{"id":41564,"date":"2024-05-10T06:27:54","date_gmt":"2024-05-10T06:27:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/?p=41564"},"modified":"2024-05-10T06:27:56","modified_gmt":"2024-05-10T06:27:56","slug":"distinguish-between-mobility-and-migration-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences-of-rural-to-urban-migration-in-india-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2020","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/distinguish-between-mobility-and-migration-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences-of-rural-to-urban-migration-in-india-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2020\/","title":{"rendered":"Distinguish between mobility and migration. What are the causes and consequences of rural to urban migration in India? UPSC Geography Optional Mains &#8211; 2020"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-prelims-support-program-with-test-series?type=classroom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/GS-Foundation-Course-for-UPSC-1280-x-300-px-1-1024x300.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46623\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Mobility and migration are both terms associated with movement, but they differ in scale and intention:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The World Bank estimates that over 270 million people were international migrants in 2019, representing 3.5% of the world&#8217;s population. However, it is very difficult to estimate mobility stats due to its transient nature.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"604\" height=\"156\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/image-141.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-41571 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/image-141.png 604w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/image-141-585x151.png 585w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 604px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 604\/156;\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a1f814783c00\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a1f814783c00\"  \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/distinguish-between-mobility-and-migration-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences-of-rural-to-urban-migration-in-india-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2020\/#Causes_of_Rural-to-Urban_Migration_in_India\" title=\"Causes of Rural-to-Urban Migration in India:\">Causes of Rural-to-Urban Migration in India:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/distinguish-between-mobility-and-migration-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences-of-rural-to-urban-migration-in-india-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2020\/#Consequences_of_Rural-to-Urban_Migration_in_India\" title=\"Consequences of Rural-to-Urban Migration in India:\">Consequences of Rural-to-Urban Migration in India:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/distinguish-between-mobility-and-migration-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences-of-rural-to-urban-migration-in-india-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2020\/#In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\" title=\"In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;\">In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/distinguish-between-mobility-and-migration-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences-of-rural-to-urban-migration-in-india-upsc-geography-optional-mains-2020\/#Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\" title=\"Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here\">Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;here<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Causes_of_Rural-to-Urban_Migration_in_India\"><\/span>Causes of Rural-to-Urban Migration in India:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Push Factors in Rural Areas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Limited job opportunities, poverty, lack of infrastructure, and natural disasters.<\/li><li>Mechanization of agriculture (Structural Theory of migration) pushes people out of rural areas.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Pull Factors in Urban Areas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Better job prospects, higher wages, access to education and healthcare, and improved living conditions attract migrants to cities.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Economic Factors:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Rural areas in India lack sufficient employment opportunities and offer lower wages compared to urban areas.<\/li><li>Neoclassical theory suggests migration is primarily driven by wage differentials, with individuals migrating from rural areas with lower wages to urban areas offering higher earning opportunities.<\/li><li>For example, the Green Revolution in the 1960s led to significant rural-to-urban migration as mechanization reduced the need for agricultural labor in rural areas.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Infrastructure Development:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Urban development results in the construction of infrastructure such as roads, ports, and industrial zones in urban areas.<\/li><li>This further incentivizes rural residents to migrate to cities in search of employment opportunities.<\/li><li>For example, initiatives like the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) have resulted in widespread migration from nearby rural areas.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Social Factors:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Education, healthcare, stringent caste systems in rural areas, and social mobility play a significant role in rural-to-urban migration.<\/li><li>Migrants move to cities to access better educational opportunities for themselves and their children, as well as improved healthcare facilities.<\/li><li>For example, the migration of families from rural Bihar to cities like Delhi for better schooling opportunities is a common phenomenon.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Consequences_of_Rural-to-Urban_Migration_in_India\"><\/span>Consequences of Rural-to-Urban Migration in India:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Hyper Urbanization:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Rapid rural-to-urban migration leads to urban sprawl, straining infrastructure and resources.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>For example, Delhi\u2019s population growth is projected to add 400 million urban dwellers by 2050, marking it the largest urban migration in the world for that period. This expansion not only strains infrastructure but also increases the urban heat island effect, where manmade structures absorb heat and radiate it back, raising local temperatures significantly.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Social Change:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Migration disrupts traditional family structures and creates social challenges in both rural and urban areas, such as strained elders, incomplete families, and nuclear family structures.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"602\" height=\"85\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/image-144.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-41580 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/image-144.png 602w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/image-144-585x83.png 585w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 602px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 602\/85;\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Economic Growth:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Migration contributes to urban economic growth by providing a workforce and boosting consumption.<\/li><li>Remittances sent back to rural areas boost rural economies.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Environmental Impact:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The concentration of population and economic activities in urban areas exacerbate environmental problems such as pollution, deforestation, and depletion of natural resources.<\/li><li>Managing the environmental impact of urbanization becomes crucial for sustainable development.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, Smart Village Initiative, Integrated Rural Development Program, National Rural Livelihoods Mission, and Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana \u2013 Gramin are some of the prominent schemes initiated by the Indian government to stem rising rural to urban migration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-essay?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Essay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/UPSC-Essay-Course-1280\u00d7300-1-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42688 lazyload\" width=\"781\" height=\"182\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 781px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 781\/182;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-c6ab63ae-7083-4831-b519-cb89dacafb18\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_case_you_still_have_your_doubts_contact_us_on_9811333901\"><\/span><strong>In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-52c5a91b-6ed6-46e3-b781-7cc0c63a0b76\">For UPSC Prelims Resources,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc-cse-prelims-resource-centre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Click here<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-d014fe86-d628-49d8-82ce-6c60dc6e7a73\">For Daily Updates and Study Material:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-38177954-e668-4d8d-b250-d0fbd5a09390\">Join our Telegram Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/WithEdukemy4IAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Edukemy for IAS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-49ca2fe3-109f-4a88-b72e-9df49c3d328e\"><li>1. Learn through Videos &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3vOD8sU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>2. Be Exam Ready by Practicing Daily MCQs &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3Q9z2nF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>3. Daily Newsletter &#8211; Get all your Current Affairs Covered &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3bE2y5J\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><li>4. Mains Answer Writing Practice &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3mZuVxl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-43ccddc1-5348-445f-ab6b-7baaf29fe58d\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_here\"><\/span>Visit our YouTube Channel &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@EduKemyforIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mobility and migration are both terms associated with movement, but they differ in scale and intention: The World Bank estimates that over 270 million people were international migrants in 2019,&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":41584,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3330],"tags":[232,706,140],"class_list":["post-41564","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-upsc-geography-optional-mains-solved-paper-2020","tag-upsc","tag-upsc-geogrpahy","tag-upsc_preparation_strategy"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41564","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41564"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41564\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":41585,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41564\/revisions\/41585"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/41584"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41564"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=41564"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=41564"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}