{"id":29350,"date":"2024-02-23T09:16:47","date_gmt":"2024-02-23T09:16:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/?p=29350"},"modified":"2024-02-23T09:16:49","modified_gmt":"2024-02-23T09:16:49","slug":"air-pressure-and-atmospheric-circulation-upsc-world-geography-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/air-pressure-and-atmospheric-circulation-upsc-world-geography-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Air Pressure and Atmospheric Circulation &#8211; UPSC World Geography Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-geography?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Geography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/14.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42410\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/14.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/14-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/14-585x137.png 585w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Air pressure and atmospheric circulation are fundamental concepts in meteorology, governing the behavior of Earth&#8217;s atmosphere and influencing weather patterns across the globe. Air pressure, the force exerted by the weight of air molecules in a given area, varies both vertically and horizontally, creating regions of high and low pressure. These pressure variations drive atmospheric circulation, the large-scale movement of air masses, which plays a crucial role in redistributing heat, moisture, and energy around the planet. Understanding the interplay between air pressure and atmospheric circulation is essential for comprehending weather phenomena such as wind patterns, storms, and climate dynamics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Atmospheric pressure<\/strong> is the force exerted by air molecules on the Earth&#8217;s surface per unit area.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>It varies due to the weight of the air above, diminishing with altitude.\u00a0<\/li><li>This pressure fluctuation leads to the movement of air, known as wind, from high-pressure to low-pressure regions.<\/li><li>The relationship between atmospheric pressure and temperature is inversely proportional. When temperature rises, air expands and its density per unit area decreases, causing pressure to drop.<\/li><li>Conversely, with lower temperatures, air contracts, leading to an increase in pressure.<\/li><li>A barometer is the instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. At sea level, the average pressure is about 1013.25 millibars (mb).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e2a7d18f740\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e2a7d18f740\"  \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/air-pressure-and-atmospheric-circulation-upsc-world-geography-notes\/#VERTICAL_DISTRIBUTION_OF_AIR_PRESSURE\" title=\"VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF AIR PRESSURE\">VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF AIR PRESSURE<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/air-pressure-and-atmospheric-circulation-upsc-world-geography-notes\/#HORIZONTAL_VARIATION_OF_AIR_PRESSURE\" title=\"HORIZONTAL VARIATION OF AIR PRESSURE\">HORIZONTAL VARIATION OF AIR PRESSURE<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/air-pressure-and-atmospheric-circulation-upsc-world-geography-notes\/#ATMOSPHERIC_CIRCULATION\" title=\"ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION\">ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/air-pressure-and-atmospheric-circulation-upsc-world-geography-notes\/#1-_HEDLEY_CELL\" title=\"1- HEDLEY CELL\">1- HEDLEY CELL<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/air-pressure-and-atmospheric-circulation-upsc-world-geography-notes\/#2-_FERREL_CELL\" title=\"2- FERREL CELL\">2- FERREL CELL<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/air-pressure-and-atmospheric-circulation-upsc-world-geography-notes\/#3-_POLAR_CELL\" title=\"3- POLAR CELL\">3- POLAR CELL<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/air-pressure-and-atmospheric-circulation-upsc-world-geography-notes\/#FAQs_on_Atmospheric_Pressure_and_Circulation\" title=\"FAQs on Atmospheric Pressure and Circulation\">FAQs on Atmospheric Pressure and Circulation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/air-pressure-and-atmospheric-circulation-upsc-world-geography-notes\/#1_What_is_atmospheric_pressure_and_how_is_it_measured\" title=\"1. What is atmospheric pressure, and how is it measured?\">1. What is atmospheric pressure, and how is it measured?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/air-pressure-and-atmospheric-circulation-upsc-world-geography-notes\/#2_How_does_pressure_vary_with_altitude\" title=\"2. How does pressure vary with altitude?\">2. How does pressure vary with altitude?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/air-pressure-and-atmospheric-circulation-upsc-world-geography-notes\/#3_Is_the_relationship_between_temperature_and_pressure_direct_or_inverse\" title=\"3. Is the relationship between temperature and pressure direct or inverse?\">3. Is the relationship between temperature and pressure direct or inverse?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/air-pressure-and-atmospheric-circulation-upsc-world-geography-notes\/#4_What_role_do_pressure_gradients_play_in_wind_movement\" title=\"4. What role do pressure gradients play in wind movement?\">4. What role do pressure gradients play in wind movement?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/air-pressure-and-atmospheric-circulation-upsc-world-geography-notes\/#5_How_many_major_atmospheric_circulation_cells_are_there_and_what_are_they_called\" title=\"5. How many major atmospheric circulation cells are there, and what are they called?\">5. How many major atmospheric circulation cells are there, and what are they called?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/air-pressure-and-atmospheric-circulation-upsc-world-geography-notes\/#6_What_is_the_Hadley_cell_and_how_is_it_formed\" title=\"6. What is the Hadley cell, and how is it formed?\">6. What is the Hadley cell, and how is it formed?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/air-pressure-and-atmospheric-circulation-upsc-world-geography-notes\/#7_How_is_the_Ferrel_cell_formed\" title=\"7. How is the Ferrel cell formed?\">7. How is the Ferrel cell formed?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/air-pressure-and-atmospheric-circulation-upsc-world-geography-notes\/#8_What_defines_the_Polar_cell\" title=\"8. What defines the Polar cell?\">8. What defines the Polar cell?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/air-pressure-and-atmospheric-circulation-upsc-world-geography-notes\/#In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\" title=\"In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;\">In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/air-pressure-and-atmospheric-circulation-upsc-world-geography-notes\/#Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\" title=\"Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here\">Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"VERTICAL_DISTRIBUTION_OF_AIR_PRESSURE\"><\/span><strong>VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF AIR PRESSURE<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>In the lower atmosphere, pressure diminishes notably as altitude increases.<\/li><li>At elevated locations, such as the peak of Mt. Everest, the air pressure can be approximately two-thirds less than that at sea level.\u00a0<\/li><li>This decrease isn&#8217;t consistent as various factors affect air density, including temperature, moisture content, and gravity.<\/li><li>The general trend observes an average decrease in pressure of about 34 millibars for every 300 metres in height.\u00a0<\/li><li>The vertical pressure gradient force significantly surpasses the horizontal force, but it is usually counterbalanced by an opposing gravitational force, thereby preventing powerful upward winds.<\/li><li>Gravity contributes to higher pressure at the surface due to denser air.\u00a0<\/li><li>The pressure is linked to both density and temperature, indicating that changes in either parameter will impact pressure.<\/li><li>Pressure gradients from high to low pressure are the primary drivers of air movement, i.e., wind.\u00a0<\/li><li>Rising pressure typically heralds clear and settled weather, while falling pressure often signifies unstable and cloudy conditions.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"HORIZONTAL_VARIATION_OF_AIR_PRESSURE\"><\/span><strong>HORIZONTAL VARIATION OF AIR PRESSURE<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh7-us.googleusercontent.com\/ls9YOmEXdGKRRHCoeJhccTqAQmA2C1ZAjNFYcNGsdXrKXZtPdLTFIKbuz87S0LtbSK0jQIGZUjU25Qq3gFm7tlHwqdvYo740jmLgo2w3LNLrmQazFG3YdTJqknWC_aexcLgmqIkUtG5LvDOF2HRSYEw\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" \/><figcaption><strong>HORIZONTAL VARIATION OF AIR PRESSURE<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-prelims-support-program-with-test-series\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"300\" data-id=\"47045\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/bannner-1600-x-1600-2400-x-1392-px-1280-x-300-px-1024x300.png\" alt=\"PSP 2025\" class=\"wp-image-47045 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/300;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The distribution of pressure across the horizontal is examined by plotting isobars, lines connecting regions with identical pressure.\u00a0<\/li><li>To ensure fair comparison, pressure is often measured at various stations after normalisation to sea level to negate the influence of altitude.<\/li><li>The spacing between isobars illustrates both the rate and direction of pressure shifts, known as the pressure gradient.\u00a0<\/li><li>When isobars are closely spaced, it signifies a steep or robust pressure gradient, whereas widely spaced isobars suggest a weaker gradient.\u00a0<\/li><li>Pressure gradient is essentially the decrease in pressure over a specific distance in the direction where the pressure declines most rapidly.<\/li><li>On the Earth&#8217;s surface, there exist seven distinct horizontal pressure zones, commonly referred to as &#8216;pressure belts&#8217;. These belts delineate regions with relatively consistent pressure patterns.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh7-us.googleusercontent.com\/tga9K6HY9AB3kWo7Adw2RpZqvh1BsTR7P1yqYCkQbG9a8WAiukDo1iWxFQK3MUh75uudABnnsDXU6VzT4i77vdhE-B6fMIU1Cik2QpaypkfUL0E-ieI3U4R_Ml1ZfZQaAN5ZkLoWCFdiXBQGkBMhqoE\" alt=\"HORIZONTAL VARIATION OF AIR PRESSURE\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" \/><figcaption><strong>HORIZONTAL VARIATION OF AIR PRESSURE<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ATMOSPHERIC_CIRCULATION\"><\/span><strong>ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The atmospheric circulation pattern is delineated by <strong>three primary cells: the Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, and Polar cell<\/strong>. These cells govern the general circulation of the atmosphere.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh7-us.googleusercontent.com\/i2c4IA5mVy-ljsU156f5EaSqAC82Pngxcvg0r3IJddb1X1Ye1YXvePohYE9EKLTORN2Un_3-1cYTC914sEtZNTuiJLxQHPd-8Qb5KCO-BOrTMivJ8FcRdtKJaKx0vVNsFh7kVpPTdRqxWsgA7o-hOTw\" alt=\"ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" \/><figcaption><strong>ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-_HEDLEY_CELL\"><\/span><strong>1- HEDLEY CELL<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Hadley cell, named after George Hadley who proposed the model in 1735, is formed due to the circulation of air in the Earth&#8217;s atmosphere.&nbsp;<\/li><li>At the equator, the warm air ascends because of high insolation, moves towards the poles, and descends in the subtropical regions around 30\u00b0N and 30\u00b0S latitudes.&nbsp;<\/li><li>At the surface near the land, the air flows back toward the equator due to the pressure gradient, generating the easterly winds.&nbsp;<\/li><li>This circulation of air and the convergence of the easterlies in the ITCZ create the Hadley cell, which includes the trade winds, the equatorial low (ITCZ), and subtropical high-pressure belts.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-_FERREL_CELL\"><\/span><strong>2- FERREL CELL<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Ferrel cell, introduced by William Ferrel in 1856, is a component of the global atmospheric circulation pattern.&nbsp;<\/li><li>It involves the rising of some air around the 60\u00b0 latitude, moving towards the equator, descending in the subtropics, and then travelling back towards the subpolar region.&nbsp;<\/li><li>The winds at the surface produced by this process are referred to as westerlies, and this circulation of air forms the Ferrel cell.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3-_POLAR_CELL\"><\/span><strong>3- POLAR CELL<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Polar cell involves a portion of air that rises at 60\u00b0 latitude and flows towards the poles, descends, and then returns towards the subpolar region.&nbsp;<\/li><li>The winds generated by this movement travel towards the subpolar region as the polar easterlies, defining the Polar cell.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQs_on_Atmospheric_Pressure_and_Circulation\"><\/span><strong>FAQs on Atmospheric Pressure and Circulation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_What_is_atmospheric_pressure_and_how_is_it_measured\"><\/span>1. What is atmospheric pressure, and how is it measured?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Atmospheric pressure is the force exerted by air molecules per unit area on the Earth&#8217;s surface. It&#8217;s measured using a barometer, with an average sea-level pressure of about 1013.25 millibars (mb).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_How_does_pressure_vary_with_altitude\"><\/span>2. How does pressure vary with altitude?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases due to the declining weight of air above. The pressure drops notably at higher elevations, like on Mount Everest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Is_the_relationship_between_temperature_and_pressure_direct_or_inverse\"><\/span>3. Is the relationship between temperature and pressure direct or inverse?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The relationship is inverse. Higher temperatures lead to lower pressure as warm air expands and becomes less dense. Conversely, lower temperatures cause an increase in pressure due to air contraction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_What_role_do_pressure_gradients_play_in_wind_movement\"><\/span>4. What role do pressure gradients play in wind movement?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Air moves from regions of high pressure to low pressure, creating winds. The spacing of isobars illustrates the rate and direction of pressure shifts. Closer isobars signify a stronger pressure gradient, while wider ones indicate a weaker gradient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_How_many_major_atmospheric_circulation_cells_are_there_and_what_are_they_called\"><\/span>5. How many major atmospheric circulation cells are there, and what are they called?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>There are three primary cells: the Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, and Polar cell. These cells govern the general circulation of the Earth&#8217;s atmosphere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_What_is_the_Hadley_cell_and_how_is_it_formed\"><\/span>6. What is the Hadley cell, and how is it formed?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Hadley cell, named after George Hadley, is created by the circulation of warm air. At the equator, warm air ascends, moves toward the poles, descends in the subtropics, and flows back toward the equator, forming the easterly winds and the ITCZ.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_How_is_the_Ferrel_cell_formed\"><\/span>7. How is the Ferrel cell formed?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Proposed by William Ferrel, the Ferrel cell involves air rising around 60\u00b0 latitude, moving towards the equator, descending in the subtropics, and returning to the subpolar region, creating the westerlies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_What_defines_the_Polar_cell\"><\/span>8. What defines the Polar cell?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Polar cell involves rising air at 60\u00b0 latitude, moving towards the poles, descending, and then returning towards the subpolar region, forming the polar easterlies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-essay?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Essay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/UPSC-Essay-Course-1280\u00d7300-1-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42688 lazyload\" width=\"781\" height=\"182\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 781px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 781\/182;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\"><\/span><strong>In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For UPSC Prelims Resources,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc-cse-prelims-resource-centre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Click here<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For Daily Updates and Study Material:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Join our Telegram Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/WithEdukemy4IAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edukemy for IAS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>1. Learn through Videos &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3vOD8sU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>2. Be Exam Ready by Practicing Daily MCQs &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3Q9z2nF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>3. Daily Newsletter &#8211; Get all your Current Affairs Covered &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3bE2y5J\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>4. Mains Answer Writing Practice &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3mZuVxl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\"><\/span>Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@ShabbirsEduKemyforIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Air pressure and atmospheric circulation are fundamental concepts in meteorology, governing the behavior of Earth&#8217;s atmosphere<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":29353,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[261],"tags":[2180,186,232,213,140],"class_list":["post-29350","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-geography-general-studies","tag-air-pressure","tag-general-studies-1","tag-upsc","tag-upsc-notes","tag-upsc_preparation_strategy"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29350","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29350"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29350\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29354,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29350\/revisions\/29354"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29353"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29350"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29350"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29350"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}