{"id":31371,"date":"2024-03-02T08:01:15","date_gmt":"2024-03-02T08:01:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/?p=31371"},"modified":"2024-03-02T08:01:17","modified_gmt":"2024-03-02T08:01:17","slug":"convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) &#8211; UPSC Environment Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), commonly known as the Biodiversity Convention or the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD), is a multilateral treaty.&nbsp;<\/li><li>This international legal instrument has been ratified by 196 countries, aiming for &#8220;the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable utilization of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources.&#8221;&nbsp;<\/li><li>The primary objective of the CBD is to promote actions that contribute to a more sustainable future, encompassing all habitats, species, and genetic resources under its purview.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d60bd1491f4\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d60bd1491f4\"  \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes\/#BACKGROUND\" title=\"BACKGROUND\">BACKGROUND<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes\/#CARTAGENA_PROTOCOL\" title=\"CARTAGENA PROTOCOL\">CARTAGENA PROTOCOL<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes\/#NAGOYA_PROTOCOL\" title=\"NAGOYA PROTOCOL\">NAGOYA PROTOCOL<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes\/#CBD\" title=\"CBD&nbsp;\">CBD&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes\/#OBJECTIVES\" title=\"OBJECTIVES:\">OBJECTIVES:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes\/#GOALS\" title=\"GOALS:\">GOALS:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes\/#PARTIES\" title=\"PARTIES\">PARTIES<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes\/#SCOPE\" title=\"SCOPE:\">SCOPE:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes\/#CRITICISMS\" title=\"CRITICISMS\">CRITICISMS<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes\/#RELATED_INITIATIVES\" title=\"RELATED INITIATIVES :\">RELATED INITIATIVES :<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes\/#FAQs_%E2%80%93_Convention_on_Biological_Diversity_CBD\" title=\"FAQs &#8211; Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)\">FAQs &#8211; Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes\/#1_What_is_the_Convention_on_Biological_Diversity_CBD\" title=\"1. What is the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)?\">1. What is the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes\/#2_When_was_the_CBD_presented_for_signature\" title=\"2. When was the CBD presented for signature?\">2. When was the CBD presented for signature?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes\/#3_How_many_countries_have_ratified_the_CBD\" title=\"3. How many countries have ratified the CBD?\">3. How many countries have ratified the CBD?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes\/#4_What_does_the_CBD_cover\" title=\"4. What does the CBD cover?\">4. What does the CBD cover?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes\/#5_What_is_the_governing_body_of_the_CBD\" title=\"5. What is the governing body of the CBD?\">5. What is the governing body of the CBD?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes\/#In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\" title=\"In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;\">In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd-upsc-environment-notes\/#Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\" title=\"Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here\">Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"BACKGROUND\"><\/span><strong>BACKGROUND<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was presented for signature at the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit on June 5, 1992, and officially came into force on December 29, 1993.\u00a0<\/li><li>Notably, the United States is the sole UN member state that has not ratified this Convention.<\/li><li>Encompassing biodiversity on various levels, including ecosystems, species, and genetic resources, the CBD also extends its scope to biotechnology, incorporating agreements like the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.\u00a0<\/li><li>It spans a broad spectrum of domains directly or indirectly linked to biodiversity, covering areas such as science, politics, education, agriculture, business, and culture.<\/li><li><strong>The governing body of the CBD is the Conference of the Parties (COP), which convenes every two years.<\/strong> During these meetings, the ultimate authority of all governments (or Parties) that have ratified the treaty reviews progress, establishes priorities, and commits to work plans.<\/li><li>In addition to the CBD, the Nagoya Protocol and the Cartagena Protocol are two supplementary agreements that further enhance and complement the objectives of the Convention.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CARTAGENA_PROTOCOL\"><\/span><strong>CARTAGENA PROTOCOL<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, an international agreement supplementary to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), governs the transboundary movements of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology.&nbsp;<\/li><li>This protocol, serving as an extension of the CBD, was enacted on January 29, 2000, and officially entered into force on September 11, 2003.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"NAGOYA_PROTOCOL\"><\/span><strong>NAGOYA PROTOCOL<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS) is another complementary agreement to the CBD.&nbsp;<\/li><li>It provides a clear legal framework for achieving one of the CBD&#8217;s primary goals: the fair and equitable distribution of benefits derived from the utilization of genetic resources.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Adopted in Nagoya, Japan, on October 29, 2010, the Nagoya Protocol became effective on October 12, 2014.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBD\"><\/span><strong>CBD&nbsp;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"OBJECTIVES\"><\/span><strong>OBJECTIVES:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Convention on Biological Diversity sets out the following objectives:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Preserve Biological Diversity: Safeguard the variety of life on Earth.<\/li><li>Responsible Use of Elements: Utilize biological resources in a responsible manner.<\/li><li>Equitable Distribution of Benefits: Ensure fair distribution of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.<\/li><li>Appropriate Access to Genetic Resources: Facilitate suitable access to genetic resources.<\/li><li>Appropriate Transfer of Relevant Technologies: Promote the proper transfer of relevant technologies.<\/li><li>Appropriate Funding: Provide adequate funding, considering all associated rights to resources and technologies.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"GOALS\"><\/span><strong>GOALS:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The three primary goals are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Biodiversity Conservation: Conserve biodiversity and prevent its degradation.<\/li><li>Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Components: Promote the sustainable use of various elements of biodiversity.<\/li><li>Sharing Benefits from Exploitation: Ensure the equitable sharing of benefits derived from commercial and other forms of exploitation.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PARTIES\"><\/span><strong>PARTIES<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Convention has 196 Parties, including the European Union and 195 states.&nbsp;<\/li><li>The United States has not ratified the treaty, while Cook Islands, Niue, and the State of Palestine, among non-member states, have ratified it.&nbsp;<\/li><li>The Holy See and nations with limited international recognition are not parties.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"SCOPE\"><\/span><strong>SCOPE:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Convention covers all habitats, species, and genetic resources.\u00a0<\/li><li>It links conservation efforts to the financial objective of judiciously using biological resources.\u00a0<\/li><li>Through the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, it addresses biotechnology-related issues, technological development, benefit-sharing, and biosafety.<\/li><li>The Convention is legally binding, requiring Parties to adhere to its rules.\u00a0<\/li><li>It emphasizes sustainable usage, recognizing that ecosystems, species, and genes should benefit humanity.\u00a0<\/li><li>The precautionary principle guides decision-making, urging preventive action even in the absence of complete scientific certainty.<\/li><li>While acknowledging the need for substantial financial investments in biodiversity preservation, the Convention argues that conservation yields significant benefits for the environment, economy, and society.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CRITICISMS\"><\/span><strong>CRITICISMS<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Critics argue that CBD implementation faces challenges due to resistance from Western nations to its pro-South provisions.\u00a0<\/li><li>Some view it as a strong agreement that softened during execution.\u00a0<\/li><li>Calls for enforcing it as a binding multilateral agreement gain support, with monitoring violations and non-compliance by the Conference of Parties.<\/li><li>Despite the Convention&#8217;s assertion of covering all forms of life, reports from participating nations indicate a gap in reality.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"RELATED_INITIATIVES\"><\/span><strong>RELATED INITIATIVES <\/strong>:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES):<\/strong> Promotes coexistence of human development, economic progress, and natural conservation.<\/li><li><strong>World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF)<\/strong>: A non-governmental organization dedicated to global environmental conservation, research, and restoration.<\/li><li><strong>Global Biodiversity Assessment<\/strong>: An independent scientific study addressing contemporary biodiversity concerns.<\/li><li><strong>Man and the Biosphere Program<\/strong>: Focuses on biodiversity, human impact, and the interplay between biodiversity and human activities since 1970.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQs_%E2%80%93_Convention_on_Biological_Diversity_CBD\"><\/span><strong>FAQs &#8211; Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_What_is_the_Convention_on_Biological_Diversity_CBD\"><\/span>1. What is the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: The CBD, also known as the Biodiversity Convention or UNCBD, is a multilateral treaty aimed at conserving biological diversity, ensuring sustainable use of its components, and promoting fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources utilization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_When_was_the_CBD_presented_for_signature\"><\/span>2. When was the CBD presented for signature?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: The CBD was made available for signature on June 5, 1992, during the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit and officially came into force on December 29, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_How_many_countries_have_ratified_the_CBD\"><\/span>3. How many countries have ratified the CBD?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: The CBD has been ratified by 196 countries. Notably, the United States is the only UN member state that has not ratified it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_What_does_the_CBD_cover\"><\/span>4. What does the CBD cover?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: The CBD covers all habitats, species, and genetic resources, addressing biodiversity at various levels, including ecosystems. It also extends its scope to biotechnology-related issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_What_is_the_governing_body_of_the_CBD\"><\/span>5. What is the governing body of the CBD?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: The Conference of the Parties (COP) serves as the governing body of the CBD. It convenes every two years to review progress, set priorities, and commit to work plans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-essay?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Essay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/UPSC-Essay-Course-1280\u00d7300-1-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42688\" width=\"781\" height=\"182\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\"><\/span><strong>In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For UPSC Prelims Resources,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc-cse-prelims-resource-centre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Click here<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For Daily Updates and Study Material:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Join our Telegram Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/WithEdukemy4IAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edukemy for IAS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>1. Learn through Videos &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3vOD8sU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>2. Be Exam Ready by Practicing Daily MCQs &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3Q9z2nF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>3. Daily Newsletter &#8211; Get all your Current Affairs Covered &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3bE2y5J\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>4. Mains Answer Writing Practice &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3mZuVxl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\"><\/span>Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@ShabbirsEduKemyforIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), commonly known as the Biodiversity Convention or the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD), is a multilateral treaty<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":31373,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[276],"tags":[2360,177,232,213,140],"class_list":["post-31371","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ecology-environment-general-studies","tag-convention-on-biological-diversity","tag-general-studies-3","tag-upsc","tag-upsc-notes","tag-upsc_preparation_strategy"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31371","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31371"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31371\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31374,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31371\/revisions\/31374"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/31373"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31371"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31371"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31371"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}