{"id":30756,"date":"2024-02-29T06:51:16","date_gmt":"2024-02-29T06:51:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/?p=30756"},"modified":"2024-02-29T06:51:19","modified_gmt":"2024-02-29T06:51:19","slug":"measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Measures to Protect Wetlands of India &#8211; UPSC Environment Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Wetlands encompass areas characterized by marsh or peatland, featuring water that is either static or flowing, ranging from fresh and brackish to saline.\u00a0<\/li><li>This definition includes regions with marine water, where the depth at low tide does not surpass 6 meters.\u00a0<\/li><li>Functioning as transition zones, wetlands serve as ecotones bridging terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.\u00a0<\/li><li>Examples of wetlands include mangroves, lake littorals (marginal zones between the highest and lowest water levels of lakes), floodplains (areas adjacent to river channels beyond natural levees, periodically flooded during high discharge), and various marshy or swampy areas.<\/li><li>Within the wetland ecosystem, these habitats undergo periodic flooding from adjacent deepwater habitats, providing support for plants and animals specifically adapted to shallow flooding or waterlogging conditions.\u00a0<\/li><li>Noteworthy characteristics include waterlogged soil-adapted plant life known as hydrophytes and hydric soils, characterized by insufficient oxygen.<\/li><li>India boasts a rich tapestry of wetlands, numbering over 27,000, with more than 23,000 classified as inland wetlands and approximately 4,000 as coastal wetlands.\u00a0<\/li><li>These wetlands collectively cover 18.4% of the country&#8217;s total area, with 70% utilized for paddy cultivation.\u00a0<\/li><li>The natural diversity of wetlands in India spans high-altitude regions in the Himalayas, floodplains along major river systems, saline and temporary wetlands in arid and semi-arid zones, and coastal environments like lagoons, backwaters, estuaries, mangroves, swamps, and coral reefs.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lh7-us.googleusercontent.com\/Rjt0T5QUalPypZiQ6dcz5zmmvB9OssFNh6fECg2FlII4PUb1-AoQ31wrNx8J55LLkEGlHyYadeH7WYgJK-zWEwR960wr1HYO3aNncaDTES0Ah7_SU7wEjMWCvZlew1hBypTVxbWBtAlOrbYh1EqeqBo\" alt=\"Wetlands\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" class=\"lazyload\" \/><figcaption>Wetlands<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69fd68351b770\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69fd68351b770\"  \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes\/#MEASURES_TO_PROTECT_WETLANDS\" title=\"MEASURES TO PROTECT WETLANDS\">MEASURES TO PROTECT WETLANDS<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes\/#Ramsar_Convention_on_Wetlands\" title=\"Ramsar Convention on Wetlands:\">Ramsar Convention on Wetlands:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes\/#Key_Components\" title=\"Key Components:\">Key Components:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes\/#Ramsar_Sites_in_India\" title=\"Ramsar Sites in India:\">Ramsar Sites in India:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes\/#Key_Ramsar_Sites_in_India\" title=\"Key Ramsar Sites in India:\">Key Ramsar Sites in India:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes\/#Wetlands_International\" title=\"Wetlands International:\">Wetlands International:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes\/#Key_Initiatives\" title=\"Key Initiatives:\">Key Initiatives:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes\/#Impact\" title=\"Impact:\">Impact:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes\/#National_Wetlands_Conservation_Programme_NWCP\" title=\"National Wetlands Conservation Programme (NWCP):\">National Wetlands Conservation Programme (NWCP):<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes\/#Key_Objectives\" title=\"Key Objectives:\">Key Objectives:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes\/#FAQs_Measures_to_Protect_Wetlands_in_India\" title=\"FAQs: Measures to Protect Wetlands in India\">FAQs: Measures to Protect Wetlands in India<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes\/#1_What_defines_wetlands_and_why_are_they_important_in_India\" title=\"1. What defines wetlands, and why are they important in India?\">1. What defines wetlands, and why are they important in India?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes\/#2_How_many_wetlands_does_India_have_and_what_is_their_distribution\" title=\"2. How many wetlands does India have, and what is their distribution?\">2. How many wetlands does India have, and what is their distribution?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes\/#3_What_are_the_main_characteristics_of_wetland_ecosystems_in_India\" title=\"3. What are the main characteristics of wetland ecosystems in India?\">3. What are the main characteristics of wetland ecosystems in India?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes\/#4_How_does_India_protect_its_wetlands_on_an_international_level\" title=\"4. How does India protect its wetlands on an international level?\">4. How does India protect its wetlands on an international level?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes\/#5_What_measures_does_the_Ramsar_Convention_on_Wetlands_advocate_for\" title=\"5. What measures does the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands advocate for?\">5. What measures does the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands advocate for?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes\/#In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\" title=\"In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;\">In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/measures-to-protect-wetlands-of-india-upsc-environment-notes\/#Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\" title=\"Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here\">Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"MEASURES_TO_PROTECT_WETLANDS\"><\/span><strong>MEASURES TO PROTECT WETLANDS<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Wetlands, critical ecosystems bridging terrestrial and aquatic realms, play a pivotal role in biodiversity, water regulation, and overall environmental health. Various international, national, and organizational initiatives contribute to safeguarding these invaluable habitats. Here&#8217;s an in-depth exploration of key measures to protect wetlands:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ramsar_Convention_on_Wetlands\"><\/span><strong>Ramsar Convention on Wetlands:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Ramsar Convention, established in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran, is an international treaty dedicated to the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands. It recognizes wetlands&#8217; ecological importance and emphasizes the need for their wise use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Components\"><\/span><strong>Key Components:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Wise Use: Encourages the sustainable use of wetlands to meet the needs of present and future generations without compromising their ecological integrity.<\/li><li>List of Ramsar Sites: Identifies wetlands of international importance and promotes their conservation. Currently, there are over 2,400 Ramsar Sites worldwide.<\/li><li>Implementation:<\/li><li>Countries that are parties to the Ramsar Convention commit to designating and managing Ramsar Sites within their territories. Regular meetings and conventions facilitate knowledge exchange and collaborative efforts.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ramsar_Sites_in_India\"><\/span><strong>Ramsar Sites in India:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>India, a signatory to the Ramsar Convention since 1982, designates Ramsar Sites to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of its diverse wetlands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Ramsar_Sites_in_India\"><\/span><strong>Key Ramsar Sites in India:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Chilika Lake, Odisha: Asia&#8217;s largest brackish water lagoon, supporting a rich diversity of flora and fauna.<\/li><li>Keoladeo National Park, Rajasthan: A UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its avian population, especially migratory birds.<\/li><li>Sundarbans, West Bengal: The largest mangrove forest globally, providing crucial habitat for Bengal tigers and numerous species.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Wetlands_International\"><\/span><strong>Wetlands International:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Wetlands International is a global non-profit organization dedicated to the conservation and restoration of wetlands worldwide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Initiatives\"><\/span><strong>Key Initiatives:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Research and Advocacy: Conducts scientific research to understand wetland ecosystems and advocates for their conservation.<\/li><li>Capacity Building: Collaborates with governments and local communities to enhance their capacity for sustainable wetland management.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Impact\"><\/span><strong>Impact:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Wetlands International contributes to global policies, influencing decisions that prioritize wetland conservation and sustainable management.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"National_Wetlands_Conservation_Programme_NWCP\"><\/span><strong>National Wetlands Conservation Programme (NWCP):<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Initiated by the Government of India, the NWCP aims to conserve wetlands through sustainable management practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Objectives\"><\/span><strong>Key Objectives:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Mapping and Inventory: Develops comprehensive maps and inventories of wetlands across the country.<\/li><li>Financial Assistance: Provides funds to state governments for the conservation and management of identified wetlands.<\/li><li>Community Involvement:<\/li><li>Encourages the active participation of local communities in wetland management, fostering a sense of responsibility and stewardship.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The collective efforts of international treaties like the Ramsar Convention, national programs like NWCP, and organizations like Wetlands International underscore the importance of collaborative action in protecting and preserving wetlands. These measures are crucial for maintaining the ecological balance, biodiversity, and the myriad benefits that wetlands provide to both nature and humanity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQs_Measures_to_Protect_Wetlands_in_India\"><\/span><strong>FAQs: Measures to Protect Wetlands in India<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_What_defines_wetlands_and_why_are_they_important_in_India\"><\/span>1. What defines wetlands, and why are they important in India?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: Wetlands in India are areas with marsh or peatland, featuring static or flowing water, ranging from fresh to saline. They serve as ecotones, bridging terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Wetlands are crucial for biodiversity, water regulation, and overall environmental health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_How_many_wetlands_does_India_have_and_what_is_their_distribution\"><\/span>2. How many wetlands does India have, and what is their distribution?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: India boasts over 27,000 wetlands, with 23,000+ categorized as inland wetlands and around 4,000 as coastal wetlands. They collectively cover 18.4% of the country&#8217;s total area, with 70% utilized for paddy cultivation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_What_are_the_main_characteristics_of_wetland_ecosystems_in_India\"><\/span>3. What are the main characteristics of wetland ecosystems in India?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: Wetlands in India vary widely, including high-altitude wetlands in the Himalayas, floodplains along major rivers, saline and temporary wetlands in arid zones, and coastal environments like lagoons, mangroves, and coral reefs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_How_does_India_protect_its_wetlands_on_an_international_level\"><\/span>4. How does India protect its wetlands on an international level?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: India has been a signatory to the Ramsar Convention since 1982. This international treaty emphasizes the wise use and conservation of wetlands. The country designates Ramsar Sites, such as Chilika Lake, Keoladeo National Park, and Sundarbans, to ensure the sustainable use of its wetland resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_What_measures_does_the_Ramsar_Convention_on_Wetlands_advocate_for\"><\/span>5. What measures does the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands advocate for?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: The Ramsar Convention encourages the wise use of wetlands, promoting their sustainable utilization. It maintains a list of Ramsar Sites globally and encourages countries to manage and conserve these sites. Over 2,400 Ramsar Sites worldwide are currently recognized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-essay?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Essay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/UPSC-Essay-Course-1280\u00d7300-1-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42688\" width=\"781\" height=\"182\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\"><\/span><strong>In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For UPSC Prelims Resources,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc-cse-prelims-resource-centre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Click here<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For Daily Updates and Study Material:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Join our Telegram Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/WithEdukemy4IAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edukemy for IAS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>1. Learn through Videos &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3vOD8sU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>2. Be Exam Ready by Practicing Daily MCQs &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3Q9z2nF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>3. Daily Newsletter &#8211; Get all your Current Affairs Covered &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3bE2y5J\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>4. Mains Answer Writing Practice &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3mZuVxl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\"><\/span>Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@ShabbirsEduKemyforIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Wetlands encompass areas characterized by marsh or peatland, featuring water that is either static or flowing, ranging from fresh and brackish to saline.\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":30759,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[276],"tags":[177,232,213,140,1299],"class_list":["post-30756","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ecology-environment-general-studies","tag-general-studies-3","tag-upsc","tag-upsc-notes","tag-upsc_preparation_strategy","tag-wetlands"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30756","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30756"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30756\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30760,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30756\/revisions\/30760"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30759"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30756"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30756"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30756"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}