\" title=\"9. Which of the following plays were written by Harshavardhana? MPSC (Pre) 2017\">9. Which of the following plays were written by Harshavardhana? MPSC (Pre) 2017<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-98\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#10_Poet_Bana_was_inhabitant_of_BPSC_Pre_1996\" title=\"10. Poet Bana was inhabitant of BPSC (Pre) 1996\">10. Poet Bana was inhabitant of BPSC (Pre) 1996<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-99\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#11_Match_the_items_in_List_I_with_List_II_and_select_the_correct_answer_from_the_codes_given_below\" title=\"11. Match the items in List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below.\">11. Match the items in List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-100\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#12_Harshavardhana_organized_two_great_religious_conventions_in_UP_UDALDA_Pre_2001\" title=\"12. Harshavardhana organized two great religious conventions in UP UDA\/LDA (Pre) 2001\">12. Harshavardhana organized two great religious conventions in UP UDA\/LDA (Pre) 2001<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-101\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#13_Sandhyakar_Nandi_was_the_court_poet_of_the_WBCS_Pre_2021\" title=\"13. Sandhyakar Nandi was the court poet of the WBCS (Pre) 2021\">13. Sandhyakar Nandi was the court poet of the WBCS (Pre) 2021<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-102\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#14_Arrange_the_names_of_the_following_historical_personalities_in_correct_chronological_order_and_select_the_correct_answer_from_the_codes_given_below_UPPSC_Mains_2017\" title=\"14. Arrange the names of the following historical personalities in correct chronological order and select the correct answer from the codes given below. UPPSC (Mains) 2017\">14. Arrange the names of the following historical personalities in correct chronological order and select the correct answer from the codes given below. UPPSC (Mains) 2017<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-103\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#15_The_ruler_of_Suvarnabhumi_who_founded_a_Buddhist_monastery_at_Nalanda_and_requested_Devapala_through_his_ambassador_to_grant_five_villages_for_its_maintenance_was_BPSC_Pre_2018\" title=\"15. The ruler of Suvarnabhumi, who founded a Buddhist monastery at Nalanda and requested Devapala through his ambassador to grant five villages for its maintenance was BPSC (Pre) 2018\">15. The ruler of Suvarnabhumi, who founded a Buddhist monastery at Nalanda and requested Devapala through his ambassador to grant five villages for its maintenance was BPSC (Pre) 2018<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-104\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#16_Arrange_the_names_of_the_following_historical_personalities_in_correct_chronological_order\" title=\"16. Arrange the names of the following historical personalities in correct chronological order.\">16. Arrange the names of the following historical personalities in correct chronological order.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-105\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#17_Consider_the_following_pairs_UPPSC_Pre_2022\" title=\"17. Consider the following pairs. UPPSC (Pre) 2022\">17. Consider the following pairs. UPPSC (Pre) 2022<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-106\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#18_Which_among_the_following_Rashtrakuta_King_defeated_Pratihara_ruler_Nagabhata_II_UKPSC_Pre_2022\" title=\"18. Which among the following Rashtrakuta King defeated Pratihara ruler Nagabhata II? UKPSC (Pre) 2022\">18. Which among the following Rashtrakuta King defeated Pratihara ruler Nagabhata II? UKPSC (Pre) 2022<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-107\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#19_Select_the_correct_answer_from_the_codes_given_below_by_combining_the_names_of_the_following_historical_persons_in_chronological_order_UPPSC_Mains_20\" title=\"19. Select the correct answer from the codes given below by combining the names of the following historical persons in chronological order. UPPSC (Mains) 20-\">19. Select the correct answer from the codes given below by combining the names of the following historical persons in chronological order. UPPSC (Mains) 20-<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-108\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#20_Consider_the_following_events_in_the_history_of_India_IAS_Pre_2020\" title=\"20. Consider the following events in the history of India. IAS (Pre) 2020\">20. Consider the following events in the history of India. IAS (Pre) 2020<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-109\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#21_Which_of_the_following_statements_are_correct_MPPSC_Mains_2015\" title=\"21. Which of the following statements are correct? MPPSC (Mains) 2015\">21. Which of the following statements are correct? MPPSC (Mains) 2015<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-110\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#22_The_famous_Battle_of_Takkolam_of_South_India_was_fought_between_UPPSC_Pre_2003\" title=\"22. The famous Battle of Takkolam of South India was fought between UPPSC (Pre) 2003\">22. The famous Battle of Takkolam of South India was fought between UPPSC (Pre) 2003<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-111\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Know_Right_Answer\" title=\"Know Right Answer\">Know Right Answer<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-112\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\" title=\"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)\">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-113\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Q1_What_is_the_significance_of_the_Post-Gupta_Era_in_Ancient_Indian_history\" title=\"Q1: What is the significance of the Post-Gupta Era in Ancient Indian history?\">Q1: What is the significance of the Post-Gupta Era in Ancient Indian history?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-114\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Q2_Which_dynasties_played_a_prominent_role_during_the_Post-Gupta_Era\" title=\"Q2: Which dynasties played a prominent role during the Post-Gupta Era?\">Q2: Which dynasties played a prominent role during the Post-Gupta Era?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-115\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Q3_How_did_the_political_landscape_change_during_the_Post-Gupta_Era\" title=\"Q3: How did the political landscape change during the Post-Gupta Era?\">Q3: How did the political landscape change during the Post-Gupta Era?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-116\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Q4_What_were_the_major_cultural_and_intellectual_achievements_during_this_period\" title=\"Q4: What were the major cultural and intellectual achievements during this period?\">Q4: What were the major cultural and intellectual achievements during this period?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-117\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Q5_How_did_economic_factors_contribute_to_the_changes_in_society_during_the_Post-Gupta_Era\" title=\"Q5: How did economic factors contribute to the changes in society during the Post-Gupta Era?\">Q5: How did economic factors contribute to the changes in society during the Post-Gupta Era?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-118\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\" title=\"In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;\">In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-119\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-ncert-notes-ancient-history-the-post-gupta-era\/#Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\" title=\"Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here\">Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Maukharis\"><\/span>The Maukharis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Maukharis, for instance, controlled the region of Western Uttar Pradesh with their capital at <strong>Kanyakubja (<\/strong>modern-day Kannauj) and even conquered a part of Magadha.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Powerful rulers like<strong> Ishanavarmana <\/strong>and his son <strong>Sarvavarmana h<\/strong>eld the title of <strong>Maharajadhiraja<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/li><li>A<strong> clay seal<\/strong> with<strong> &#8220;Mokhalis&#8221;<\/strong> (Maukharis) written in Brahmi script in Mauryan style exists.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Historical information about the <strong>Maukharis is found in their inscriptions, coins<\/strong>, Banabhatta&#8217;s <strong>Harshacharita<\/strong>, and the Buddhist text<strong> Aryamanjushrimulakalpa<\/strong> written in the 6th century AD.<\/li><li>The first three rulers of the Maukhari dynasty were <strong>Harivarmana, Adityavarmana<\/strong>, and <strong>Ishanavarmana<\/strong>, respectively.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ishanavarmana\"><\/span>Ishanavarmana:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The<strong> Asirgarh Copper Plate Inscription<\/strong>, found in Nimar district in Madhya Pradesh, states that Ishanavarmana adopted the title of <strong>Maharajadhiraja <\/strong>as he bravely fought and halted the advance of the <strong>Hunas<\/strong>.<\/li><li>He was a great supporter of education, a courageous warrior, and a learned individual. After Ishanavarmana&#8217;s passing, several kings came to power, and <strong>Grihavarmana<\/strong> was the last ruler of this dynasty.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Maitrakas\"><\/span>The Maitrakas:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Maitraka dynasty ruled over modern-day <strong>Gujarat<\/strong> in Western India from AD 470 to 776, with their capital at Vallabhi.<\/li><li>Bhatarka, a Military Governor of <strong>Saurashtra <\/strong>under the Gupta empire, founded the Maitraka dynasty.<\/li><li>Major rulers of this dynasty include Bhatarka, Dharasena I, Dronasingha, Dhruvasena I, and Dhruvasena Baladitya.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bhatarka_AD_470-492\"><\/span>Bhatarka (AD 470-492):<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The legends on all<strong> Vallabhi coins<\/strong> are marked with <strong>Sri-Bhatarka<\/strong>, known only from the copperplate inscriptions of descendants.<\/li><li>Vallabhi was a significant center of Jaina learning, including Buddhism, when visited by the <strong>Chinese traveler I-Tsing<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dharasena_I_AD_493-499\"><\/span>Dharasena I (AD 493-499):<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Bhatarka&#8217;s eldest son, Dharasena I, maintained a marriage alliance with Harisena, the Vakataka king.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dronasingha_AD_499-519\"><\/span>Dronasingha (AD 499-519):<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The younger brother of Dharasena I, declared himself Maharaja, and a significant battle between the Guptas and the Maitrakas took place during his reign.<\/li><li>The Eran Stone Pillar Inscription mentions this battle, and the Hun king Toramana invaded Malwa during Dronasingha&#8217;s time.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dhruvasena_I_AD_519-549\"><\/span>Dhruvasena I (AD 519-549):<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The third son of Bhatarka, the younger brother of Dronasingha, he reigned from AD 519 to 549.<\/li><li><strong>Yashodharman<\/strong> of Malwa defeated <strong>Harisena<\/strong> of the Vakataka dynasty and the Huna king <strong>Mihirakula<\/strong> during Dhruvasena I&#8217;s rule.<\/li><li>The <strong>Third Jain Council at Vallabhi <\/strong>was held during his reign.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dhruvasena_Baladitya_AD_627-641\"><\/span>Dhruvasena Baladitya (AD 627-641):<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The last great ruler, also known as<strong> Baladitya<\/strong>, was well-versed in<strong> grammar, science, and polity<\/strong>.<\/li><li><strong>Hiuen-Tsang <\/strong>mentioned Dhruvasena Baladitya marrying the daughter of Harshavardhana of Kannauj and attending Harsha&#8217;s assembly at Prayag.<\/li><li>Dhruvasena Baladitya made grants to <strong>Buddhist Viharas and Hindu temples<\/strong>, using the title of <strong>Paramamaheshwara,<\/strong> and renewed the grant to the<strong> Kottammhikadevi <\/strong>Hindu temple by his ancestor Dronasimha.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Gaudas\"><\/span>The Gaudas<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The most powerful ruler of the Gauda dynasty was King Shashanka.<strong> Shashanka<\/strong> is often credited with establishing the first separate political entity in a unified Bengal called Gauda.<\/li><li>He ruled during the seventh century, approximately from AD 590 to 625, with his capital at Karnasubarna in West Bengal.<\/li><li>However, Shashanka is known for his oppressive acts against Buddhism, such as cutting off the <strong>Mahabodhi tree<\/strong> at Bodh Gaya, where the Buddha found enlightenment.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Hunas\"><\/span>The Hunas<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Huna tribes, a group of Central Asian tribes, entered the Indian subcontinent through the <strong>Khyber Pass <\/strong>at the end of the fifth or early sixth century.&nbsp;<\/li><li>They gained supremacy over the entire Northern and Western parts of India, including NWFP, Kashmir, Punjab, and Western India.<\/li><li><strong>Skandagupta <\/strong>of the Gupta dynasty was the first Indian ruler to defeat them around AD 460.<\/li><li>When the Gupta empire disintegrated, the Hunas invaded again under their ruler Toramana, succeeded by his ambitious son Mihirakula in AD 515.<\/li><li>The Hunas were eventually absorbed into Indian society, and some historians suggest that the<strong> Rajputs <\/strong>may have originated from the Scythian or Huna lineage.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Eran_Stone_Boar_Inscription\"><\/span>Eran Stone Boar Inscription<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The <strong>Eran Stone Boar Inscription of Toramana<\/strong>, discovered in Eran, Madhya Pradesh, is carved on the neck of a freestanding 11-foot-high red sandstone <strong>Varaha s<\/strong>tatue from the sixth century.&nbsp;<\/li><li>The inscription, in Sanskrit and Brahmi script, names King Toramana as the ruler of the Earth. The boar represents the God Varaha, an avatar of Vishnu.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Pushyabhutis\"><\/span>The Pushyabhutis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Pushyabhuti dynasty, also known as the Vardhana dynasty, rose to prominence after the decline of the Gupta empire in North India.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Pushyabhuti,<\/strong> who served as the Military General under the Gupta dynasty, is considered the founder of this dynasty.&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Prabhakarvardhana,<\/strong> the fourth king, strengthened the dynasty, succeeded by his elder son Rajyavardhana.&nbsp;<\/li><li>After Rajyavardhana&#8217;s death<strong>, Harshavardhana<\/strong>, at the age of 16, became the undisputed ruler of Thaneshwar in modern-day Haryana.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Harshavardhana_AD_606-647\"><\/span>Harshavardhana (AD 606-647)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Sources like the<strong> Harshacharita<\/strong> written by<strong> Banabhatta<\/strong> and the travel accounts of Hiuen Tsang provide insights into Harsha&#8217;s reign.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Harsha, of the Vaishya caste, became the most powerful ruler of North India after driving out <strong>Shashanka<\/strong> from Kannauj.&nbsp;<\/li><li>He made Kannauj the new capital. The dramas written by Harsha, including <strong>Ratnavali, Nagananda,<\/strong> and Priyadarshika, as well as various inscriptions, contribute valuable information about his rule.<\/li><li><strong>Shashanka,<\/strong> the ruler of Gauda, killed<strong> Grahavarmana,<\/strong> the Maukhari ruler, with the help of <strong>Devagupta <\/strong>and imprisoned Grahavarmana&#8217;s wife,<strong> Rajyasri,<\/strong> who was also Harsha&#8217;s sister. Later,<strong> Rajyavardhana<\/strong>, Harsha&#8217;s elder brother, killed Devagupta, but Shashanka assassinated Rajyavardhana in AD 606.<\/li><li>Upon hearing about his brother&#8217;s death, Harshavardhana took the throne in AD 606 and sought revenge for his brother&#8217;s death and the release of his sister. This marked the beginning of the Harsha era.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Harshavardhanas_Conquests\"><\/span>Harshavardhana&#8217;s Conquests<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Harsha is said to have gained control over five regions<strong>: Odisha, Gauda, Mithila, Kanyakubja, and Svarstha (Punjab).<\/strong> He defeated Dhruvasena II Baladitya, the Maitraka ruler of Vallabhi (Gujarat).<\/li><li>One significant military campaign of Harsha was against the Western Chalukya ruler <strong>Pulakesin II.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li><li>Pulakesin II&#8217;s <strong>Aihole Inscription<\/strong> mentions his victory over Harsha, who then assumed the title Sakalauttara Paramesvara. Hiuen-Tsang&#8217;s accounts also confirm Pulakesin&#8217;s victory over Harsha.<\/li><li><strong>Nepal<\/strong> acknowledged Harsha&#8217;s suzerainty, and he extended his control over <strong>Kashmir,<\/strong> with its ruler sending tributes to him. Harsha maintained friendly relations with Bhaskaravarman, the ruler of Assam. His last successful military campaign was against the kingdom of Kalinga in Odisha.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Harshas_Administration\"><\/span>Harsha&#8217;s Administration<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Harsha moved his capital from <strong>Thaneshwar to Kanshu.<\/strong><\/li><li>He governed his empire along the lines of the Guptas, but his administration became more <strong>feudal and decentralized.<\/strong><\/li><li>In the post-Harsha period, a prevalent bill of exchange known as the Hundi system existed.<\/li><li>The Harsha empire was divided into provinces called Bhuktis, further subdivided into<strong> Visayas (Districts), and the Visayas<\/strong> were divided into Pathaks and villages or grama.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Officials_in_the_Harsha_Administration\"><\/span>Officials in the Harsha Administration<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Officers Names<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Post Officers<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mahasandhivigrahaka<\/td><td>Officer to decide about war and peace<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mahabaladhikrita<\/td><td>Highest official of the army<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Baladhikrita<\/td><td>The Commander<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Vrihadeshwara<\/td><td>Head of cavalry<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ayuktaka<\/td><td>Ordinary officer<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Katuka<\/td><td>Head of elephant brigade<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Uparika Maharaja<\/td><td>Provincial head<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-cse-gs-integrated-course?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=GS+Integrated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42401 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/8-585x137.png 585w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1280px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1280\/300;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Military_Administration_Under_Harsha\"><\/span>Military Administration Under Harsha<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Harsha&#8217;s army consists of elephants, infantry, and <strong>cavalry<\/strong>. Ordinary soldiers were called<strong> Bhatas and Chatas.<\/strong><\/li><li>Cavalry officers were known as Brihadisvaras and infantry officers as<strong> Baladhikritas and Mahabaladhikritas<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Society_Under_Harsha\"><\/span>Society Under Harsha<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>During Harsha&#8217;s time, the <strong>Varnashrama dharma,<\/strong> a social order based on caste and life stages, became dominant.<\/li><li>Various sub-castes known as<strong> Varnasamskaras <\/strong>were present. Unfortunately, the status of women declined further.<\/li><li>The practice of Svayamvara, where women could choose their husbands, decreased, and widows were not allowed to remarry.&nbsp;<\/li><li>The<strong> dowry system <\/strong>became common, and there were few instances of <strong>Sati.<\/strong><\/li><li>According to<strong> Hiuen-Tsang,<\/strong> the occupational divisions of society continued as in the Gupta period.<\/li><li>The use of onion and garlic<strong> (considered tamsic aahaar)<\/strong> was not common among higher caste people.<\/li><li>The positions of peasants and agriculturists declined, burdened by taxes and forced labor.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Religious_Policy_of_Harsha\"><\/span>Religious Policy of Harsha<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Harsha, primarily a worshipper of<strong> Lord Shiva<\/strong>, showed tolerance toward other religions.&nbsp;<\/li><li>In his later life, he became a great supporter of<strong> Buddhism.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/li><li>He granted land to priests of both Hindu and<strong> Buddhist religions.<\/strong><\/li><li>Harsha organized grand assemblies at Kannauj and Allahabad to promote<strong> Mahayana Buddhism.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Two_Assemblies\"><\/span>Two Assemblies<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kannauj\"><\/span>Kannauj&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Kannauj assembly gathered 20 kings, 4000 Buddhist monks, 3000 Brahmins, Nirgranthas (Jains), and 1000 scholars from all over India, presided over by Hiuen Tsang. Discussions on<strong> Mahayana Buddhism<\/strong> topics took place for three weeks, significantly boosting Mahayana Buddhism.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Allahabad\"><\/span>Allahabad<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Allahabad assembly was a <strong>quinquennial event<\/strong> held every five years, lasting 75 days. It included public worship of <strong>Buddha, Sun, <\/strong>and Shiva, with gifts distributed to about 50 lakh persons of all faiths.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Education_and_Learning_Under_Harsha\"><\/span>Education and Learning Under Harsha<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Harsha invited Hiuen Tsang to witness his 6th quinquennial distribution of alms and gifts at Prayag. According to Hiuen Tsang, Harsha gave away everything in the royal treasury and became a monk.<\/li><li>Harsha, a literature enthusiast, wrote three dramas and supported scholars like <strong>Banabhatta, Haridatta, and Jayasena<\/strong>. Hiuen Tsang wrote<strong> Si-Yu-Ki<\/strong>, and his biography was penned by <strong>Hui-li.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Various_Literary_Works\"><\/span>Various Literary Works<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Works<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Authors<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Subjects<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Themes<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Patronages<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Yashovarmana<\/td><td>Mahaviracharita<\/td><td>Sanskrit play<\/td><td>Based on the early life of Rama<\/td><td>Yashovarmana<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Malatimadhava<\/td><td>Bhavabhuti<\/td><td>Sanskrit play<\/td><td>The love story between Malati and Madhava<\/td><td>Yashovarmana<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kadambari<\/td><td>Banabhatta<\/td><td>Romantic Sanskrit Novel<\/td><td>Romantic attachment between Chandrapeeda and Kadambari<\/td><td>Harshavardhana<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Harshacharita<\/td><td>Banabhatta<\/td><td>Harsha&#8217;s biography in Sanskrit<\/td><td>An account of Harsha&#8217;s ancestry and his early life<\/td><td>Harshavardhana<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Priyadarshika<\/td><td>Harsha<\/td><td>Sanskrit play<\/td><td>Story of king Dridhavuraman as a prisoner and his daughter Aaranyaka&#8217;s efforts to escape him<\/td><td>Harshavardhana<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nagananda<\/td><td>Harsha<\/td><td>Sanskrit play<\/td><td>Story of Vidyadhar and King Jimutavahana&#8217;s self-sacrifice to save the Nagas<\/td><td>Harshavardhana<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ratnavali<\/td><td>Harsha<\/td><td>Sanskrit play<\/td><td>About a princess Ratnavali and a great King Udayana. One of the first references to the Holi festival is found in the text.<\/td><td>Harshavardhana<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Economy_Under_Harsha\"><\/span>Economy Under Harsha<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>During Harsha&#8217;s time, the king didn&#8217;t directly control the money the kingdom earned. Instead, people were paid with portions of the land&#8217;s revenue.<\/li><li>As more people received these grants, more land ended up in their hands.<\/li><li>Officers who got a lot of land grants started acting like they were independent rulers, becoming less dependent on the king.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Decline_of_the_Empire\"><\/span>The Decline of the Empire<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Feudal officers were in charge of collecting revenue, and they divided it between themselves and the king. When Harsha died in AD 648, his dynasty declined quickly, and India became politically confused once again. This confusion continued until the eighth century when the <strong>Gurjara-Pratiharas <\/strong>and the Palas emerged as powerful forces in Northern India.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Age_of_Three_Empires\"><\/span>Age of Three Empires<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>After <strong>Harsha&#8217;s death,<\/strong> Northern India lost its unity, and many small regional powers began competing for political control. This marked the beginning of a period known as the &#8220;Age of Three Empires.&#8221;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Under these circumstances three new powerful dynasties were established: These were the Pala<strong> Empire<\/strong> with its capital at <strong>Mongyr, the Gurjara Pratihara Empire <\/strong>with its capital at Kannauj and the <strong>Rashtrakuta Empire <\/strong>with its capital at<strong> Manyakhet<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Long ago, three kingdoms in North India, the Palas, Gurjara-Pratiharas, and Rashtrakutas, which were always fighting each other to become the most powerful in the Gangetic region. This ongoing battle is known as the Tripartite Struggle.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Tripartite_Struggle\"><\/span>The Tripartite Struggle<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>The Tripartite Struggle<\/strong> took place in the eighth century, and it was a competition among these three major empires to control Kannauj. Kannauj was seen as a symbol of authority in North India since the time of Harsha.<\/li><li>The main goal of the struggle was to gain control over Kannauj, also known as <strong>Kanyakubja<\/strong>, and to dominate the upper <strong>Gangetic valley.<\/strong> This region was important for its valuable resources in trade and agriculture.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Pala_Empire\"><\/span>The Pala Empire<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>After <strong>King Sashanka died<\/strong> in the year 637, there was a lot of confusion and unrest in the Bengal region. It faced attacks from <strong>Yashovarmana<\/strong> of Kannauj, Lalitaditya of Kashmir, and even the Chola army. However, in the eighth century, a person named Gopala established the Pala dynasty.<\/li><li>The Palas brought peace and prosperity to Bengal after many years of fighting among different groups. The Pala kings mainly followed Buddhism, and under their rule, the <strong>Mahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism thrived.<\/strong> They were known for building Buddhist Viharas and temples in the eastern parts of India.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_important_leaders_of_the_Pala_Empire_were\"><\/span>The important leaders of the Pala Empire were:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gopala_AD_750-770\"><\/span>Gopala (AD 750-770):<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The founder of the Pala dynasty.<\/li><li>He took charge after displacing the later Guptas of<strong> Magadha and Khadga<\/strong> dynasty of Eastern Bengal.<\/li><li>A Kshatriya by birth, he was elected by the people of the region, according to historical records.<\/li><li>Followed Buddhism and built the famous monastery at <strong>Odantapuri.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dharmapala_AD_770-810\"><\/span>Dharmapala (AD 770-810):<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Under his rule, the Pala Empire expanded, and the<strong> Tripartite struggle began.<\/strong><\/li><li>Conquered large parts of Northern India, but faced defeats by the Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas.<\/li><li>Established the <strong>Vikramshila<\/strong> monastery and the Somapuri monastery, both centers of learning.<\/li><li>Renowned Buddhist scholar <strong>Santarakshita<\/strong> belonged to his reign.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Devapala_AD_810-850\"><\/span>Devapala (AD 810-850):<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Son of Dharmapala and the next ruler.<\/li><li>Extended the Pala empire to include Assam, parts of Utkala, and Nepal.<\/li><li>Defeated the Hunas, Gurjaras, and the Dravidas.<\/li><li>Supported Buddhism and granted land to Nalanda University.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mahipala_AD_978-1028\"><\/span>Mahipala (AD 978-1028):<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Revived the Pala dynasty in the late tenth century.<\/li><li>Defended Bengal and Bihar against Chola invasions but was eventually defeated.<\/li><li>Restored strength to the empire and annexed Northern and Western Bengal and Northern and Southern Bihar.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ramapala_AD_1075-1126\"><\/span>Ramapala (AD 1075-1126):<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The last great king of the Pala dynasty.<\/li><li>Tried to revive the dynasty in the 11th century, ruling from the new capital at Ramavati.<\/li><li>Gained control of Kamarupa and Kalinga but faced decline after his death.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Madanapala_AD_1144-1162\"><\/span>Madanapala (AD 1144-1162):<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Expelled by Vijayasena of the Sena dynasty, leading to the establishment of the Sena dynasty in Northern Bengal.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Administration_Under_Pala_Kingdom\"><\/span>Administration Under Pala Kingdom:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Pala dynasty followed a monarchy system with the king holding central power.<\/li><li>Administration was organized into<strong> Bhuktis (Provinces), <\/strong>further divided into<strong> Vishayas <\/strong>(Divisions) and Mandalas (Districts). Smaller units included <strong>Khandala, Bhaga, Avritti, Chaturaka, and Pattaka.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Military_Administration_Under_Palas\"><\/span>Military Administration Under Palas:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The<strong> Mahasenapati <\/strong>(Commander-in-Chief) held the highest military position.<\/li><li>The Palas were known for recruiting<strong> mercenary soldiers.<\/strong><\/li><li>The <strong>Rashtrakutas <\/strong>excelled in the infantry, Gurjara-Pratiharas in the cavalry, and Palas in the largest <strong>elephant force<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Religious_Life_of_Palas\"><\/span>Religious Life of Palas:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Pala kings were patrons of<strong> Mahayana Buddhism.<\/strong><\/li><li>Gopala built the renowned monastery at Odantapuri.<\/li><li>Dharmapala made the Buddhist philosopher Haribhadra his spiritual preceptor.<\/li><li>Vikramashila and Somapura Mahavihara were established.<\/li><li>Devapala restored Somapura Mahavihara and enlarged existing structures.<\/li><li><strong>Mahipala I<\/strong> repaired sacred structures at <strong>Sarnath, Nalanda, and Bodh Gaya.<\/strong><\/li><li>The Palas supported <strong>Shaiva ascetic<\/strong>s and constructed images of Vishnu, Shiva, and Saraswati.<\/li><li>Islam first appeared in Bengal during the Pala reign due to flourishing trade with the Middle East.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Education_Under_Palash\"><\/span>Education Under Palash<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Palas developed the Buddhist centers of Carnings, such as the Vikramashila and the Nalanda universities.<\/li><li>Nalanda considered one of the first great Nalansities in recorded history, reached its height due to the Palas&#8217; patronage. Noted Buddhist scholars from the Pala period were <strong>Atisha Santaraksita.<\/strong> Saraha and Tilopa The Palas patronized several Sanskrit scholars and the Gauda Riti style of composition developed during the Pala rule.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Some of the Pala period literature are as follows&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Agama Shastra<\/strong> by Gaudapada,<strong> Nyaya Kundali<\/strong> by Sridhar Bhatta;&nbsp; Karmanushthan Paddhati by Bhatta Bhavadeva.<\/li><li>A Bhav of the proto-Bengali language can be seen as A for Charyapadas composed during the Pala rule.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Works_on_Medicine\"><\/span>Works on Medicine<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Chikitsa Bhanumati, Samgraha, Ayurveda Dipika,<\/li><li>Shabda Chandrika, and Dravya Gunasangraha by <strong>Chakrapani Datta<\/strong><\/li><li>Shabda-Pradipa, Vrikkhayurveda, and Lohpaddhati by <strong>Sureshwara<\/strong><\/li><li>Chikitsa Sarsamgraha by <strong>Vangasena<\/strong><\/li><li>Sushrata by <strong>Gadadhara Vaidya<\/strong><\/li><li>Dayabhaga, Vyavohara Matrika and Kalaviveka by <strong>Jimutavahana<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Art_and_Architecture_Under_Palas\"><\/span>Art and Architecture Under Palas<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Pala School of Sculptural Art is recognized as a distinct phase of the Indian art which was highly influenced by the Gupta art. However, the style of sculpture has a distinctive style.<\/li><li>The Deity sculpture figures of Palas became more<strong> rigid in posture<\/strong>, very often standing with straight legs close together and figures were often heavily loaded with jewelry.<\/li><li>They very often have multiple arms, a convention allowing them to hold many attributes and display mudras. The quality of the stone carving is generally very high, with precise detail.<\/li><li>Several notable creations from the Pala period include a<strong> basalt statue of A a<\/strong>nd Kartikeya, alongside Ganesh.&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Carved Shankhas <\/strong>have been discovered at various locations, along with sculptures depicting the Varaha avatar of Lord Vishnu and the <strong>Khasarpana Lokesvara <\/strong>from Nalanda.<\/li><li>The Palas were responsible for constructing numerous Buddhist monasteries, with the Somapura Mahavihara in Paharpur, Bangladesh, being recognized as a World Heritage Site.<\/li><li>This vast complex spans 21 acres, featuring 177 cells, numerous stupas, temples, and ancillary structures.<\/li><li>The Pala rulers made significant contributions to miniature painting in India, particularly in illustrating religious texts on Buddhism.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Manuscripts, written on palm leaves, depict scenes from the life of Buddha and various gods and goddesses of Mahayana sects.<\/li><li>Meanwhile, wall paintings have been discovered in Saradh and Sarai-Sthal in the Nalanda district, showcasing the impact of tantricism on Pala art.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_decline_of_the_Pala_Kingdom\"><\/span>The decline of the Pala Kingdom<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The decline of the Pala Kingdom occurred abruptly due to the destruction of Buddhist monasteries by Muslim invaders in the first half of the 13th century. Despite this, some monks and artists escaped to Nepal, contributing to the reinforcement of existing art traditions in the region.<\/li><li>Ramapala, the last strong Pala ruler, faced challenges during his son Kumarapala&#8217;s reign, marked by rebellions that diverted attention from art.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Sena_family\"><\/span>The Sena family<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Sena family ruled Bengal after the Palasnost Senas called himself <strong>Brahma Kshatriya<\/strong><\/li><li>The title Brahma Kshatriya shows that<strong> Hemantsena<\/strong> (AD 1070-1096) was a Brahmin, but his successors called themselves Kshatriyas<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vijaya_Sena\"><\/span>Vijaya Sena<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Vijaya Sena<\/strong>, a significant ruler of the Sena dynasty, achieved victories over various regions and established two capitals, Vijayapuri in West Bengal and Vikaramapura in East Bengal.<\/li><li>Ballal Sena, his successor, maintained a peaceful reign, focusing on scholarly pursuits and social movements like Kulinism.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ballal_Sena_AD_1158-1178\"><\/span>Ballal Sena (AD 1158-1178)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>His reign was generally peaceful and he maintained intact dominion inherited from his father. He was a great scholar. He wrote four works of which two are extant, the<strong> Danasagara <\/strong>(a work on Smriti) and th<strong>e Adbhutasagara (a work on astronomy).<\/strong><\/li><li>The work of Adbhutasagara was finally completed by his son Lakshmana Sena. Ballal Sena is credited with an important social movement known as Kulinism by which the nobility of birth and purity of blood were carefully protected.<\/li><li>According to literary texts Laghubharata and <strong>Ballalacharita, Mithila <\/strong>was included in Ballal Sena&#8217;s kingdom as his fifth province, the other four being Radha, Varendra, Vagdi, and Vanga.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/refer-and-earn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46428 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Attempt-our-Daily-Weekly-Current-Affairs-Quiz-now-10-1-585x137.png 585w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1280px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1280\/300;\" \/><\/a><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/refer-and-earn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">Refer &amp; Earn NOW<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lakshmana_Sena\"><\/span>Lakshmana Sena<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Lakshmana Sena, who succeeded Ballal Sena, faced challenges from the Turkish invader <strong>Mohammed bin Bakhtiyar Khilji<\/strong>, resulting in the occupation of the Sena capital at Nadia.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Despite this, his sons Vishvarupasena and Kesavasena continued to rule in East Bengal, with Lakshmana Sena being a devout follower of Vaishnavism.<\/li><li>The era produced notable poets like Jayadeva and Dhoyi, contributing to the cultural and literary landscape of the time.<\/li><li>Halayudha, Govardhana (the author of Arya-Saptasati) Gita Govinda is considered to be the first book that popularized Krishna-Radha Bhakti in Bengal.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gurjara-Pratiharas\"><\/span>Gurjara-Pratiharas<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Pratiharas, also known as the <strong>Gurjara Pratiharas,<\/strong> were the major dynasty of Northern India after the decline of the Pushyabhuti Dynasty. It first ruled from <strong>Ujjain<\/strong> and later from <strong>Kanyakubja<\/strong> (Kannauj) from the AD eighth century to the tenth century.<\/li><li>Apart from their fierce involvement in the<strong> tripartite struggle<\/strong>, the Pratiharas were best known for their patronage of art, sculpture, and temple construction.<\/li><li>The origins of the Gurjara-Pratiharas are still a matter of debate and mostly considered foreign people who gradually assimilated into Indian society.<\/li><li>The Pratiharas, who derived their name from the word Pratihara (Sanskrit: &#8220;doorkeeper&#8221;), and the Gurjara-Pratiharas considered<strong> Lakshmana <\/strong>as their ancestor.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Major_Rulers\"><\/span>Major Rulers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Prominent leaders of the Gurjara-Pratiharas include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nagabhata_I_AD_730-756\"><\/span>Nagabhata I (AD 730-756)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The inaugural significant ruler of the dynasty, he triumphed over the forces of <strong>Arab Caliphates <\/strong>and resisted the expansion of the <strong>Rashtrakutas<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Establishing his capital at Avanti in Malwa, Nagabhata I effectively checked the Arab advancement.<\/li><li>The <strong>Gwalior inscription<\/strong> highlights that &#8220;Gurjara-Pratihara emperor <strong>Nagabhata<\/strong> crushed the large army of the powerful<strong> Mlechcha king.&#8221;<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Following Nagabhata I, two weaker successors, his nephews Devraj and Kakustha, took the reins before being succeeded by Vatsaraja.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vatsaraja_AD_775-800\"><\/span>Vatsaraja (AD 775-800)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Successfully overcoming the Bhandi or Bhatti clan, Vatsaraja extended his influence over most of Central Rajasthan.<\/li><li>He further secured victories against the Palas, consolidating his rule during his tenure.<\/li><li>According to the <strong>Radhanpur Plate and Prithviraja Vijaya<\/strong>, Vatsaraja led an expedition against the Palas under Dharmapala of Bengal. Additionally, he defeated Dantidurga, the Rashtrakuta king, gaining control over Kannauj. However, around AD 800, the Rashtrakuta ruler<strong> Dhruva <\/strong>triumphed over Vatsaraja.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nagabhata_II_AD_800-833\"><\/span>Nagabhata II (AD 800-833)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Vatsaraja&#8217;s son, Nagabhata II, sought to consolidate the empire. He subdued the kingdoms of <strong>Sindh <\/strong>(present-day Pakistan) and later defeated the <strong>Palas<\/strong>. However, he engaged in conflict with the Nagabhutas over control of<strong> Gujarat <\/strong>and was ultimately defeated by the Rashtrakuta ruler Govinda III.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mihira_Bhoja_I_AD_836-885\"><\/span>Mihira Bhoja I (AD 836-885)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The grandson of Nagabhata II, Mihira Bhoja I ruled for nearly 50 years. He defeated the Palas and possibly the Rashtrakutas with the assistance of his<strong> Chedi and Guhila <\/strong>feudatories.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td>In the 10th century, the Persian geographic text <strong>Hudud-ul-Alam<\/strong> acknowledged Mihira Bhoja&#8217;s supremacy, stating that &#8220;most of the kings of India acknowledged the supremacy of the powerful Rai o<strong>f Qinnauj.&#8221;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mahendrapala_I_AD_885-910\"><\/span>Mahendrapala I (AD 885-910)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Maintaining the Pratihara empire, Mahendrapala I made new conquests in the Pala kingdoms.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mahipala_I_AD_912-944\"><\/span>Mahipala I (AD 912-944)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Mahendrapala I&#8217;s death triggered a civil war between his son Mahipala and half-brother Bhoja II. Mahipala secured the throne but was defeated by the Rashtrakutas. This defeat allowed the Palas to regain some of their former territories from the Pratiharas, and several feudatories of the empire declared their independence.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rajyapala\"><\/span>Rajyapala<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>When <strong>Mahmud of Ghazni <\/strong>stormed Kannauj, Rajyapala was forced to leave the battle and was subsequently killed by <strong>Vidyadhar Chandela.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Administration_Under_Gurjara-Pratiharas\"><\/span>Administration Under Gurjara-Pratiharas<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>In the realm of administration, the Gurjara-Pratihara adopted the administrative model of the <strong>Guptas <\/strong>and <strong>Harshavardhana.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li><li>The king served as the supreme authority, supported by a diverse array of ministers and officials.<\/li><li>Administrative regions were directly overseen by the Centre, comprising provinces (bhukti) governed by a Governor<strong> (Uparika)<\/strong> and districts <strong>(Mandala\/Vishaya)<\/strong> overseen by a District Head <strong>(Vishayapati).<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Military_Administration_Under_Gurjara-Pratiharas\"><\/span>Military Administration Under Gurjara-Pratiharas<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Amidst<strong> continuous warfare<\/strong>, highlighting the significance of <strong>coercive power,<\/strong> the Pratiharas&#8217; military prowess was exemplified by their well-known<strong> cavalry,<\/strong> Vi sabat.&nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Horses,<\/strong> crucial components imported from<strong> Central Asia<\/strong> and <strong>Arabia, <\/strong>played a vital role in Indian trade during this period.<\/li><li>According to<strong> Al-Masudi<\/strong>, the army boasted four divisions, each numbering between 7 million to 9 million.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Architecture_Under_Gurjara-Pratiharas\"><\/span>Architecture Under Gurjara-Pratiharas<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Renowned for their intricate stone-made <strong>temple architecture<\/strong>, the <strong>Gurjara-Pratiharas<\/strong> left a lasting legacy with finely chiseled sculptures and carved panels.&nbsp;<\/li><li>The<strong> Khajuraho<\/strong> Temple, a supreme example of<strong> Nagara-style temple c<\/strong>onstruction in India, stands as a testament to their architectural prowess.<\/li><li>Notable temples, including the<strong> Bateshwar Group in Morena, Madhya Pradesh,<\/strong> and the Mahavira Temple built by King Vatsaraja in AD 783, showcase their dedication to <strong>Shiva, Vishnu, and Shakti.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Literary_Work\"><\/span>Literary Work<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Rajashekhara<\/strong>, a distinguished Sanskrit poet, dramatist, and critic, served as the Gurjara Pratiharas&#8217; court poet. Between AD 880 and AD 920, he authored the<strong> Kavyamimasa, <\/strong>a practical guide for poets. His renowned play, <strong>Karpuramanjari<\/strong>, written in <strong>Maharashtrian Prakrit<\/strong>, adds to his literary contributions.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_decline_of_the_Gurjara-Pratihara_Kingdom\"><\/span>The decline of the Gurjara-Pratihara Kingdom<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Successive defeats and setbacks marked the decline of the Gurjara-Pratiharas. The Rashtrakutas, particularly under<strong> Indra III,<\/strong> inflicted severe blows in the early AD tenth century, leading to the devastation of Kanyakubja. Despite lingering existence, the Gurjara-Pratihara rule succumbed in the early AD 11th century, conquered by the <strong>Ghaznavids.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rashtrakutas_Rise_and_Achievements\"><\/span>Rashtrakutas: Rise and Achievements<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The period between AD 753-975 witnessed the ascendancy of the Rashtrakutas in the Deccan.<\/li><li>The literal meaning of <strong>Rashtrakuta <\/strong>is the chief of a<strong> Rashtra<\/strong>. Originally feudatories of the <strong>Chalukyas, <\/strong>they triumphed over the Palas and <strong>Pratiharas in the tripartite struggle<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Their rule also saw engagements against the Pallavas of Kanchi, the Pandyas of Madurai, and the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi. Notably liberal, they allowed <strong>Arab merchant<\/strong>s to construct mosques during their reign, adding to their distinctive legacy. The origins of the Rashtrakuta dynasty remain an enigma in Indian history.<\/li><li>Tracing their roots back to the period of Mauryan emperor Ashoka the Great, when they were initially small clan heads across India, the Rashtrakutas witnessed their ascent under Dantidurga (also known as Dantivarman).&nbsp;<\/li><li>A feudatory of the Badami Chalukyas, Dantidurga defeated King Kirtivarman II in AD 753, marking the establishment of the Rashtrakuta empire.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Key rulers during this era include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dantidurga_AD_735-756\"><\/span>Dantidurga (AD 735-756)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.<\/li><li>Annexed the Chalukya kingdom, becoming the dominant power in the Deccan.<\/li><li>Defeated the Gurjaras and captured Malwa.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Krishna_I_AD_756-774\"><\/span>Krishna I (AD 756-774)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Expanded the kingdom and erected the Kailasa Temple at <strong>Ellora.<\/strong><\/li><li>Strengthened Rashtrakuta&#8217;s rule during his reign.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dhruva_Dharavarsha_AD_780-793\"><\/span>Dhruva Dharavarsha (AD 780-793)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Extended the empire and earned the reputation of the greatest warrior in the Rashtrakuta dynasty.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Govinda_III_AD_793-814\"><\/span>Govinda III (AD 793-814)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The militarily powerful emperor who expanded the kingdom from Kannauj to Cape Comorin and from Banaras to Bengal.<\/li><li>Triumphed in the tripartite struggle, defeating Dharmapala and Nagabhata.<\/li><li>Conducted expeditions to the South, where Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras paid tribute.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Amoghavarsha_I_AD_814-878\"><\/span>Amoghavarsha I (AD 814-878)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Built the Rashtrakuta capital, Malkhed or Manyakheda.<\/li><li>Fostered peace with neighbors, including the Eastern Chalukyas, the Ganga, and the Pallavas.<\/li><li>Renowned for patronizing art and literature, and authored the Kannada work on poetics, Kavirajamarga.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Indra\"><\/span>Indra<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>He was the grandson of Amoghavarsha I. He defeated Mahipala (Pratihara king) and captured Kannauuj.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Krishna_III_AD_934-966\"><\/span>Krishna III (AD 934-966)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Known for military expeditions against the Cholas, including the capture of Tanjore.<\/li><li>Held sway over the Tondaimandalam region.<\/li><li>Witnessed the decline of Rashtrakuta&#8217;s power after his reign.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Indra_IV\"><\/span>Indra IV<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The last emperor of the Rashtrakuta dynasty who practiced Sallekhana, fasting unto death, at Shravanabelagola.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Administration_and_Economy_Under_Rashtrakutas\"><\/span>Administration and Economy Under Rashtrakutas<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Rashtrakuta kingdom comprised Mandala\/Rashtras (provinces) ruled by a<strong> Rashtrapathi or the emperor.<\/strong><\/li><li>Sixteen Rashtras existed under Amoghavarsha I&#8217;s rule, each overseen by a Vishayapathi at the district level.<\/li><li>The Nadu, the next division, was administered by the Nadugowda or Nadugavunda.<\/li><li>The lowest division was the Grama or village, supervised by a Gramapathi or Prabhu <strong>Gavunda.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Economy_Under_Rashtrakutas\"><\/span>Economy Under Rashtrakutas<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Rashtrakutas issued <strong>coins,<\/strong> including<strong> Suvarna,<\/strong> <strong>Drammas<\/strong> (silver), and gold coins of various weights.<\/li><li>Coin minting took place in an<strong> Akkashale,<\/strong> contributing to the economic stability of the dynasty.<\/li><li>Southern Gujarat, Khandesh, and Berar were pivotal regions in the Rashtrakuta domain, with significant textile industries flourishing in key centers such as Gujarat, Ujjain, <strong>Paithan, and Tagara.<\/strong> The production of muslin cloth thrived in locations like Paithan and Warangal. Controlling the majority of the Western seaboard, the Rashtrakuta empire leveraged its maritime trade, deriving substantial income from the renowned port of Bharuch, a global trading hub during that era.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Religious Life of Rashtrakutas<br>In matters of faith, the Rashtrakutas were patrons of both <strong>Shaivism and Vaishnavism, <\/strong>exhibiting tolerance toward diverse religious sects, including Jainism and Islam.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Society_Under_Rashtrakutas\"><\/span>Society Under Rashtrakutas<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Brahmins <\/strong>held the highest societal status in Rashtrakuta society, surpassed only by Kshatriyas in the <strong>Sat-Kshatriya <\/strong>sub-caste, considered noble Kshatriyas.<\/li><li>The social structure extended beyond the commonly recognized four castes, as documented by <strong>Al-Birun<\/strong>i, who listed <strong>sixteen castes<\/strong>, incorporating Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Distinct castes, such as the <strong>Zakaya or Lahud, <\/strong>specialized in dance and acrobatics, while the Antyajas caste fulfilled various menial services for the affluent.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Notably,<strong> capital punishment,<\/strong> though prevalent, was not administered to royal Kshatriya sub-castes or Brahmins found guilty of severe crimes.<\/li><li>Within the general populace, men typically adorned two simple pieces of cloth \u2013 a loose upper garment and a lower garment worn like a dhoti. The privilege of wearing turbans was reserved exclusively for kings.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Literature_During_Rashtrakuta_Rule\"><\/span>Literature During Rashtrakuta Rule<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Rashtrakuta era saw the ascendance of the <strong>Kannada language<\/strong> as a prominent literary medium, marking a departure from the classical Prakrit and<strong> Sanskrit traditions<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Notable scholar<strong> Mahaviracharya<\/strong> contributed to the court of King <strong>Amoghavarsha I, <\/strong>particularly in the realm of pure mathematics.<\/li><li><strong>Kavirajamarga,<\/strong> authored in 850 AD by King Amoghavarsha I, stands as the earliest known book on rhetoric and poetics in the Kannada language.<\/li><li><strong>Adikavi Pampa,<\/strong> a prominent Jain writer, earned acclaim for his work<strong> Adipurana, penned <\/strong>in AD 941. This literary masterpiece, composed in the Champu style (a blend of prose and verse), narrates the life history of the first Jain Tirthankara, Rishabhadeva.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Architecture_During_the_Rashtrakuta_Rule\"><\/span>Architecture During the Rashtrakuta Rule<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Rashtrakuta architectural legacy in the Deccan manifests in two distinctive schools: one centered around <strong>Ellora, Badami, and Aihole, <\/strong>and the other at Pattadakal and Sirval near Gulbarga.<\/li><li>The Rashtrakutas left an indelible mark on art and architecture, evident in the magnificent rock-cut cave temples at Ellora and Elephanta in present-day Maharashtra.<\/li><li>Notably, Amoghavarsha I&#8217;s advocacy of Jainism is reflected in the five Jain cave temples at Ellora attributed to his reign.<\/li><li>A pinnacle of<strong> Rashtrakuta&#8217;s architectural <\/strong>prowess is the monolithic<strong> Kailashnath Temple <\/strong>at Ellora, constructed under <strong>Krishna I.<\/strong> This temple features remarkable sculptures depicting Hindu mythology, including figures such as Ravana, Shiva, and Parvati, along with intricately painted ceilings.<\/li><li>In Karnataka, the renowned temples of the Rashtrakuta dynasty include the Kashivishvanatha Temple and the Jain Narayana <strong>Temple at Pattadakal<\/strong>, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Decline_of_the_Empires\"><\/span>Decline of the Empires<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>In AD 972, during the rule of<strong> Amoghavarsha<\/strong>, the <strong>Paramara King Siyaka Harsha <\/strong>launched an attack on the Rashtrakuta empire, pillaging Manyakheta, its capital. This incursion significantly tarnished the empire&#8217;s reputation, precipitating its gradual decline over time.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rajput_Kingdoms\"><\/span>Rajput Kingdoms:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The era spanning from the 7th to the 12th century marked the dominance of the Rajputs, which persisted until the <strong>Turko-Muslim<\/strong> conquests in the 12th century. Following the decline of the Pratiharas of Kannauj, several major Rajput dynasties emerged:<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Tomars_of_Delhi\"><\/span>The Tomars of Delhi:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Tomars held sway over parts of Delhi and Haryana from AD 736 to 1152. Initially, they served as vassals to the <strong>Gurjara-Pratiharas<\/strong>, with their capital located at Anangpur. Claiming descent from the Chandravanshi dynasty, the Tomar dynasty was founded by <strong>Anangapala I<\/strong> in the 8th century.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Anangapala II, credited with establishing Delhi in the 11th century, built the capital Lal Kot in AD 1152, around the Qutub Minar complex. Anangapala Tomar II&#8217;s coins bore the title of Shri Samanta Deva, and he constructed the Iron pillar at Mehrauli.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td>The tenth-century Surajkund (Lake of the Sun) was built by <strong>Suraj Pal <\/strong>of the Tomar dynasty in Faridabad, Haryana, on the Southern Delhi Ridge of the Aravalli range.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chauhans_of_Ajmer\"><\/span>Chauhans of Ajmer:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Chauhans trace their origin to the Chahamanas of Shakambari around the 6th century. In the mid-12th century, the Chauhans conquered Delhi, and the Tomars became their feudatories. They held dominion over South-Eastern Rajasthan.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Vishaladeva founded the Chauhan dynasty, and <strong>Vigraharaja IV<\/strong> emerged as a prominent monarch. Vigraharaja IV expelled the Tomars from Delhi and gained control of Eastern Punjab. During the reign of the illustrious <strong>king Bhoja<\/strong>, conflicts arose with the Malwa Paramars.<\/li><li><strong>Harikeli Nataka<\/strong>, a renowned play, was initiated by Hanim, who later erected a structure that was transformed into the <strong>Adhai-Din-Ka-Jhonpra<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/li><li>In the 12th century, Ajayaraja II shifted the capital of the kingdom to Ajayameru, now known as Ajmer. Consequently, the Chahamana rulers gained the epithet Chauhans of Ajmer. <strong>Ajayaraja II<\/strong> successfully captured Ujjain from the Paramaras, and his successor Arnoraja constructed the Varaha Temple at Pushkar.<\/li><li>Prithviraj Chauhan, a pivotal ruler of this dynasty, wed Samyukta, the daughter of Jayachandra, Prithviraj&#8217;s rival. Jayachandra, in a fateful move, invited Muhammad Ghori to invade India or confront Prithviraj. Unfortunately, with Prithviraj&#8217;s demise, the era of Rajput glory reached its conclusion.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Chand Bardai chronicled the military exploits of Prithviraj in the extensive epic poem <strong>&#8220;Prithviraj Raso,&#8221; <\/strong>while another work by Bardai was <strong>&#8220;Prithviraj Vijaya.&#8221;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-csat-test-series?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=CSAT+Test+Series\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42415 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/7.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/7-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/7-585x137.png 585w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1280px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1280\/300;\" \/><\/a><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-csat-test-series\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UPSC CSAT Test Series<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Gahadavalas_of_Varanasi\"><\/span>The Gahadavalas of Varanasi<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Gahadavalas of Varanasi held sway over North India from the mid-11th century to the mid-13th century, with Varanasi as their capital in the Gangetic plains. Chandradeva, an illustrious ruler, established himself in Kannauj and declared it the capital. Between AD 1114 and 1155, the Gahadavala kingdom flourished under the rule of Govindachandra. However, in 1194, Govindachandra&#8217;s grandson Jayachandra suffered defeat at the hands of the Ghurids.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Salankis_chalukya_Dynasty\"><\/span>Salankis (chalukya Dynasty)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Solankis, a dynasty founded by Mularaja I, governed the Gujarat region with Anhilwara as their capital. Mularaja I was a patron of Jainism and a devout follower of Lord Shiva. Bhimadeva I, who ruled from AD 1021-1063, witnessed the infamous plunder of the Somnath Temple by Mahmud of Ghazni during his reign.<\/li><li>The<strong> Dilwara Temple<\/strong> in Mount Abu was constructed in AD 1031 by Vimal Shah, the minister of the ruling monarch. The initiative to build the Rani-ka-Vav was also taken by the king&#8217;s wife, Udaymati. Following the reign of Bhima I, his son Karna succeeded him. Karna later founded a city that is now recognized as Ahmedabad.<\/li><li>In AD 1178, Bhimadeva II and Muladeva II achieved victory over <strong>Muhammad Ghori. <\/strong>Subsequently, the Solankis were ousted from power by the <strong>Waghelas.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td>The <strong>Chalukyas of Lata<\/strong>, an Indian dynasty, governed the Lata region in present-day Gujarat during the 10th and 11th centuries. Initially serving as vassals to the Western Chalukyas, they were eventually defeated by the Chalukyas of Gujarat (Solankis). Barappa, the dynasty&#8217;s inaugural ruler, is identified as a General of the Western <strong>Chalukya king Tailapa II.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Paramaras\"><\/span>The Paramaras<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Paramaras of Malwa ascended to power on the remnants of the <strong>Pratihara empire in Kannauj.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/li><li>Emerging from the Agnikund of Mount Abu, they ruled the Malwa region with their capital at Dharanagar. Initially, the early rulers were likely vassals of the Rashtrakutas of <strong>Manyakheta.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li><li>Around AD 972, Siyaka sacked the Rashtrakuta capital, Manyakheta, and established the Paramaras as an independent power.<\/li><li>The founder of the Paramara dynasty was Upendra or Krishnaraja. <strong>Raja Bhoja<\/strong>, the most significant ruler in this dynasty (AD 1018-1060), sought to rejuvenate Hindu society.&nbsp;<\/li><li>He actively resisted Muslim invasions and, in addition to being a skilled warrior, was a renowned scholar.<\/li><li>Bhoja&#8217;s notable contributions include the establishment of a Sanskrit college called Bhojshala in his capital and the authorship of renowned books such as<strong> Ayurveda Sangraha, Yukti Kalpataru, and Samranga Suthradhara (which focuses on architecture).<\/strong><\/li><li>Renowned for his building prowess, he is credited with the construction of <strong>104 temples <\/strong>and the creation of the picturesque <strong>Bhojpur Lake.<\/strong><\/li><li>The dominance of the Paramara dynasty waned following the demise of Raja Bhoja.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Chandelles\"><\/span>The Chandelles<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Chandella dynasty, hailing from Bundelkhand, was among the 36 Rajput clans. The realm expanded steadily under early kings like Jayashakti, reigning over the eastern part of Madhya Pradesh with Mohoba and Khajuraho as the capital.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Belonging to the Chandravanshi lineage of Rajputs, Yashovarman&#8217;s conquest of Kalinjar hills elevated the Chandella kingdom&#8217;s stature. He notably commissioned the Lakshmana Temple at Khajuraho.<\/li><li>Dhanga, a significant ruler, assumed the title of Maharajadhiraja and distinguished himself in wars against Mahmud of Ghazni.<\/li><li>Many of Khajuraho&#8217;s temples were erected during his rule. The Chandella dynasty&#8217;s final ruler, Parmal, succumbed to defeat at the hands of Prithviraj in AD 1182, leading to Qutb-ud-din Aibak&#8217;s capture of Kalinjar in AD 1203.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Subsequently, the Chandellas faded into obscurity as Muslims seized control of Bundelkhand.<\/li><li>Renowned for their architectural prowess, the Chandellas left an enduring legacy in Khajuraho, where a significant cluster of temples, constructed between AD 900-1150, still stands. The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple stands out for its artistic excellence, and Chandella architecture is hailed as a pinnacle achievement in Indian architecture.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Society_under_Rajput_Kingdoms\"><\/span>Society under Rajput Kingdoms<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Under the Rajput kingdoms, society reflected chivalry and warrior ethos, with a commitment to protecting the vulnerable. While primarily followers of Hinduism, Rajputs also patronized <strong>Buddhism and Jainism<\/strong>. The administrative system was feudatory, with the kingdom divided into jagirs held by jagirdars.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Importance_of_Rajputs\"><\/span>Importance of Rajputs:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The political prominence of the Rajputs dates back to the seventh century, and by approximately 800, Rajput dynasties held sway over Northern India. These numerous Rajput kingdoms played a crucial role in hindering complete Muslim dominance over Hindu India.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Failure_of_the_Rajput_Kingdoms\"><\/span>The Failure of the Rajput Kingdoms:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The ongoing power struggle in North India led to conflicts among the Rajput kingdoms. Unfortunately, their lack of unity proved to be a significant factor in the success of invading forces such as the Ghurids and Ghaznavids. The invaders exploited the inter-caste conflicts among the Rajputs, taking advantage of their disunity.<\/li><li>The <strong>Rajput military organization<\/strong> faced significant flaws. Relying on feudal lords&#8217; armies rather than maintaining a permanent army, they wielded weapons like spears and swords, ill-suited for long-range combat. In contrast, the Turkish invaders, proficient archers with disciplined cavalry, capitalized on these shortcomings.<\/li><li>The Rajputs struggled to monitor the activities of neighboring ruling dynasties and remained oblivious to foreign movements. This lack of awareness made them vulnerable to external threats.<\/li><li>In a further setback, the Rajputs often resorted to persuading <strong>local chiefs with offers <\/strong>of money and land, leading to internal discord. Foreign aggressors capitalized on these divisions, using them to their political advantage.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Prelims_Facts\"><\/span>Prelims Facts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Chalukyan ruler Pulakeshin&#8217;s victory over Harsha was in the year <strong>-AD 618 [JPSC (Pre) 2016<\/strong><\/li><li>Who stopped Emperor Harsha&#8217;s Southward March on the Narmada river? <strong>&#8211; Pulakeshin II [IAS (Pre) 2003]<\/strong><\/li><li>In whose reign- period, the Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang visited India? <strong>&#8211; Harsha (UPPSC (Pre) 1990, UPPSC (Mains) 2012)<\/strong><\/li><li>Who sent Hiuen Tsang as an emissary in the court of Harsha? <strong>&#8211; Tai Tsung [UPPSC (Pre) 2007]<\/strong><\/li><li>The Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang studied at which university? <strong>&#8211; Nalanda (UPPSC (Pre) 1995, BPSC (Pre) 2003]<\/strong><\/li><li>The ancient town of Taxila was located between which rivers? <strong>-Indus and Jhelu<\/strong> <strong>JUPPSC (Pre) 1996, UKPSC (Mains) 2006)<\/strong><\/li><li>The contemporary ruler of Kalhana, the author of Rajatarangini was&#8230;&#8230;. <strong>&#8211; Jai Singh (UPPSC (Pre) 2010)<\/strong><\/li><li>During the period of Harshavardhana, the field were watered by the pots of the ghati-yantra. This is known from the writings of <strong>&#8211; Hiuen Tsang (JPSC (Pre) 2010)<\/strong><\/li><li>&#8216;Kuruspal Inscription&#8217; gives the information about which king? <strong>Someshwara I [CGPSC (Pre) 2020<\/strong><\/li><li>The author of &#8216;Lilavati Bhaskar II was a &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; <strong>&#8211; Mathematician [UKPSC (Pre) 2022<\/strong><\/li><li>In Chalukyan period, the term &#8216;Gadhaiya&#8217; denoted what? <strong>&#8211; Coins [UKPSC (Pre) 2022)<\/strong><\/li><li>Emperor Harsha had sifted his capital from Thaneshwar to &#8211;<strong> Kannauj (UPPSC (Pre) 1992<\/strong><\/li><li>In whose reign (Period) the Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang visited India <strong>&#8211; Harsha [UPPSC (Pre) 2011)<\/strong><\/li><li>Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang studied at the university of <strong>&#8211; Nalanda [BPSC (Pre) 2008<\/strong><\/li><li>During Post Gupta period, main business centre was <strong>&#8211; Kannauj (RAS\/RTS (Pre) 1993<\/strong><\/li><li>The term Kaushey has been used for which item in Post Gupta period? <strong> -Silk (LIPPSC (Pre) 2008<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"UPSC_NCERT_Practice_Questions\"><\/span>UPSC NCERT Practice Questions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_The_capital_of_Maukhari_dynasty_was_CGRSC_Pre_2012\"><\/span>1. The capital of Maukhari dynasty was&nbsp; CGRSC (Pre) 2012<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Thaneshwar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Kannauj<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Purushpur<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) None of these<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Among_the_following_rulers_who_had_defeated_Harshavardhana_UPPSC_Mains_2016\"><\/span>2. Among the following rulers, who had defeated Harshavardhana? UPPSC (Mains) 2016<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Kirtivarman II<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Vikramaditva II<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Pulakesin I<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Pulakesin II<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Emperor_Harshas_Southward_march_was_stopped_on_the_Narmada_river_by_IAS_Pre_2003\"><\/span>3. Emperor Harsha&#8217;s Southward march was stopped on the Narmada river by IAS (Pre) 2003<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Pulakesin I<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Pulakesin II<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Vikramaditya I<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Vikramaditya I<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_From_the_decline_of_the_Guptas_until_the_rise_of_Harshavardhana_in_the_early_seventh_century_which_of_the_following_kingdoms_were_holding_power_in_Northern_India_IAS_Pre_2021\"><\/span>4. From the decline of the Guptas until the rise of Harshavardhana in the early seventh century, which of the following kingdoms were holding power in Northern India? IAS (Pre) 2021<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1. The Guptas of Magadha<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. The Paramaras of Malwa<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. The Pushyabhutis of Thaneshwar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. The Maukharis of Kannauj<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. The Yadavas of Devagiri<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. The Maitrakas of Vallabhi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Select the correct answer by using the codes given below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) 1, 2 and 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) 1, 3, 4 and 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) 2, 3 and 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) 5 and 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Which_of_the_following_phrases_defines_the_nature_of_the_Hundi_generally_referred_to_in_the_sources_of_the_post-Harsha_period_IAS_Pre_2020\"><\/span>5. Which of the following phrases defines the nature of the Hundi&#8217; generally referred to in the sources of the post-Harsha period? IAS (Pre) 2020<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) An advisory issued by the king to his subordinates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) A diary to be maintained for daily accounts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) A bill of exchange.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) An order from the feudal lord to his subordinates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_The_Chinese_traveler_Hiuen-Tsang_who_visited_India_recorded_the_general_conditions_and_culture_of_India_at_that_time_In_this_context_which_of_the_following_statements_isare_correct_UPPSC_Pre_2013\"><\/span>6. The Chinese traveler (Hiuen-Tsang) who visited India recorded the general conditions and culture of India at that time. In this context, which of the following statements) is\/are correct? UPPSC (Pre) 2013<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1. The roads and river routes were completely immune from robbery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. As regards punishment for offenses or deals by fire. water and poison were the instruments for determining the innocence or guilt of a person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. The tradesmen had to pay duties at ferries and barrier stations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Select the correct answer by using the codes given below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Only 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) 1 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) All of these<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Which_of_the_following_statements_isare_correct_IAS_Pre_2000_04\"><\/span>7. Which of the following statements) is\/are correct? IAS (Pre) 2000, 04<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1. The Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hien attended the fourth Great Buddhist Council held by Kanishka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. The Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang met Harsha and found him to be antagonistic to Buddhism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Which of the statements) given above is\/are correct?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Only 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Only 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Both 1 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Match_the_following_MPSC_Pre_2019\"><\/span>8. Match the following. MPSC (Pre) 2019<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>List I<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>List Il<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A. The king of Kamarupa<\/td><td>1. Was already humbled by Prabhakarvardhana.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>B. The ruler of Sind<\/td><td>2. Dared not detain a Chinese pilgrim at his capital against the wish of Harsha.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>C. The ruler of Kashmir<\/td><td>3. Was compelled to surrender a tooth relic to Harsha.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D. The ruler of Vallabhi<\/td><td>4. Had once fled before the advancing arms of Kannauj Monarch, but later married his daughter.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Codes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A &nbsp; B &nbsp; C &nbsp; D&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; A &nbsp; B &nbsp; C &nbsp; D<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a)&nbsp; 2 &nbsp; 1 &nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; 4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (b)&nbsp; 2 &nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 4 &nbsp; 3&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c)&nbsp; 1 &nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; 3 &nbsp; 4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (d)&nbsp; 4 &nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; 1 &nbsp; 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Which_of_the_following_plays_were_written_by_Harshavardhana_MPSC_Pre_2017\"><\/span>9. Which of the following plays were written by Harshavardhana? MPSC (Pre) 2017<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Priyadarshika&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Ratanavali&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Nagananda<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Codes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Only 1 (b) 1 and 2 (c) 2 and 3 (d) All of these<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_Poet_Bana_was_inhabitant_of_BPSC_Pre_1996\"><\/span>10. Poet Bana was inhabitant of BPSC (Pre) 1996<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Pataliputra<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Thaneshwar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Bhojpur<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) None of these<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_Match_the_items_in_List_I_with_List_II_and_select_the_correct_answer_from_the_codes_given_below\"><\/span>11. Match the items in List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>List I <\/strong>(Treatises)<\/td><td><strong>List II<\/strong> (Writers)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A. Kumarasambhavam<\/td><td>1. Panini<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>B. Mahabhashyam<\/td><td>2. Banabhatta&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>C. Kadambari and Harshacharita<\/td><td>3. Patanjali<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D. Ashtadhyayi<\/td><td>4. Kalidasa<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A &nbsp; B &nbsp; C &nbsp; D&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; A &nbsp; B &nbsp; C &nbsp; D<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a)&nbsp; 1 &nbsp; 4 &nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; 3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (b) &nbsp; 3 &nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; 2 &nbsp; 1&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c)&nbsp; 4 &nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; 2 &nbsp; 1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (d) &nbsp; 2 &nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; 4 &nbsp; 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_Harshavardhana_organized_two_great_religious_conventions_in_UP_UDALDA_Pre_2001\"><\/span>12. Harshavardhana organized two great religious conventions in UP UDA\/LDA (Pre) 2001<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Kannauj and Prayag&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Prayag and Thaneshwar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Thaneshwar and Vallabhi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Vallabhi and Prayag<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"13_Sandhyakar_Nandi_was_the_court_poet_of_the_WBCS_Pre_2021\"><\/span>13. Sandhyakar Nandi was the court poet of the WBCS (Pre) 2021<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Mauryas (b) Senas (c) Hussain Shahis (d) Palas<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"14_Arrange_the_names_of_the_following_historical_personalities_in_correct_chronological_order_and_select_the_correct_answer_from_the_codes_given_below_UPPSC_Mains_2017\"><\/span>14. Arrange the names of the following historical personalities in correct chronological order and select the correct answer from the codes given below. UPPSC (Mains) 2017<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Nagabhatta Il<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Mahipala<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Mahendrapala<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Vatsaraja<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Codes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) 2, 3, 1 and 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) 4, 1, 3 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) 1, 2, 3 and 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) 3, 1, 4 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"15_The_ruler_of_Suvarnabhumi_who_founded_a_Buddhist_monastery_at_Nalanda_and_requested_Devapala_through_his_ambassador_to_grant_five_villages_for_its_maintenance_was_BPSC_Pre_2018\"><\/span>15. The ruler of Suvarnabhumi, who founded a Buddhist monastery at Nalanda and requested Devapala through his ambassador to grant five villages for its maintenance was BPSC (Pre) 2018<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Dharanindra<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Sengramadhananijaya<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Balaputradeva<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Chudamani Varman<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"16_Arrange_the_names_of_the_following_historical_personalities_in_correct_chronological_order\"><\/span>16. Arrange the names of the following historical personalities in correct chronological order.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Select the correct answer from the codes given below. UPPSC (Mains) 2017<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Nagabhata Il<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Mahipala<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Mahendrapala<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Vatsaraja<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Codes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) 2,3, 1 and 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(e) 1, 2, 3 and 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) 4, 1, 3 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) 3, 1, 4 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"17_Consider_the_following_pairs_UPPSC_Pre_2022\"><\/span>17. Consider the following pairs. UPPSC (Pre) 2022<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;King <\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;Dynasty<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Nannuka &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; :&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Chandela<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Jayashakti &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; : &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Paramara<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Nagabhata 11&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; : &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Gurjara-Pratihara<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Bhoja&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; :&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Rashtrakuta<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How many pairs given above are correctly matched?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Only one pair<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Only two pairs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Only three pairs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) All four pairs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"18_Which_among_the_following_Rashtrakuta_King_defeated_Pratihara_ruler_Nagabhata_II_UKPSC_Pre_2022\"><\/span>18. Which among the following Rashtrakuta King defeated Pratihara ruler Nagabhata II? UKPSC (Pre) 2022<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Dhruva<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Indra III<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Govinda III<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Krishna 111<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"19_Select_the_correct_answer_from_the_codes_given_below_by_combining_the_names_of_the_following_historical_persons_in_chronological_order_UPPSC_Mains_20\"><\/span>19. Select the correct answer from the codes given below by combining the names of the following historical persons in chronological order. UPPSC (Mains) 20-<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Nagabhata II<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Mahipala 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Mahendrapala<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Vatsaraja<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Codes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0430) 2, 3, 1, 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) 1, 2, 3, 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) 4. 1,3, 2&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) 3, 1,4, 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"20_Consider_the_following_events_in_the_history_of_India_IAS_Pre_2020\"><\/span>20. Consider the following events in the history of India. IAS (Pre) 2020<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Rise of Pratiharas under King Bhoja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Establishment of Pallava power under Mahendravarman I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Establishment of Chola power by Parantaka 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Pala Dynasty founded by Gopala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What is the correct chronological order of the above events starting from the earliest time?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) 2, 1, 4, 3&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) 3, 1, 4, 2&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) 2, 4, 1,3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) 3, 4, 1, 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"21_Which_of_the_following_statements_are_correct_MPPSC_Mains_2015\"><\/span>21. Which of the following statements are correct? MPPSC (Mains) 2015<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1. The most outstanding cave of the Rashtrakuta period is the Kailash cave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. The Jain caves at Verul belong to the Digambar sect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Many beautiful temples were built at Pattakadal, Badami and Ter during the Chalukyan period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Trimurti idol sculpture in the Gharapuri caves is wel known sculpture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Codes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) 1 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(e) 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) 1 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) All of these<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"22_The_famous_Battle_of_Takkolam_of_South_India_was_fought_between_UPPSC_Pre_2003\"><\/span>22. The famous Battle of Takkolam of South India was fought between UPPSC (Pre) 2003<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) Cholas and North Chalukyas<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) Cholas and Rashtrakutas<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) Cholas and Hoysalas<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(d) Cholas and Pandyas<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Know_Right_Answer\"><\/span>Know Right Answer<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>1. (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. (d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. (c)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7. (d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8. (a)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>9. (d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>10. (d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>11. (c)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>12. (a)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>13. (d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>14. (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>15. (e)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>16. (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>17. (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>18. (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>19. (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>20. (c)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>21. (d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>22. (b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\"><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q1_What_is_the_significance_of_the_Post-Gupta_Era_in_Ancient_Indian_history\"><\/span>Q1: What is the significance of the Post-Gupta Era in Ancient Indian history?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A1: The Post-Gupta Era, spanning from the 6th to the 8th century CE, is crucial for understanding the evolution of Indian society and polity. It witnessed the decline of the Gupta Empire and the emergence of regional powers. This period also saw important developments in art, literature, and religion, laying the foundation for medieval Indian history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q2_Which_dynasties_played_a_prominent_role_during_the_Post-Gupta_Era\"><\/span>Q2: Which dynasties played a prominent role during the Post-Gupta Era?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A2: Several dynasties rose to prominence during this era, including the Vardhanas, Pallavas, Chalukyas, and Cholas. The Vardhanas, under Harsha, created a brief but significant empire in northern India. The Pallavas and Chalukyas, on the other hand, were influential in the southern and western regions, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q3_How_did_the_political_landscape_change_during_the_Post-Gupta_Era\"><\/span>Q3: How did the political landscape change during the Post-Gupta Era?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A3: The decentralization of political power marked the Post-Gupta Era. The collapse of the centralized Gupta authority led to the rise of regional kingdoms. This fragmentation contributed to the cultural diversity of India as various regions developed distinct political, social, and economic characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q4_What_were_the_major_cultural_and_intellectual_achievements_during_this_period\"><\/span>Q4: What were the major cultural and intellectual achievements during this period?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A4: The Post-Gupta Era witnessed a flourishing of art and literature. Notable contributions include the frescoes of the Ajanta and Ellora caves, the development of classical dance and music, and the works of famous poets like Kalidasa. Additionally, the spread of Buddhism and Jainism continued, influencing art, literature, and philosophy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q5_How_did_economic_factors_contribute_to_the_changes_in_society_during_the_Post-Gupta_Era\"><\/span>Q5: How did economic factors contribute to the changes in society during the Post-Gupta Era?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A5: Economic factors played a crucial role in shaping society during this period. The decline of long-distance trade, coupled with invasions and political instability, impacted agrarian economies. As a result, society became more localized, and the self-sufficient village economy gained importance. This economic shift had repercussions on social structures and cultural practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-essay?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Essay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/UPSC-Essay-Course-1280\u00d7300-1-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42688 lazyload\" width=\"781\" height=\"182\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 781px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 781\/182;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\"><\/span><strong>In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For UPSC Prelims Resources,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc-cse-prelims-resource-centre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Click here<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For Daily Updates and Study Material:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Join our Telegram Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/WithEdukemy4IAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edukemy for IAS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>1. Learn through Videos &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3vOD8sU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>2. Be Exam Ready by Practicing Daily MCQs &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3Q9z2nF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>3. Daily Newsletter &#8211; Get all your Current Affairs Covered &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3bE2y5J\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>4. Mains Answer Writing Practice &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3mZuVxl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\"><\/span>Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@ShabbirsEduKemyforIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Post-Gupta Era marks a crucial phase in ancient Indian history, characterized by political fragmentation, cultural efflorescence, and the emergence of new socio-religious movements.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":23366,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1424],"tags":[286,1052,1468,232,140],"class_list":["post-23364","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ncert-ancient-history-notes","tag-ancient-history-notes","tag-ncert-notes","tag-post-gupta-era","tag-upsc","tag-upsc_preparation_strategy"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23364","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23364"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23364\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35366,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23364\/revisions\/35366"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23366"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23364"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23364"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23364"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}