{"id":25740,"date":"2024-02-06T07:34:35","date_gmt":"2024-02-06T07:34:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/?p=25740"},"modified":"2024-02-06T07:34:37","modified_gmt":"2024-02-06T07:34:37","slug":"hunter-committee-1919-upsc-modern-history-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/hunter-committee-1919-upsc-modern-history-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Hunter Committee 1919 &#8211; UPSC Modern History Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-history?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=History\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42408\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/13-585x137.png 585w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Government of India<\/strong> declared the establishment of an inquiry committee to investigate the events in <strong>Punjab<\/strong> on <strong>14 October 1919<\/strong>, under directives from the <strong>Secretary of State for India<\/strong>, <strong>Edwin Montagu<\/strong>. Originally named the <strong>Disorders Inquiry Committee<\/strong>, it was later abbreviated to the <strong>Hunter Commission<\/strong>, taking its name from the chairman, <strong>Lord William Hunter<\/strong>, a former <strong>Solicitor-General for Scotland<\/strong> and Senator of the <strong>Scottish College of Justice<\/strong>. The commission&#8217;s primary objective was to &#8220;investigate recent disturbances in <strong>Bombay<\/strong>, <strong>Delhi<\/strong>, and <strong>Punjab<\/strong>, their causes, and the measures taken to deal with them.&#8221; This article will delve into the significance of the <strong>Hunter Commission<\/strong>, offering valuable insights for <strong>UPSC exam<\/strong> preparation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d3c26b1a889\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d3c26b1a889\"  \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/hunter-committee-1919-upsc-modern-history-notes\/#Hunter_Committee_%E2%80%93_Background\" title=\"Hunter Committee &#8211; Background\">Hunter Committee &#8211; Background<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/hunter-committee-1919-upsc-modern-history-notes\/#Hunter_Committee_%E2%80%93_Members\" title=\"Hunter Committee &#8211; Members\">Hunter Committee &#8211; Members<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/hunter-committee-1919-upsc-modern-history-notes\/#Hunter_Committee_%E2%80%93_Report\" title=\"Hunter Committee &#8211; Report\">Hunter Committee &#8211; Report<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/hunter-committee-1919-upsc-modern-history-notes\/#View_of_Congress\" title=\"View of Congress\">View of Congress<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/hunter-committee-1919-upsc-modern-history-notes\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/hunter-committee-1919-upsc-modern-history-notes\/#FAQs_on_Hunter_Committee\" title=\"FAQs on Hunter Committee\">FAQs on Hunter Committee<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/hunter-committee-1919-upsc-modern-history-notes\/#Question_1_What_was_the_Hunter_Commission_in_1919\" title=\"Question 1: What was the Hunter Commission in 1919?\">Question 1: What was the Hunter Commission in 1919?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/hunter-committee-1919-upsc-modern-history-notes\/#Question_2_What_was_the_Hunter_Commissions_report\" title=\"Question 2: What was the Hunter Commission&#8217;s report?\">Question 2: What was the Hunter Commission&#8217;s report?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/hunter-committee-1919-upsc-modern-history-notes\/#Question_3_What_happened_to_General_Dyer_after_the_Battle_of_Jallianwala_Bagh\" title=\"Question 3: What happened to General Dyer after the Battle of Jallianwala Bagh?\">Question 3: What happened to General Dyer after the Battle of Jallianwala Bagh?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/hunter-committee-1919-upsc-modern-history-notes\/#In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\" title=\"In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;\">In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/hunter-committee-1919-upsc-modern-history-notes\/#Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\" title=\"Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here\">Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hunter_Committee_%E2%80%93_Background\"><\/span>Hunter Committee &#8211; Background<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The <strong>massacre at Jallianwalla Bagh<\/strong> had a profound impact on Indians and British observers.<\/li><li><strong>Secretary of State for India, Edwin Montagu<\/strong>, initiated an inquiry committee to investigate the incident.<\/li><li>On <strong>October 14, 1919<\/strong>, the <strong>Government of India<\/strong> announced the establishment of the <strong>Disorders Inquiry Committee<\/strong>, later renamed the <strong>Hunter Committee\/Commission<\/strong> after its chairman, <strong>Lord William Hunter<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Three Indian members included <strong>Sir Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad<\/strong>, <strong>Pandit Jagat Narayan<\/strong>, and <strong>Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmad Khan<\/strong>.<\/li><li>The committee convened in Delhi on <strong>October 29<\/strong>, collecting statements from witnesses in Delhi, Ahmedabad, Bombay, and Lahore.<\/li><li>In November, the committee traveled to Lahore to question key witnesses, including <strong>Dyer<\/strong>.<\/li><li><strong>Dyer<\/strong> defended his actions, stating it was his duty to instill terror in Punjab and diminish the rebels&#8217; moral standing.<\/li><li>The committee&#8217;s <strong>final report<\/strong>, released in <strong>March 1920<\/strong>, unanimously condemned Dyer, but no punitive action was taken, upheld by the <strong>Army Council<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Before the committee&#8217;s proceedings, the government passed an <strong>Indemnity Act<\/strong> to protect its officers.<\/li><li>The <strong>Indemnity Act<\/strong>, labeled the &#8220;white washing bill&#8221; by critics like <strong>Motilal Nehru<\/strong>, faced significant criticism.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hunter_Committee_%E2%80%93_Members\"><\/span>Hunter Committee &#8211; Members<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Hunter Commission<\/strong>, tasked with investigating the <strong>Amritsar Massacre<\/strong>, comprised the following individuals:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Lord William Hunter<\/strong>: Chairman of the Hunter Commission, and former Solicitor General of Scotland.<\/li><li><strong>W.F. Rice<\/strong>: Member of the Home Department.<\/li><li><strong>Thomas Smith<\/strong>: Member of the Legislative Council of the United Provinces.<\/li><li><strong>Pandit Jagat Narayan<\/strong>: Member of the Legislative Council of the United Provinces and a lawyer.<\/li><li><strong>H.C. Stokes<\/strong>: Secretary of the Commission and Member of the Home Department.<\/li><li><strong>Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmad Khan<\/strong>: Lawyer from Gwalior State.<\/li><li><strong>Sir Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad<\/strong>: Vice-Chancellor of Bombay University and advocate of Bombay High Court.<\/li><li><strong>Mr. Justice George C Rankin<\/strong>: From Calcutta.<\/li><li><strong>Major General Sir George Barrow<\/strong>: From Peshawar.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>On <strong>November 19th<\/strong>, General Dyer appeared before the commission, revealing his intentions to fire upon the crowd not just to disperse it but to instill a moral impact and prevent a mutiny. He expressed his readiness to use machine guns and armored vehicles if given the opportunity and admitted to leaving the injured unattended.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hunter_Committee_%E2%80%93_Report\"><\/span>Hunter Committee &#8211; Report<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>May 26, 1920:<\/strong> The <strong>Hunter Commission<\/strong> submitted its report.<\/li><li>Majority criticized <strong>Dyer<\/strong> for a <strong>misplaced sense of duty<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Dyer&#8217;s motive of creating a moral effect was condemned.<\/li><li>Lack of initial notice to disperse from <strong>Bagh<\/strong> and prolonged firing were deemed errors.<\/li><li>Commission concluded the <strong>Indian gathering<\/strong> wasn&#8217;t a pre-planned conspiracy; it evolved from rioting to rebellion.<\/li><li>Declaration of <strong>martial law<\/strong> deemed justifiable, and its implementation generally seen as non-oppressive.<\/li><li>Dyer&#8217;s firing at the mob considered justified, but he should have issued a warning and reduced firing duration.<\/li><li>Commission&#8217;s Indian members submitted a minority report, questioning martial law necessity and disputing disturbance severity.<\/li><li>Government provided Rs. 15000 to dependents of <strong>Bagh<\/strong> victims and Rs. 12000 to dependents of those killed in <strong>Punjab villages<\/strong>.<\/li><li>March 1920: <strong>Dyer<\/strong> found guilty of misunderstanding duty, relieved of command, and sent back to England.<\/li><li>No legal action against Dyer; he received half-pay and retained his army pension.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"View_of_Congress\"><\/span>View of Congress<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Motilal Nehru<\/strong>, <strong>C.R. Das<\/strong>, <strong>Abbas Tyabji<\/strong>, <strong>M.R. Jayakar<\/strong>, and <strong>Gandhi<\/strong> were appointed by the <strong>Indian National Congresses<\/strong> to form its non-official committee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Congress committee articulated its perspective, condemning <strong>Dyer&#8217;s actions<\/strong> as inhumane. It asserted that the imposition of <strong>martial law in Punjab<\/strong> was unjustified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong>1919<\/strong>, the <strong>Hunter Commission<\/strong> reached the conclusion that the gathering was not the outcome of an <strong>Indian conspiracy<\/strong>. The commission deemed the declaration of <strong>martial law in Punjab<\/strong> justified. Additionally, it asserted that <strong>Dyer&#8217;s firing at the mob<\/strong> was justified, though it recommended issuing a warning beforehand and reducing the duration of the firing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQs_on_Hunter_Committee\"><\/span>FAQs on Hunter Committee<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Question_1_What_was_the_Hunter_Commission_in_1919\"><\/span><strong>Question 1: What was the Hunter Commission in 1919?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Answer:<\/em> The Hunter Commission, officially known as the Disorders Inquiry Committee, was a committee formed by the Government of India in 1919 to investigate the events surrounding the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar. The commission, chaired by Lord William Hunter, was tasked with examining the causes and consequences of the disturbances in Bombay, Delhi, and Punjab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Question_2_What_was_the_Hunter_Commissions_report\"><\/span><strong>Question 2: What was the Hunter Commission&#8217;s report?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Answer:<\/em> The Hunter Commission&#8217;s report, submitted on May 26, 1920, addressed the aftermath of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. It condemned General Dyer for what it considered a misplaced sense of duty and criticized his actions. The report justified the declaration of martial law in Punjab, concluded that the Indian gathering was not a result of a pre-planned conspiracy, and deemed Dyer&#8217;s firing at the crowd as justified but with recommendations for improvement, such as issuing a warning beforehand and reducing the duration of the firing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Question_3_What_happened_to_General_Dyer_after_the_Battle_of_Jallianwala_Bagh\"><\/span><strong>Question 3: What happened to General Dyer after the Battle of Jallianwala Bagh?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Answer:<\/em> After the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, General Dyer faced consequences. In March 1920, he was found guilty of a misunderstanding of duty by the Hunter Commission and was relieved of his command. Despite being called back to England, no legal action was taken against him. He received half-pay and retained his army pension. The repercussions for Dyer were significant, though they fell short of legal prosecution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-essay?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Essay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/UPSC-Essay-Course-1280\u00d7300-1-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42688 lazyload\" width=\"781\" height=\"182\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 781px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 781\/182;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\"><\/span><strong>In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For UPSC Prelims Resources,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc-cse-prelims-resource-centre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Click here<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For Daily Updates and Study Material:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Join our Telegram Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/WithEdukemy4IAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edukemy for IAS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>1. 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Mains Answer Writing Practice &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3mZuVxl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\"><\/span>Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@ShabbirsEduKemyforIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article will delve into the significance of the Hunter Commission, offering valuable insights for UPSC exam preparation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":25741,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[290],"tags":[186,1731,232,213,140],"class_list":["post-25740","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-modern-history-general-studies","tag-general-studies-1","tag-hunter-committee","tag-upsc","tag-upsc-notes","tag-upsc_preparation_strategy"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25740","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25740"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25740\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25742,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25740\/revisions\/25742"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25741"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25740"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25740"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25740"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}