{"id":31429,"date":"2024-03-02T09:51:57","date_gmt":"2024-03-02T09:51:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/?p=31429"},"modified":"2024-03-02T09:52:00","modified_gmt":"2024-03-02T09:52:00","slug":"international-treaty-on-plant-genetic-resources-for-food-and-agriculture-pgrfa-upsc-environment-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/international-treaty-on-plant-genetic-resources-for-food-and-agriculture-pgrfa-upsc-environment-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) &#8211; UPSC Environment Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Adopted during the 31st session of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome in November 2001, this comprehensive and legally binding agreement officially came into effect on June 29, 2004.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Currently, it boasts 149 Contracting Parties, with India being among them. Distinguished scientists and experts from various countries worldwide are anticipated to participate.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e5e89fa26cb\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e5e89fa26cb\"  \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/international-treaty-on-plant-genetic-resources-for-food-and-agriculture-pgrfa-upsc-environment-notes\/#OBJECTIVES\" title=\"OBJECTIVES\">OBJECTIVES<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/international-treaty-on-plant-genetic-resources-for-food-and-agriculture-pgrfa-upsc-environment-notes\/#THE_THEME_SERVES_THE_FOLLOWING_PURPOSE\" title=\"THE THEME SERVES THE FOLLOWING PURPOSE:\">THE THEME SERVES THE FOLLOWING PURPOSE:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/international-treaty-on-plant-genetic-resources-for-food-and-agriculture-pgrfa-upsc-environment-notes\/#SIGNIFICANCE_0F_ITPGRFA\" title=\"SIGNIFICANCE 0F ITPGRFA\">SIGNIFICANCE 0F ITPGRFA<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/international-treaty-on-plant-genetic-resources-for-food-and-agriculture-pgrfa-upsc-environment-notes\/#ITPGRFA_AND_INDIA\" title=\"ITPGRFA&nbsp; AND INDIA\">ITPGRFA&nbsp; AND INDIA<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/international-treaty-on-plant-genetic-resources-for-food-and-agriculture-pgrfa-upsc-environment-notes\/#FAQs_INTERNATIONAL_TREATY_ON_PLANT_GENETIC_RESOURCES_FOR_FOOD_AND_AGRICULTURE_ITPGRFA\" title=\"FAQs: INTERNATIONAL TREATY ON PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE (ITPGRFA)\">FAQs: INTERNATIONAL TREATY ON PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE (ITPGRFA)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/international-treaty-on-plant-genetic-resources-for-food-and-agriculture-pgrfa-upsc-environment-notes\/#1_What_is_the_International_Treaty_on_Plant_Genetic_Resources_for_Food_and_Agriculture_ITPGRFA\" title=\"1. What is the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA)?\">1. What is the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/international-treaty-on-plant-genetic-resources-for-food-and-agriculture-pgrfa-upsc-environment-notes\/#2_What_are_the_main_objectives_of_the_ITPGRFA\" title=\"2. What are the main objectives of the ITPGRFA?\">2. What are the main objectives of the ITPGRFA?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/international-treaty-on-plant-genetic-resources-for-food-and-agriculture-pgrfa-upsc-environment-notes\/#3_What_is_the_significance_of_the_ninth_session_of_the_Governing_Body_GB9_of_ITPGRFA\" title=\"3. What is the significance of the ninth session of the Governing Body (GB9) of ITPGRFA?\">3. What is the significance of the ninth session of the Governing Body (GB9) of ITPGRFA?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/international-treaty-on-plant-genetic-resources-for-food-and-agriculture-pgrfa-upsc-environment-notes\/#4_How_does_ITPGRFA_contribute_to_the_conservation_of_biodiversity_in_food_and_agriculture\" title=\"4. How does ITPGRFA contribute to the conservation of biodiversity in food and agriculture?\">4. How does ITPGRFA contribute to the conservation of biodiversity in food and agriculture?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/international-treaty-on-plant-genetic-resources-for-food-and-agriculture-pgrfa-upsc-environment-notes\/#5_What_is_the_role_of_ITPGRFA_in_facilitating_scientific_exchange_for_climate_resilience\" title=\"5. What is the role of ITPGRFA in facilitating scientific exchange for climate resilience?\">5. What is the role of ITPGRFA in facilitating scientific exchange for climate resilience?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/international-treaty-on-plant-genetic-resources-for-food-and-agriculture-pgrfa-upsc-environment-notes\/#In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\" title=\"In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;\">In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/international-treaty-on-plant-genetic-resources-for-food-and-agriculture-pgrfa-upsc-environment-notes\/#Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\" title=\"Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here\">Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"OBJECTIVES\"><\/span><strong>OBJECTIVES<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The primary objectives include the development of climate-resilient plant varieties and the formulation of a roadmap facilitating the exchange of scientific knowledge on plant genetic resources, ultimately enhancing crop production and productivity.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Additionally, the conference aims to discuss the outcomes of informal consultations, particularly focusing on Farmers&#8217; Rights, as outlined in Article 9 of the treaty.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>It plays a pivotal role in guiding future actions essential for the advancement of the Treaty&#8217;s Multilateral System (MLS), recognized as crucial for agricultural research, development, and global food security. Furthermore, the event seeks to fortify provisions in alignment with the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and its Nagoya Protocol, the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, the Global Crop Diversity Trust, and the emerging New Global Biodiversity Framework.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The ninth session of the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture <strong>(ITPGRFA)<\/strong>, commonly known as GB9, revolves around the theme<strong> &#8220;Celebrating the Guardians of Crop Diversity: Towards an Inclusive Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework.&#8221;<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"THE_THEME_SERVES_THE_FOLLOWING_PURPOSE\"><\/span><strong>THE THEME SERVES THE FOLLOWING PURPOSE:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Acknowledging Small-Holder Farmers:<\/strong><ul><li>It recognizes and appreciates the invaluable contribution made by small-holder farmers around the world. Their role as guardians of crop diversity is highlighted and celebrated within the context of the theme.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Contributing to the New Global Biodiversity Framework:<\/strong><ul><li>The theme provides a platform to deliberate on and contemplate how the Treaty and its associated community can actively contribute to shaping the upcoming global biodiversity framework beyond the year 2020. It emphasizes inclusivity and collective efforts in addressing biodiversity challenges.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"SIGNIFICANCE_0F_ITPGRFA\"><\/span><strong>SIGNIFICANCE 0F ITPGRFA<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) holds paramount importance for various reasons:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Conservation of Biodiversity in Food &amp; Agriculture:<\/strong><ul><li>ITPGRFA plays a crucial role in conserving biodiversity in food and agriculture, safeguarding the rights of farmers who are the custodians of this diversity.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Common Platform for Deliberation:<\/strong><ul><li>It provides a common platform for global deliberations on pivotal issues related to plant genetic resources, aiming to benefit the farming community worldwide.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Scientific Exchange for Climate Resilience:<\/strong><ul><li>Facilitates the scientific exchange of technological advancements among countries, contributing to mitigating the adverse impacts of climate change and enhancing global food security.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Base Material for New Varieties:<\/strong><ul><li>The plant genetic resources from different countries serve as foundational material for developing new crop varieties, ensuring improved quality and higher productivity.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Solutions for Food and Nutritional Security:<\/strong><ul><li>Offers solutions to achieve food and nutritional security through the development of climate-resilient agriculture.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Access and Benefit Sharing:<\/strong><ul><li>Provides a framework for facilitating fair access to genetic resources and sharing benefits derived from their utilization.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ITPGRFA_AND_INDIA\"><\/span><strong>ITPGRFA&nbsp; AND INDIA<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>India&#8217;s association with ITPGRFA is significant due to the following factors:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Rich Crop Genetic Resources:<\/strong><ul><li>India is endowed with diverse and rich crop genetic resources, making its participation crucial in global efforts for conservation.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Established Infrastructure:<\/strong><ul><li>India has successfully established legal, institutional, and academic infrastructure to utilize genetic diversity for breeding new and resilient crop varieties.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Role in Bridging Disparities:<\/strong><ul><li>India is expected to play a pivotal role in bridging the gap between technology-rich developed nations and gene-rich developing countries, facilitating resolutions on critical agenda items.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Commitment to Conservation:<\/strong><ul><li>The Ninth Session of the Governing Body (GB9) provides an excellent opportunity for India to reaffirm its commitment to the conservation and sustainable utilization of plant genetic diversity, as well as farmers&#8217; rights on the global stage.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQs_INTERNATIONAL_TREATY_ON_PLANT_GENETIC_RESOURCES_FOR_FOOD_AND_AGRICULTURE_ITPGRFA\"><\/span><strong>FAQs: INTERNATIONAL TREATY ON PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE (ITPGRFA)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_What_is_the_International_Treaty_on_Plant_Genetic_Resources_for_Food_and_Agriculture_ITPGRFA\"><\/span>1. What is the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA)?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: The ITPGRFA is a legally binding international agreement adopted in November 2001 during the 31st session of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in Rome. It officially came into effect on June 29, 2004, and currently, it has 149 Contracting Parties, including India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_What_are_the_main_objectives_of_the_ITPGRFA\"><\/span>2. What are the main objectives of the ITPGRFA?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: The primary objectives include the development of climate-resilient plant varieties and the facilitation of the exchange of scientific knowledge on plant genetic resources to enhance crop production and productivity. Additionally, it aims to discuss the outcomes of informal consultations, particularly focusing on Farmers&#8217; Rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_What_is_the_significance_of_the_ninth_session_of_the_Governing_Body_GB9_of_ITPGRFA\"><\/span>3. What is the significance of the ninth session of the Governing Body (GB9) of ITPGRFA?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: GB9, with the theme &#8220;Celebrating the Guardians of Crop Diversity: Towards an Inclusive Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework,&#8221; acknowledges the contribution of small-holder farmers globally and aims to contribute to shaping the upcoming global biodiversity framework beyond 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_How_does_ITPGRFA_contribute_to_the_conservation_of_biodiversity_in_food_and_agriculture\"><\/span>4. How does ITPGRFA contribute to the conservation of biodiversity in food and agriculture?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: ITPGRFA plays a crucial role in conserving biodiversity by safeguarding the rights of farmers, who are considered custodians of crop diversity. It provides a common platform for global deliberations on issues related to plant genetic resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_What_is_the_role_of_ITPGRFA_in_facilitating_scientific_exchange_for_climate_resilience\"><\/span>5. What is the role of ITPGRFA in facilitating scientific exchange for climate resilience?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A: ITPGRFA facilitates the scientific exchange of technological advancements among countries, contributing to mitigating the adverse impacts of climate change and enhancing global food security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-essay?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Essay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/UPSC-Essay-Course-1280\u00d7300-1-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42688\" width=\"781\" height=\"182\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\"><\/span><strong>In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For UPSC Prelims Resources,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc-cse-prelims-resource-centre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Click here<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For Daily Updates and Study Material:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Join our Telegram Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/WithEdukemy4IAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edukemy for IAS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>1. 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Mains Answer Writing Practice &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3mZuVxl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\"><\/span>Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@ShabbirsEduKemyforIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Adopted during the 31st session of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome in November 2001, this comprehensive and legally binding agreement officially came into effect on June 29, 2004.\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":31435,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[276],"tags":[2363,177,232,213,140],"class_list":["post-31429","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ecology-environment-general-studies","tag-food-and-agriculture","tag-general-studies-3","tag-upsc","tag-upsc-notes","tag-upsc_preparation_strategy"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31429","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31429"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31429\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31437,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31429\/revisions\/31437"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/31435"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31429"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31429"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31429"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}