{"id":45963,"date":"2024-09-07T12:18:32","date_gmt":"2024-09-07T12:18:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/?p=45963"},"modified":"2024-09-07T12:18:35","modified_gmt":"2024-09-07T12:18:35","slug":"upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/","title":{"rendered":"UPSC Daily Current Affairs &#8211; 07th Sep 2024 &#8211; Edukemy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Today&#8217;s daily current affairs briefing for UPSC aspirants explores the latest developments relevant to the upcoming civil services examination. Our focus today includes a critical analysis of recent policy changes, international affairs, and national developments, all of which play a pivotal role in shaping India&#8217;s socio-political and economic landscape. Stay informed and stay ahead in your UPSC preparations with our daily current affairs updates, as we provide you with concise, well-researched insights to help you connect the dots between contemporary events and the broader canvas of the civil services syllabus.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc-current-affairs?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Current+Affairs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/19.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42406\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/19.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/19-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/19-585x137.png 585w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc-current-affairs?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Current+Affairs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/19.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42406\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/19.png 1280w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/19-1170x274.png 1170w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/19-585x137.png 585w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_73 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e190a07af18\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e190a07af18\"  \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#The_Food_Security_Act_Has_Revamped_the_PDS\" title=\"The Food Security Act Has Revamped the PDS&nbsp;\">The Food Security Act Has Revamped the PDS&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Why_in_the_news\" title=\"Why in the news?\u00a0\">Why in the news?\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Concerns_Surrounding_Inefficiencies_in_the_PDS\" title=\"Concerns Surrounding Inefficiencies in the PDS:&nbsp;\">Concerns Surrounding Inefficiencies in the PDS:&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#National_Food_Security_Act_NFSA_of_2013\" title=\"National Food Security Act (NFSA) of 2013:&nbsp;\">National Food Security Act (NFSA) of 2013:&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Estimating_and_Understanding_PDS_Leakages\" title=\"Estimating and Understanding PDS Leakages:&nbsp;\">Estimating and Understanding PDS Leakages:&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#PDS_Coverage_Impact_of_NFSA_Reforms_and_Technological_Innovations\" title=\"PDS Coverage, Impact of NFSA, Reforms, and Technological Innovations:&nbsp;\">PDS Coverage, Impact of NFSA, Reforms, and Technological Innovations:&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#The_Future_of_PDS_and_Policy_Recommendations\" title=\"The Future of PDS and Policy Recommendations:&nbsp;\">The Future of PDS and Policy Recommendations:&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion&nbsp;\">Conclusion&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#UPSC_Civil_Services_Examination_PYQ\" title=\"UPSC Civil Services Examination PYQ\u00a0\u00a0\">UPSC Civil Services Examination PYQ\u00a0\u00a0<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Mains\" title=\"Mains&nbsp;\">Mains&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#PM_Narendra_Modis_visit_to_Singapore\" title=\"PM Narendra Modi\u2019s visit to Singapore&nbsp;\">PM Narendra Modi\u2019s visit to Singapore&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Why_in_the_news-2\" title=\"Why in the news?\u00a0\">Why in the news?\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#India-Singapore_Relations\" title=\"India-Singapore Relations:&nbsp;\">India-Singapore Relations:&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Key_Highlights_of_the_Visit\" title=\"Key Highlights of the Visit:&nbsp;\">Key Highlights of the Visit:&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#UPSC_Civil_Services_Examination_Previous_Year_Question_PYQ\" title=\"UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)&nbsp;\">UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Prelims\" title=\"Prelims&nbsp;\">Prelims&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Law_Commissions_Role_Members_Recommendations\" title=\"Law Commission\u2019s Role, Members &amp; Recommendations&nbsp;\">Law Commission\u2019s Role, Members &amp; Recommendations&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Why_in_the_news-3\" title=\"Why in the news?\u00a0\">Why in the news?\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Law_Commission_of_India\" title=\"Law Commission of India:&nbsp;\">Law Commission of India:&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Constitution_of_the_23rd_Law_Commission\" title=\"Constitution of the 23rd Law Commission:&nbsp;\">Constitution of the 23rd Law Commission:&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Vertical_Fiscal_Imbalance\" title=\"Vertical Fiscal Imbalance&nbsp;\">Vertical Fiscal Imbalance&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Why_in_the_news-4\" title=\"Why in the news?\u00a0\">Why in the news?\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Central_Transfers_to_States\" title=\"Central Transfers to States&nbsp;\">Central Transfers to States&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Vertical_Fiscal_Imbalance_VFI_in_India\" title=\"Vertical Fiscal Imbalance (VFI) in India:&nbsp;\">Vertical Fiscal Imbalance (VFI) in India:&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Judicial_Appointments_Cant_Be_Individual_Decision\" title=\"Judicial Appointments Can&#8217;t Be Individual Decision&nbsp;\">Judicial Appointments Can&#8217;t Be Individual Decision&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Why_in_the_news-5\" title=\"Why in the news?\u00a0\">Why in the news?\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Procedure_for_Appointing_High_Court_Judges\" title=\"Procedure for Appointing High Court Judges:&nbsp;\">Procedure for Appointing High Court Judges:&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Arguments_in_Favour_of_the_Collegium_System\" title=\"Arguments in Favour of the Collegium System:&nbsp;\">Arguments in Favour of the Collegium System:&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Arguments_Against_the_Collegium_System\" title=\"Arguments Against the Collegium System;&nbsp;\">Arguments Against the Collegium System;&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#UPSC_Civil_Services_Examination_Previous_Year_Question_PYQ-2\" title=\"UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)\u00a0\">UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)\u00a0<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Prelims-2\" title=\"Prelims&nbsp;\">Prelims&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Mains-2\" title=\"Mains&nbsp;\">Mains&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Forum_on_China-Africa_Cooperation_FOCAC\" title=\"Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)&nbsp;\">Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Why_in_the_news-6\" title=\"Why in the news?\u00a0\">Why in the news?\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Forum_on_China-Africa_Cooperation_FOCAC-2\" title=\"Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)&nbsp;\">Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Current_Context_of_FOCAC_2024\" title=\"Current Context of FOCAC 2024:&nbsp;\">Current Context of FOCAC 2024:&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Priorities_for_Africa_at_FOCAC_2024\" title=\"Priorities for Africa at FOCAC 2024:&nbsp;\">Priorities for Africa at FOCAC 2024:&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Chinas_Role_in_African_Debt\" title=\"China\u2019s Role in African Debt:&nbsp;\">China\u2019s Role in African Debt:&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Lessons_for_India_from_Africas_Engagement_with_China\" title=\"Lessons for India from Africa\u2019s Engagement with China:&nbsp;\">Lessons for India from Africa\u2019s Engagement with China:&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#UPSC_Civil_Services_Examination_PYQ-2\" title=\"UPSC Civil Services Examination PYQ\u00a0\">UPSC Civil Services Examination PYQ\u00a0<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Mains-3\" title=\"Mains&nbsp;\">Mains&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Public_Accounts_Committee_PAC\" title=\"Public Accounts Committee (PAC)&nbsp;\">Public Accounts Committee (PAC)&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Why_in_the_news-7\" title=\"Why in the news?\u00a0\">Why in the news?\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Public_Accounts_Committee_PAC-2\" title=\"Public Accounts Committee (PAC):&nbsp;\">Public Accounts Committee (PAC):&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Purpose_and_Function\" title=\"Purpose and Function\u00a0\">Purpose and Function\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Genesis_and_Evolution\" title=\"Genesis and Evolution:\u00a0\">Genesis and Evolution:\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Functions_and_Responsibilities\" title=\"Functions and Responsibilities\u00a0\">Functions and Responsibilities\u00a0<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Interpol\" title=\"Interpol&nbsp;\">Interpol&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Why_in_the_news-8\" title=\"Why in the news?\u00a0\">Why in the news?\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#What_about_the_Interpol\" title=\"What about the Interpol?&nbsp;\">What about the Interpol?&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Rift_Valley_Fever\" title=\"Rift Valley Fever&nbsp;\">Rift Valley Fever&nbsp;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Why_in_the_news-9\" title=\"Why in the news?&nbsp;\">Why in the news?&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Valley_Fever_Coccidioidomycosis\" title=\"Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis):&nbsp;\">Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis):&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\" title=\"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)\">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Q_What_are_daily_current_affairs\" title=\"Q: What are daily current affairs?\">Q: What are daily current affairs?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Q_Why_is_it_important_to_stay_updated_with_daily_current_affairs\" title=\"Q: Why is it important to stay updated with daily current affairs?\">Q: Why is it important to stay updated with daily current affairs?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-57\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Q_Where_can_I_access_daily_current_affairs_information\" title=\"Q: Where can I access daily current affairs information?\">Q: Where can I access daily current affairs information?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-58\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Q_How_can_I_effectively_incorporate_daily_current_affairs_into_my_routine\" title=\"Q: How can I effectively incorporate daily current affairs into my routine?\">Q: How can I effectively incorporate daily current affairs into my routine?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-59\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Q_What_are_some_tips_for_critical_analysis_of_daily_current_affairs\" title=\"Q: What are some tips for critical analysis of daily current affairs?\">Q: What are some tips for critical analysis of daily current affairs?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-60\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#To_get_free_counselingsupport_on_UPSC_preparation_from_expert_mentors_please_call_9773890604\" title=\"To get free counseling\/support on UPSC preparation from expert mentors please call 9773890604\">To get free counseling\/support on UPSC preparation from expert mentors please call 9773890604<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-61\" href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/upsc-daily-current-affairs-07th-sep-2024-edukemy\/#Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_Here\" title=\"Visit our YouTube Channel \u2013 Here\">Visit our YouTube Channel \u2013 Here<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Food_Security_Act_Has_Revamped_the_PDS\"><\/span><strong>The Food Security Act Has Revamped the PDS<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Tags: GS-3, Economy- Growth &amp; Development- Food Security Act-PDS<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_the_news\"><\/span><strong>Why in the news?<\/strong>\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The <strong>National Food Security Act (NFSA)<\/strong> of 2013 aimed to improve <strong>food security<\/strong> in India by expanding the <strong>Public Distribution System (PDS)<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li>Despite this, <strong>inefficiencies<\/strong> and <strong>leakages<\/strong> have persisted, highlighting the need to assess the <strong>evolution<\/strong>, <strong>reforms<\/strong>, and <strong>challenges<\/strong> of the PDS, especially with data from the <strong>Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2022-23<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"252\" height=\"244\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/image-117.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45967 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 252px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 252\/244;\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Concerns_Surrounding_Inefficiencies_in_the_PDS\"><\/span><strong>Concerns Surrounding Inefficiencies in the PDS:<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Leakage Estimates and Comparison<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>National Sample Survey (NSS)<\/strong>: Estimates show higher <strong>leakages<\/strong> (54% in 2004-05, declining to 42% in 2011-12).\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS)<\/strong>: Indicates lower leakages (49% in 2004-05, declining to 32% in 2011-12), suggesting more accurate PDS usage.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Reliability<\/strong>: IHDS is considered more reliable than NSS for <strong>PDS purchases<\/strong> due to its focused methodology.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Expanded PDS by States<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>State Programs<\/strong>: Some states extend PDS grain to <strong>non-NFSA beneficiaries<\/strong>, impacting leakage estimates, which are currently <strong>22%<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>State: <\/strong>However, states like <strong>Bihar<\/strong>, <strong>Chhattisgarh<\/strong>, and <strong>Odisha<\/strong> saw reductions in leakages after reforms, prompting the NFSA to mandate similar reforms nationwide.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Mismatch in Timing<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Data Discrepancies<\/strong>: NSS and <strong>FCI data<\/strong> use different reference years (agricultural vs. financial year), causing <strong>synchronisation issues<\/strong> and discrepancies in leakage estimates.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Measurement Errors<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Recall Period<\/strong>: NSS data uses a <strong>30-day recall period<\/strong> for consumption, potentially leading to <strong>under-reporting<\/strong> and <strong>measurement errors<\/strong>, which can inflate leakage estimates.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"National_Food_Security_Act_NFSA_of_2013\"><\/span><strong>National Food Security Act (NFSA) of 2013:<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Subsidised Food Grains<\/strong>: NFSA provides subsidised food grains to about <strong>two-thirds<\/strong> of India\u2019s population, covering:\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Antodaya Anna Yojana (AAY)<\/strong> households.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Priority Households (PHH)<\/strong>: Benefiting <strong>75% of rural<\/strong> and <strong>50% of urban<\/strong> populations.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Grievance Redressal Mechanisms<\/strong>: State governments must establish:\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Call centres<\/strong> and <strong>helplines<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Nodal officers<\/strong> and a <strong>District Grievance Redressal Officer (DGRO)<\/strong> in each district.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Constitutional Basis<\/strong>: While the Indian Constitution doesn\u2019t explicitly mention the <strong>right to food<\/strong>, the <strong>fundamental right to life<\/strong> under Article 21 includes living with human dignity, potentially encompassing the right to food.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Shift in Approach<\/strong>: NFSA represents a shift from a <strong>welfare model<\/strong> to a <strong>rights-based model<\/strong> for food security in India.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Estimating_and_Understanding_PDS_Leakages\"><\/span><strong>Estimating and Understanding PDS Leakages:<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Methodology<\/strong>:\u00a0\u00a0<ul><li>Estimates are based on comparing <strong>household reports<\/strong> of PDS grain with <strong>government warehouse data<\/strong>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li><li>For 2022-23, ration cardholders were entitled to <strong>5 kg per capita<\/strong> per month or <strong>35 kg per household<\/strong> for Priority and Antyodaya families, with additional allocations under <strong>Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY)<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Sources of Inaccuracy<\/strong>:\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Time Lag<\/strong>: Mismatches between <strong>data collection periods<\/strong> can affect leakage estimates. For example, a one-month lag can change estimates from <strong>18.2%<\/strong> to <strong>17.6%<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Expanded PDS<\/strong>: Some states have introduced expanded PDS programs beyond NFSA coverage, impacting estimates.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Diverse Causes<\/strong>: Leakages may result from <strong>transport losses<\/strong>, <strong>reporting discrepancies<\/strong>, or <strong>operational inefficiencies<\/strong> rather than intentional diversion.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PDS_Coverage_Impact_of_NFSA_Reforms_and_Technological_Innovations\"><\/span><strong>PDS Coverage, Impact of NFSA, Reforms, and Technological Innovations:<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>PDS Coverage<\/strong>:\u00a0\u00a0<ul><li>The NFSA expanded PDS coverage, increasing <strong>household participation<\/strong> from less than <strong>50%<\/strong> to <strong>70%<\/strong> by 2022-23.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li><li>However, coverage is still below the <strong>75% rural<\/strong> and <strong>50% urban<\/strong> targets. HCES data shows <strong>57%-61%<\/strong> of households with NFSA ration cards.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Reforms and Innovations<\/strong>:\u00a0\u00a0<ul><li>States like <strong>Chhattisgarh<\/strong> and <strong>Odisha<\/strong> adopted reforms such as reducing prices, ensuring <strong>doorstep delivery<\/strong>, and <strong>digitising records<\/strong>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li><li>These were later implemented nationally through NFSA.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Future_of_PDS_and_Policy_Recommendations\"><\/span><strong>The Future of PDS and Policy Recommendations:<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The PDS is crucial for <strong>food security<\/strong>, especially highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li><li>However, ongoing <strong>policy experiments<\/strong> and <strong>technological issues<\/strong> like <strong>Aadhaar-based authentication<\/strong> need addressing. Key areas for improvement include:\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Addressing root causes<\/strong> of <strong>exclusion<\/strong> and <strong>inefficiencies<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Updating the Census<\/strong> to include over <strong>100 million people<\/strong> currently without PDS benefits.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Incorporating more nutritious food<\/strong> items such as <strong>pulses<\/strong> and <strong>edible oils<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"302\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/image-116.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45966 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/image-116.png 300w, https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/image-116-150x150.png 150w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 300px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 300\/302;\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The NFSA 2013 has led to <strong>improvements<\/strong> in the PDS by reducing leakages and expanding coverage. Nonetheless, challenges persist in reaching full coverage and improving efficiency. Continued focus on <strong>state-level reforms<\/strong>, <strong>Census updates<\/strong>, and <strong>nutritional inclusions<\/strong> is essential for further strengthening the PDS.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"UPSC_Civil_Services_Examination_PYQ\"><\/span><strong>UPSC Civil Services Examination PYQ\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mains\"><\/span><strong>Mains<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q:1&nbsp; What are the salient features of the National Food Security Act, 2013? How has the Food Security Bill helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India? (2021)<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q:2 How far do you agree with the view that the focus on the lack of availability of food as the main cause of hunger takes the attention away from ineffective human development policies in India? (2018)<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q:3 Food Security Bill is expected to eliminate hunger and malnutrition in India. Critically discuss various apprehensions in its effective implementation along with the concerns it has generated in WTO. (2013)<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/opinion\/lead\/the-food-security-act-has-revamped-the-pds\/article68610659.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>TH<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PM_Narendra_Modis_visit_to_Singapore\"><\/span><strong>PM Narendra Modi\u2019s visit to Singapore<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Tags: GS-2, IR- Bilateral Groupings &amp; Agreements- India and Singapore<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_the_news-2\"><\/span><strong>Why in the news?<\/strong>\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Recently, Prime Minister Modi visited Singapore during the second leg of a two-nation trip to South-East Asia, having travelled to Brunei Darussalam in the first leg.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"252\" height=\"244\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/image-117.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45968 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 252px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 252\/244;\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"284\" height=\"242\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/image-119.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45970 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 284px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 284\/242;\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"India-Singapore_Relations\"><\/span><strong>India-Singapore Relations:<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Background:<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Colonial Ties<\/strong>: Singapore, established as a trading station by <strong>Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819<\/strong>, was governed from Kolkata until 1867, creating deep colonial connections reflected in shared institutions, practices, and the <strong>Indian community<\/strong> presence.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Early Recognition<\/strong>: India was one of the first nations to recognize Singapore\u2019s independence in 1965.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Strategic Partnership<\/strong>: The India-Singapore relationship was elevated to a <strong>Strategic Partnership<\/strong> in 2015 during Prime Minister Narendra Modi&#8217;s visit to Singapore.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>India-Singapore Ministerial Roundtable (ISMR)<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Inaugural Meeting<\/strong>: The <strong>first ISMR<\/strong> was held in <strong>September 2022<\/strong> in New Delhi.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Second Meeting<\/strong>: The <strong>2nd ISMR<\/strong> took place in <strong>Singapore in August 2024<\/strong>, reviewing progress in key areas such as <strong>digitalization, skills development, sustainability, healthcare, and medicine<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>New Pillars<\/strong>: Two additional pillars of cooperation were added\u2014 <strong>Advanced Manufacturing<\/strong> and <strong>Connectivity<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Trade and Economic Cooperation<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Leading Partner<\/strong>: Singapore is India&#8217;s <strong>largest trade partner<\/strong> in ASEAN and the leading source of <strong>Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Bilateral Trade<\/strong>: Post <strong>Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA)<\/strong>, bilateral trade grew from <strong>USD 6.7 billion (2004-05)<\/strong> to <strong>USD 35.6 billion (2023-24)<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li>India\u2019s imports stood at <strong>USD 21.2 billion<\/strong>, while exports to Singapore were <strong>USD 14.4 billion<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Investment Flows<\/strong>:\u00a0<ul><li>In FY <strong>2023-24<\/strong>, Singapore was the <strong>largest source of FDI<\/strong> into India, with inflows of <strong>USD 11.77 billion<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li>Cumulative FDI from Singapore to India amounts to <strong>USD 159.9 billion<\/strong>, constituting <strong>24%<\/strong> of total FDI inflows.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Fintech Cooperation<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>RuPay and UPI-PayNow<\/strong>: Agreements have been made for the acceptance of <strong>RuPay cards<\/strong> in Singapore, while the <strong>UPI-PayNow Linkage<\/strong> marks the first <strong>cross-border P2P payment<\/strong> facility for India.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Science and Technology Cooperation<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Satellite Launches<\/strong>: India has launched <strong>17 satellites<\/strong> for Singapore in the last decade.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>ASEAN-India Conclave<\/strong>: Singapore co-hosted the inaugural <strong>ASEAN-India Women Scientists Conclave<\/strong> in <strong>April 2024<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>e-Workshop<\/strong>: An e-workshop on <strong>digital health and medical technologies<\/strong> was held in <strong>July 2024<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Multilateral Cooperation<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>International Solar Alliance (ISA)<\/strong>: Singapore joined ISA in <strong>June 2023<\/strong> and the <strong>Global Biofuel Alliance<\/strong> in <strong>September 2023<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>ASEAN Coordinator<\/strong>: Singapore served as <strong>ASEAN Country Coordinator<\/strong> for India from <strong>2021-24<\/strong>, during which India-ASEAN relations were upgraded to a <strong>Comprehensive Strategic Partnership<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Indian Community in Singapore<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Ethnic Composition<\/strong>: Indians constitute <strong>9.1%<\/strong> of Singapore\u2019s resident population (around <strong>3.5 lakh<\/strong>).\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Official Language<\/strong>: Tamil is one of Singapore\u2019s <strong>four official languages<\/strong>, with Hindi, Gujarati, Urdu, Bengali, and Punjabi also offered in schools.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Highlights_of_the_Visit\"><\/span><strong>Key Highlights of the Visit:<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Comprehensive Strategic Partnership<\/strong>: India and Singapore elevated their ties to a <strong>comprehensive strategic partnership<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>MoUs Signed<\/strong>: Four MoUs were signed, covering:\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Digital Technologies<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Semiconductor Ecosystem<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Health and Medicine<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Educational Cooperation and Skills Development<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Trade and Investment Boost<\/strong>: Both sides called for enhanced <strong>trade and investment<\/strong> flows, with Singapore investing <strong>USD 160 billion<\/strong> in India\u2019s economy.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Cultural Connectivity<\/strong>: The leaders discussed celebrations for the <strong>60th anniversary<\/strong> of bilateral relations in 2025. PM Modi announced the opening of India\u2019s first <strong>Thiruvalluvar Cultural Centre<\/strong> in Singapore.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"UPSC_Civil_Services_Examination_Previous_Year_Question_PYQ\"><\/span><strong>UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Prelims\"><\/span><strong>Prelims<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q:1 Consider the following pairs: (2009)<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Organization Location of Headquarters<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Asian Development : Tokyo Bank\u00a0<\/li><li>Asia-Pacific : Singapore Economic Cooperation\u00a0<\/li><li>Association of SouthEast Asian Nations: Bangkok\u00a0<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Which of the above pairs is\/are correctly matched?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>1 and 2 only\u00a0<\/li><li>2 only\u00a0<\/li><li>2 and 3 only\u00a0<\/li><li>3 only\u00a0<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ans: (b)<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q:2 What is the correct sequence of occurrences of the following cities in South-East Asia as one proceeds from south to north? (2014)<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Bangkok\u00a0\u00a0<\/li><li>Hanoi\u00a0<\/li><li>Jakarta\u00a0<\/li><li>Singapore\u00a0<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>4 \u2013 2 \u2013 1 \u2013 3\u00a0\u00a0<\/li><li>3 \u2013 2 \u2013 4 \u2013 1\u00a0<\/li><li>3 \u2013 4 \u2013 1 \u2013 2\u00a0\u00a0<\/li><li>4 \u2013 3 \u2013 2 \u2013 1\u00a0<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ans: (c)<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/why-pm-narendra-modis-visit-to-singapore-is-significant-for-indias-semiconductor-push-9552760\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>IE<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Law_Commissions_Role_Members_Recommendations\"><\/span><strong>Law Commission\u2019s Role, Members &amp; Recommendations<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Tags: GS-2, Polity &amp; Governance- Executive- Law Commission<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_the_news-3\"><\/span><strong>Why in the news?<\/strong>\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Union government has notified the constitution of the 23rd Law Commission of India with effect from September 1.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li><li>While the chairperson and members are yet to be named, the decision will be taken by the Appointments Committee of Cabinet, chaired by the Prime Minister.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"417\" height=\"232\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/image-120.png\" alt=\"Law Commission of India\" class=\"wp-image-45971 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 417px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 417\/232;\" \/><figcaption><strong>Law Commission of India<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Law_Commission_of_India\"><\/span><strong>Law Commission of India:<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>About:<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>The Law Commission of India is a <strong>non-statutory body<\/strong> formed by the Government of India periodically.\u00a0<\/li><li>The first <strong>Law Commission of independent India<\/strong> was set up in <strong>1955<\/strong> for a term of three years.\u00a0<\/li><li>The initial Law Commission was established under British rule in <strong>1834<\/strong> by the <strong>Charter Act of 1833<\/strong>, chaired by <strong>Lord Macaulay<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Objectives:<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>The Commission acts as an <strong>advisory body<\/strong> to the Ministry of Law and Justice.\u00a0<\/li><li>It conducts <strong>legal research<\/strong> and reviews existing Indian laws to recommend reforms or enact new legislation, either on the <strong>government&#8217;s referral<\/strong> or <strong>suo motu<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Composition:<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>The Law Commission is headed by a <strong>full-time chairperson<\/strong> and includes <strong>four full-time members<\/strong>, including a <strong>member-secretary<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li>The <strong>Law and Legislative Secretaries<\/strong> in the Ministry of Law serve as ex-officio members.\u00a0<\/li><li>Additionally, the Commission can have up to <strong>five part-time members<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li>The Commission is chaired by a <strong>retired Supreme Court judge<\/strong> or a <strong>Chief Justice of a High Court<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Functions &amp; Role of the Law Commission:<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Reviewing Existing Laws:<\/strong> The commission identifies obsolete or irrelevant laws that need to be <strong>repealed<\/strong> or <strong>amended<\/strong>.\u00a0 <\/li><li><strong>Proposing New Laws:<\/strong> Based on emerging legal challenges or gaps in the legal system, the commission proposes new legislation.\u00a0 <\/li><li><strong>Simplifying Legal Processes:<\/strong> One of its key roles is to simplify the law to make it more <strong>accessible<\/strong> and <strong>understandable<\/strong> to the public.\u00a0 <\/li><li><strong>Studying Judicial Reforms:<\/strong> It examines issues like judicial efficiency, reducing delays, and improving justice delivery systems.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Significant Recommendations by the Law Commission:<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>In its <strong>262nd Report<\/strong>, the Commission recommended the <strong>abolition of the death penalty<\/strong>, except for crimes related to <strong>terrorism<\/strong> or <strong>waging war against the state<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li>Its <strong>1999 report on electoral reforms<\/strong> proposed holding <strong>simultaneous elections<\/strong> for the <strong>Lok Sabha<\/strong> and <strong>State Assemblies<\/strong> to enhance governance and political stability.\u00a0<\/li><li>The <strong>Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act, 2022<\/strong>, replacing the <strong>Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920<\/strong>, was recommended by the Law Commission.\u00a0<\/li><li>The <strong>21st Law Commission<\/strong>, in <strong>2018<\/strong>, advised that implementing the <strong>Uniform Civil Code (UCC)<\/strong> is <strong>\u201cneither necessary nor desirable at this stage\u201d<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li>Currently, the <strong>22nd Law Commission<\/strong> has been tasked with examining issues related to the <strong>Uniform Civil Code<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Constitution_of_the_23rd_Law_Commission\"><\/span><strong>Constitution of the 23rd Law Commission:<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>About:\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>The Union Government notified the formation of the <strong>23rd Law Commission<\/strong> of India through a notification on <strong>September 2<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li>The panel will include a <strong>full-time chairperson<\/strong>, <strong>four full-time members<\/strong> (including a member-secretary), <strong>five part-time members<\/strong>, and <strong>ex-officio members<\/strong> (the Secretaries of Legal Affairs and Legislative Departments).\u00a0<\/li><li>The commission&#8217;s tenure is set until <strong>August 31, 2027<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Composition:<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>The <strong>Chairperson<\/strong> and <strong>full-time members<\/strong> may be <strong>sitting judges of the Supreme Court or High Courts<\/strong>, or other experts selected by the government.\u00a0<\/li><li>The final decision on appointments will be made by the <strong>Appointments Committee of the Cabinet<\/strong>, chaired by the Prime Minister.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Serving judges<\/strong>, if appointed, will serve until their retirement or the expiry of the Commission\u2019s term.\u00a0<\/li><li>In the case of experts, a <strong>Chairperson<\/strong> will receive a monthly salary of <strong>Rs. 2.50 lakh<\/strong>, and <strong>members<\/strong> will receive <strong>Rs. 2.25 lakh<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Terms of Reference<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>The <strong>terms of reference<\/strong> for the 23rd Law Commission remain similar to previous commissions, with key mandates:\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Repeal of obsolete laws<\/strong>: Identifying laws that are no longer relevant.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Review of existing laws<\/strong>: Propose amendments to laws not aligned with contemporary economic needs.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Directive Principles<\/strong>: Examine existing laws under the Directive Principles of State Policy and propose ways to implement constitutional objectives.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Role of the 22nd Law Commission<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>The <strong>22nd Law Commission<\/strong> submitted 11 reports, including a notable one on <strong>Section 124A (Sedition)<\/strong> of the Indian Penal Code in <strong>April 2023<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li>It recommended retaining the provision due to concerns over internal security threats but proposed amendments for greater clarity.\u00a0<\/li><li>Another report in <strong>March<\/strong> suggested a new law for <strong>trade secrets protection<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li>The Commission also worked on reports regarding <strong>simultaneous elections<\/strong> and the <strong>Uniform Civil Code<\/strong>, though these were not submitted before the end of the commission\u2019s term.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Source:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/explained-law\/what-is-the-law-commission-its-role-members-recommendations-9552771\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>IE<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vertical_Fiscal_Imbalance\"><\/span><strong>Vertical Fiscal Imbalance<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Tags: GS-3, Economy-\u00a0 Fiscal policy- Vertical Fiscal Imbalance (VFI) in India<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_the_news-4\"><\/span><strong>Why in the news?<\/strong>\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The financial relationship between the Union and States in India is asymmetrical, with States responsible for 61% of revenue expenditure but collecting only 38% of revenue receipts, as noted by the 15th Finance Commission.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li><li>This creates a <strong>Vertical Fiscal Imbalance (VFI)<\/strong>, where States heavily rely on Union transfers, as their expenditure responsibilities exceed their revenue capacity.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"353\" height=\"275\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/image-118.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45969 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 353px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 353\/275;\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Central_Transfers_to_States\"><\/span><strong>Central Transfers to States<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>About<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>The Finance Commissions recommend the share of States in the net tax revenue of the Union government.\u00a0<\/li><li>As per <strong>Article 280<\/strong>, the President must constitute a Finance Commission (FC) every five years or earlier.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Article 280(3)(a)<\/strong> mandates the FC to make recommendations on dividing the net proceeds of taxes between the Union and States.\u00a0<\/li><li>The difference between gross and net tax revenue includes collection costs, revenue assigned to Union Territories, and cess\/surcharges.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Composition of Transfers<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>Taxes devolved to States are <strong>untied funds<\/strong>, allowing States to spend as per their discretion.\u00a0<\/li><li>Over 80% of total central transfers to States are tax devolution.\u00a0<\/li><li>The Centre also provides <strong>grants<\/strong> for specified purposes, which have ranged from 12% to 19% of total transfers.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Tax Devolution to States<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>The <strong>14th Finance Commission (FC)<\/strong> raised tax devolution from 32% to 42%.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>The <strong>15th FC<\/strong> recommended 41% devolution for the 2021-26 period, with a 1% adjustment for the newly formed Union Territories of J&amp;K and Ladakh.\u00a0<\/li><li>The Commission emphasised tax devolution as the primary means of transfer, ensuring unconditional transfers and greater spending flexibility for States.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Formula for Distribution Among States<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Population\/Demography<\/strong>: Reflects the expenditure needs of a state.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Demographic Performance<\/strong>: Rewards States for controlling population growth, considering factors like fertility rate, infant mortality, and sex ratio.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Income Distance<\/strong>: The gap between a State\u2019s per capita income and the national average; lower-income States may receive a larger share.<\/li><li><strong>Area<\/strong>: States with larger areas face higher administrative costs, justifying a higher share.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Forest &amp; Ecology<\/strong>: States with significant forest cover may be compensated for reduced economic activities in those areas.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"blob:https:\/\/edukemy.com\/6396aafd-b3d3-47db-9342-a5dfb2fddff7\">&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Tax and Fiscal Efforts<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Grant-in-Aid<\/strong>: Besides tax devolution, the Centre provides <strong>grants-in-aid<\/strong> based on 15th FC recommendations.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Types of Grants<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Revenue Deficit Grants<\/strong>: To support States with deficits.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Sector-Specific Grants<\/strong>: For sectors like health, education, etc., with some being performance-linked.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>State-Specific Grants<\/strong>: For social needs, governance, infrastructure, water, and sanitation.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Grants to Local Bodies: Grants for Disaster Risk Management<\/strong> are also part of central transfers to support States in managing disasters.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vertical_Fiscal_Imbalance_VFI_in_India\"><\/span><strong>Vertical Fiscal Imbalance (VFI) in India:<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Constitutional Division of Financial Duties<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>The Union government collects significant taxes like <strong>Personal Income Tax<\/strong> and <strong>Corporation Tax<\/strong>, while state and local governments are responsible for efficiently delivering <strong>public services<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Rising VFI in India<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>India&#8217;s VFI has widened over time, as highlighted by the <strong>15th Finance Commission<\/strong>, with crises like <strong>COVID-19<\/strong> deepening the revenue-expenditure gap for states.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>The Role of the Finance Commission<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>The Finance Commission addresses VFI by recommending how to <strong>distribute taxes<\/strong> between the Union and States.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li><li>It also provides <strong>grants<\/strong> under <strong>Article 275<\/strong> to states needing financial assistance and many of these transfers are tied to <strong>specific purposes<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Unconditional Transfers<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>Only the <strong>devolution of taxes<\/strong> from net proceeds is <strong>unconditional<\/strong>, making it crucial for states to address their fiscal needs without burdens.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Raising Tax Devolution to Address VFI<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>Many states demand raising the share of tax devolution to <strong>50%<\/strong> to eliminate VFI.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li><li>Analysts argue for increasing the share to <strong>49%<\/strong> to give states more <strong>untied resources<\/strong>, fostering better fiscal federalism and spending efficiency.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/business\/Economy\/what-is-vertical-fiscal-imbalance\/article68611117.ece#:~:text=In%20short%2C%20the%20ability%20of,raising%20powers%20of%20the%20States\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>TH<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Judicial_Appointments_Cant_Be_Individual_Decision\"><\/span><strong>Judicial Appointments Can&#8217;t Be Individual Decision<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Tags: GS-2, Polity &amp; Governance- Judiciary- Supreme Court &#8211; Transparency &amp; Accountability\u2013 Judgement<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_the_news-5\"><\/span><strong>Why in the news?<\/strong>\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The Supreme Court ruled that a Chief Justice of a High Court cannot individually reconsider recommendations for a judge&#8217;s elevation; this must be done collectively by the High Court Collegium.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li><li>The ruling granted relief to two District Judges, Chirag Bhanu Singh and Arvind Malhotra, whose candidatures for elevation to the Himachal Pradesh High Court were directed for fresh consideration by the Collegium.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"402\" height=\"212\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/image-123.png\" alt=\"Appointing High Court Judges\" class=\"wp-image-45974 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 402px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 402\/212;\" \/><figcaption><strong>Appointing High Court Judges<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Procedure_for_Appointing_High_Court_Judges\"><\/span><strong>Procedure for Appointing High Court Judges:<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Constitutional Provision<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Article 217<\/strong> of the Indian Constitution specifies the process for appointing High Court judges. The <strong>President<\/strong> appoints judges by warrant after consulting the <strong>Chief Justice of India (CJI)<\/strong>, the <strong>Governor<\/strong>, and, for non-Chief Justice roles, the <strong>Chief Justice of the High Court<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Eligibility: <\/strong>A High Court judge must be an <strong>Indian citizen<\/strong> and meet one of the following criteria:\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Ten years<\/strong> in a judicial office in India, or\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Ten years<\/strong> as an advocate in a High Court or multiple High Courts consecutively. Judges serve until the age of <strong>62<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Procedure<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Recommendation<\/strong>: The <strong>Chief Justice of the High Court<\/strong> initiates the process and consults two <strong>senior-most puisne judges<\/strong> before recommending names.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Collegium Review<\/strong>: A <strong>Collegium<\/strong> consisting of the CJI and two <strong>senior-most judges<\/strong> reviews these recommendations.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Approval<\/strong>: Recommendations are sent to the <strong>Chief Minister<\/strong>, who advises the <strong>Governor<\/strong> to forward the proposal to the <strong>Union Law Minister<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Controversy over Consultation<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>Initial constitutional provisions designated the CJI as a <strong>consultant<\/strong>. This evolved through Supreme Court rulings:\u00a0<ul><li><strong>First Judges Case (1982)<\/strong>: <strong>Consultation<\/strong> was interpreted as not requiring <strong>concurrence<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Second Judges Case (1993)<\/strong>: <strong>Consultation<\/strong> was redefined to mean <strong>concurrence<\/strong>; the CJI&#8217;s advice became <strong>binding<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Third Judges Case (1998)<\/strong>: The CJI&#8217;s opinion was prioritised, requiring consultation with <strong>four senior judges<\/strong>, and all Collegium members&#8217; opinions had to be in <strong>writing<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Background of Current Case<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Initial Recommendations<\/strong>: In <strong>December 2022<\/strong>, the Himachal Pradesh High Court Collegium recommended <strong>Chirag Bhanu Singh<\/strong> and <strong>Arvind Malhotra<\/strong> for elevation. This was deferred by the Supreme Court Collegium in <strong>July 2023<\/strong> and remitted for reconsideration in <strong>January 2024<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Intervention<\/strong>: The <strong>Law Minister<\/strong> requested fresh recommendations for Singh and Malhotra. However, the High Court CJ recommended <strong>others<\/strong>, disregarding Singh and Malhotra.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Supreme Court Case<\/strong>: Singh and Malhotra challenged the decision, arguing it undermined their <strong>seniority<\/strong> and <strong>records<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Supreme Court Judgment Highlights<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Collective Process<\/strong>: Judicial appointments must reflect <strong>collective Collegium wisdom<\/strong>, not individual prerogative.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Judicial Scrutiny<\/strong>: <strong>Limited scrutiny<\/strong> is allowed to ensure <strong>effective and collective consultation<\/strong> but does not cover <strong>suitability<\/strong> or the <strong>content of consultation<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Arguments_in_Favour_of_the_Collegium_System\"><\/span><strong>Arguments in Favour of the Collegium System:<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Upholding Judicial Independence<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>The <strong>Collegium system<\/strong> maintains <strong>judicial independence<\/strong> by having judges appoint their peers, preventing <strong>executive interference<\/strong> and protecting the <strong>rule of law<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Prioritising Merit and Experience<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>Judges are selected based on <strong>qualifications<\/strong>, <strong>experience<\/strong>, and <strong>judicial acumen<\/strong>, allowing a nuanced assessment beyond academic credentials to ensure <strong>competent appointments<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Promoting Diversity and Inclusivity<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>The system has improved <strong>diversity<\/strong> by appointing judges from varied backgrounds, such as <strong>women<\/strong> and <strong>marginalised communities<\/strong>, reflecting India&#8217;s diverse society.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li><li>For instance, <strong>Justice Leila Seth<\/strong> and <strong>Justice BV Nagarathna<\/strong>&#8216;s appointments demonstrate this commitment.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Ensuring Institutional Memory and Continuity<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>Senior judges in the <strong>Collegium<\/strong> preserve <strong>institutional memory<\/strong> and ensure <strong>continuity<\/strong> in judicial practices, supporting a stable legal system even amid political changes.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Arguments_Against_the_Collegium_System\"><\/span><strong>Arguments Against the Collegium System;<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Lack of Transparency<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>The <strong>Collegium System<\/strong> is criticised for its <strong>opaque decision-making<\/strong> process, undermining public trust and raising concerns about fairness, exemplified by the controversial appointment of <strong>Soumitra Sen<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Uncle Judges&#8217; Syndrome<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>Closed-door deliberations may foster <strong>nepotism<\/strong> and <strong>cronyism<\/strong>, with personal connections potentially influencing appointments, as highlighted by the <strong>Law Commission of India&#8217;s 2008 report<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Lack of Diversity and Representation<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>The system is criticised for inadequate <strong>diversity<\/strong> in <strong>gender<\/strong>, <strong>caste<\/strong>, and <strong>regional representation<\/strong>, potentially leading to a judiciary that doesn&#8217;t reflect India&#8217;s demographic diversity.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Lack of External Oversight and Input<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li>Operating without <strong>external oversight<\/strong>, the Collegium System lacks input from <strong>public<\/strong> and <strong>civil society<\/strong>, leading to concerns about a decision-making process isolated from broader societal perspectives.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li><li>The <strong>2016 Parliamentary Standing Committee report<\/strong> recommended a more <strong>participatory approach<\/strong> involving both the judiciary and the executive.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"UPSC_Civil_Services_Examination_Previous_Year_Question_PYQ-2\"><\/span><strong>UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)<\/strong>\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Prelims-2\"><\/span><strong>Prelims<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q:1 Consider the following statements: (2019)<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India introduced an Article placing the election of the Prime Minister beyond judicial review.\u00a0<\/li><li>The Supreme Court of India struck down the 99th Amendment to the Constitution of India as being violative of the independence of judiciary.\u00a0<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>1 only\u00a0<\/li><li>2 only\u00a0<\/li><li>Both 1 and 2\u00a0<\/li><li>Neither 1 nor 2\u00a0<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ans: (b)<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mains-2\"><\/span><strong>Mains<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q:1 Critically examine the Supreme Court\u2019s judgement on the \u2018National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014\u2019 with reference to the appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (2017)<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ndtv.com\/india-news\/process-of-judicial-appointments-to-superior-court-not-prerogative-of-single-individual-sc-6505230\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>NDTV<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Forum_on_China-Africa_Cooperation_FOCAC\"><\/span><strong>Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Tags: GS-2, IR- Bilateral Relation-\u00a0 Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India- India-Africa relation<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_the_news-6\"><\/span><strong>Why in the news?<\/strong>\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Recently, <\/strong>China is hosting the ninth Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) Summit, a diplomatic event aimed at strengthening ties with African nations.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"345\" height=\"188\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/image-122.png\" alt=\"Forum on China-Africa Cooperation \" class=\"wp-image-45973 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 345px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 345\/188;\" \/><figcaption><strong>Forum on China-Africa Cooperation <\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Forum_on_China-Africa_Cooperation_FOCAC-2\"><\/span><strong>Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Establishment<\/strong>: FOCAC was founded in <strong>2000<\/strong> to formalise strategic partnership between China and African nations.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Summit Frequency<\/strong>: Held every <strong>three years<\/strong>, with hosting alternating between China and an African member.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Membership<\/strong>: Includes <strong>53 African nations<\/strong> (excluding Eswatini) and the <strong>African Union Commission<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>2024 Summit Theme<\/strong>: \u201c<strong>Joining Hands to Advance Modernization<\/strong> and Build a High-Level China-Africa Community with a Shared Future.\u201d\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Focus<\/strong>: The summit will cover <strong>state governance<\/strong>, <strong>industrialisation<\/strong>, <strong>agricultural upgradation<\/strong>, and <strong>cooperation<\/strong> on China\u2019s <strong>Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Current_Context_of_FOCAC_2024\"><\/span><strong>Current Context of FOCAC 2024:<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Dates<\/strong>: September 4-6, 2024, in <strong>Beijing<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>African Challenges<\/strong>: High <strong>inflation<\/strong>, <strong>currency depreciation<\/strong>, and significant <strong>debt burden<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Geopolitical Issues<\/strong>: Conflicts including the <strong>Israel-Hamas<\/strong> and <strong>Russia-Ukraine<\/strong> wars, and <strong>Houthi<\/strong> attacks on Mediterranean shipping.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Summit Fatigue<\/strong>: African leaders are experiencing fatigue from recent <strong>Africa+1<\/strong> summits with <strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>, <strong>Russia<\/strong>, <strong>South Korea<\/strong>, and the <strong>U.S.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Banjul Format<\/strong>: Suggested for improved management\u2014<strong>15 countries<\/strong> plus the <strong>African Union Commission<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>FOCAC Effectiveness<\/strong>: Depends on Africa\u2019s ability to <strong>set the agenda<\/strong> and <strong>own<\/strong> strategic planning.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Priorities_for_Africa_at_FOCAC_2024\"><\/span><strong>Priorities for Africa at FOCAC 2024:<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Trade Expansion<\/strong>: Increase exports to China; as of July 2024, China-Africa trade at <strong>$167 billion<\/strong>, with African exports at <strong>$69 billion<\/strong>\u2014mostly raw materials.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Agricultural Development<\/strong>: Build a sustainable sector with help from China and India in <strong>crops<\/strong>, <strong>fertilisers<\/strong>, and <strong>tools<\/strong>; focus on local <strong>processing<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Green Energy &amp; Industrialization<\/strong>: Establish refining and processing hubs; challenges include <strong>electricity shortages<\/strong> and <strong>environmental issues<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Debt Management<\/strong>: Address <strong>debt sustainability<\/strong>; China holds <strong>12%<\/strong> of Africa\u2019s debt. Need for <strong>transparency<\/strong> and better <strong>negotiation strategies<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Strategic Engagement<\/strong>: Develop a <strong>coherent strategy<\/strong> and harmonise positions before the summit.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chinas_Role_in_African_Debt\"><\/span><strong>China\u2019s Role in African Debt:<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Total Loans<\/strong>: $170 billion (2000-2022).\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Debt Share<\/strong>: Holds <strong>12%<\/strong> of Africa\u2019s public and private debt.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Transparency Concerns<\/strong>: Half of Chinese loans to sub-Saharan Africa are not disclosed in sovereign debt records.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Debt Forgiveness<\/strong>: Unlikely to forgive large debts but may write off small, <strong>interest-free loans<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Debt Trap Diplomacy<\/strong>: Practices require closer scrutiny despite disputed narratives.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lessons_for_India_from_Africas_Engagement_with_China\"><\/span><strong>Lessons for India from Africa\u2019s Engagement with China:<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Continuity<\/strong>: Maintain regular dialogues, akin to <strong>FOCAC<\/strong>; hold <strong>IAFS-IV<\/strong> soon.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Industrial Support<\/strong>: Invest in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and manufacturing; focus on <strong>farm mechanisation<\/strong>, <strong>food processing<\/strong>, and <strong>cold storage<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Innovative Financing<\/strong>: Use <strong>public-private partnerships<\/strong> and <strong>blended finance<\/strong> to assist without increasing debt.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Digital Tools<\/strong>: Enhance connectivity with <strong>digital technologies<\/strong> like <strong>UPI<\/strong>, expanding beyond Mauritius.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"UPSC_Civil_Services_Examination_PYQ-2\"><\/span><strong>UPSC Civil Services Examination PYQ<\/strong>\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mains-3\"><\/span><strong>Mains<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q:1 Increasing interest of India in Africa has its pros and cons. Critically Examine. (2015)<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/explained-global\/focac-china-africa-9551476\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>IE<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Public_Accounts_Committee_PAC\"><\/span><strong>Public Accounts Committee (PAC)<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Tags: GS &#8211; 2, Polity &amp; Governance- Parliament\u2013 Indian Constitution\u2013 Executive<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_the_news-7\"><\/span><strong>Why in the news?<\/strong>\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Recently, <\/strong>The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) will hold a performance review of \u201cregulatory bodies established by Act of Parliament\u201d, such as the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"414\" height=\"356\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/image-121.png\" alt=\"Public Accounts Committee\" class=\"wp-image-45972 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 414px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 414\/356;\" \/><figcaption><strong>Public Accounts Committee<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Public_Accounts_Committee_PAC-2\"><\/span><strong>Public Accounts Committee (PAC):<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Purpose_and_Function\"><\/span><strong>Purpose and Function<\/strong>\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Role<\/strong>:\u00a0\u00a0<ul><li>The PAC is a parliamentary committee tasked with auditing the revenue and expenditure of the Government of India. Its primary role is to scrutinise the audit report of the Comptroller and Auditor General (C&amp;AG) after it is presented to Parliament.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Objective<\/strong>:\u00a0\u00a0<ul><li>To ensure that the funds allocated by Parliament are spent within the approved scope of demands and to assess whether the expenditures adhere to legal and authoritative guidelines.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Genesis_and_Evolution\"><\/span><strong>Genesis and Evolution:<\/strong>\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Inception<\/strong>:\u00a0\u00a0<ul><li>Established in 1921, the PAC was initially chaired by the Finance Member and managed by the Finance Department (later Ministry of Finance).\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Post-1950<\/strong>:\u00a0\u00a0<ul><li>Following the adoption of the Indian Constitution on January 26, 1950, the PAC became a Parliamentary Committee under the Speaker&#8217;s control. Its secretarial functions were transferred to the Parliament Secretariat (now Lok Sabha Secretariat).\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Membership:<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Composition<\/strong>: The PAC consists of up to 22 members\u201415 elected by the Lok Sabha and up to 7 by the Rajya Sabha.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Election and Term<\/strong>: Members are elected annually using a proportional representation method through a single transferable vote. The term of office for members is one year.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Chairperson<\/strong>: Appointed by the Speaker from the Lok Sabha members of the Committee. Since 1967-68, the Chairperson has been a Member of the Opposition.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Ministerial Exclusion<\/strong>: Ministers are not eligible to be members of the PAC. If a member is appointed a Minister, they cease to be a PAC member.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Functions_and_Responsibilities\"><\/span><strong>Functions and Responsibilities<\/strong>\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Examination<\/strong>: The PAC examines:\u00a0<ul><li>Accounts showing the appropriation of sums granted by Parliament.\u00a0<\/li><li>Annual finance accounts of the Government.\u00a0<\/li><li>Other accounts laid before the House as deemed appropriate by the Committee.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Scrutiny<\/strong>:\u00a0<ul><li>Ensures that the disbursed money was legally available and applied to the intended service or purpose.\u00a0<\/li><li>Verifies that expenditures conform to governing authorities and that re-appropriations are made according to established rules.\u00a0<\/li><li>Extends its review to the effectiveness, faithfulness, and economy of expenditures, including cases of losses, unnecessary expenditures, and financial irregularities.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/public-accounts-committee-to-hold-performance-review-of-regulatory-bodies\/article68610223.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>TH<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Interpol\"><\/span><strong>Interpol<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Tags: GS-2, Polity &amp; Governance- Important International Institutions<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_the_news-8\"><\/span><strong>Why in the news?<\/strong>\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Recently, The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) chief announced that Interpol had issued a record 100 Red Notices last year, the highest ever, on India&#8217;s request.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"336\" height=\"371\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/image-124.png\" alt=\"Interpol\" class=\"wp-image-45975 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 336px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 336\/371;\" \/><figcaption><strong>Interpol<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_about_the_Interpol\"><\/span><strong>What about the Interpol?<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>About:<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Full Name<\/strong>: International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Common Name<\/strong>: Interpol\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Headquarters<\/strong>: Lyon, France\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Membership<\/strong>: 195 member countries\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Official Languages<\/strong>: Arabic, English, French, and Spanish\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Status<\/strong>: Independent international organisation, not part of the United Nations system\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Function<\/strong>: Facilitates international police cooperation against cross-border crimes but does not actively investigate crimes.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Governance<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>General Assembly<\/strong>: The supreme decision-making body, with one delegate from each member country.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>General Secretariat<\/strong>: Manages day-to-day operations under the Secretary General, appointed for a five-year term by the General Assembly.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Executive Committee<\/strong>: Comprises 13 members from different regions, overseeing the implementation of General Assembly decisions and supervising the Secretary General.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>National Central Bureau (NCB)<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Role<\/strong>: Central point of contact in each member country for Interpol.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Administration<\/strong>: Managed by police officials, often within the government ministry responsible for policing.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>India\u2019s NCB<\/strong>: Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Types of Notices:<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Red Notice<\/strong>: Seeks location and arrest of a person wanted for extradition. Closest to an international arrest warrant.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Blue Notice<\/strong>: Locates, identifies, or obtains information on a person of interest in a criminal investigation.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Green Notice<\/strong>: Warns about a person\u2019s criminal activities who may pose a threat to public safety.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Yellow Notice<\/strong>: Locates missing persons or identifies individuals unable to identify themselves.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Black Notice<\/strong>: Seeks information on unidentified bodies.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Orange Notice<\/strong>: Warns of imminent threats to persons or property, such as an event or object.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Purple Notice<\/strong>: Provides information on criminal methods, procedures, objects, or hiding places.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Interpol-UNSC Special Notice<\/strong>: Informs members about individuals or entities subject to UN sanctions.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/india\/interpol-issued-highest-ever-100-red-notices-last-year-on-indias-request-cbi\/articleshow\/113105162.cms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>TOI<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rift_Valley_Fever\"><\/span><strong>Rift Valley Fever<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Tags: GS-3, Science &amp; Technology- Biology- Health- Disease<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_the_news-9\"><\/span><strong>Why in the news?<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Recently, Valley fever, a fungal disease endemic to the western United States, is seeing a significant rise in cases across California, prompting concerns among health officials and researchers.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"369\" height=\"230\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/image-125.png\" alt=\"Valley Fever\" class=\"wp-image-45976 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 369px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 369\/230;\" \/><figcaption><strong>Valley Fever<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Valley_Fever_Coccidioidomycosis\"><\/span><strong>Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis):<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>About:<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Alternative Name<\/strong>: Coccidioidomycosis\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Cause<\/strong>: Infection caused by the fungus <em>Coccidioides<\/em>.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Endemic Areas<\/strong>: Southwestern United States, south-central Washington, parts of Mexico, Central and South America.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Transmission:<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Method<\/strong>: Inhalation of fungal spores from dust or disturbed soil.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Hosts<\/strong>: Affects both people and animals.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Spread<\/strong>: Generally not spread person-to-person or animal-to-person, with rare exceptions through organ transplantation or wound contact.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Symptoms:<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Common Presentation<\/strong>: Often asymptomatic or mild symptoms that resolve on their own.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Severe Symptoms<\/strong> (in about 1% of symptomatic cases):\u00a0<ul><li>Pneumonia\u00a0<\/li><li>Pleural effusion or empyema (fluid or pus in lungs)\u00a0<\/li><li>Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)\u00a0<\/li><li>Hydropneumothorax (ruptured pockets of fluid or air in lungs)\u00a0<\/li><li>Disseminated coccidioidomycosis (spread to other body parts, including the brain)\u00a0<\/li><li>Coccidioidal meningitis (life-threatening brain infection)\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Treatment:<\/strong>\u00a0<ul><li><strong>Mild Cases<\/strong>: Usually resolve without treatment.\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>Severe Cases<\/strong>: Managed with antifungal medications.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.indiatoday.in\/science\/story\/california-drought-boosts-dangerous-airborne-fungus-valley-fever-to-peak-2593592-2024-09-04\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>IT<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-0bdc90fc-9ad9-4d85-813a-5e4514b0e8b6\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\"><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-40cac27d-7b4a-4665-868c-b163c24eb4a5\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q_What_are_daily_current_affairs\"><\/span>Q: What are daily current affairs?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-fe62b79c-ca63-44f8-a0c0-96c6a45e15ad\">A: Daily current affairs refer to the most recent and relevant events, developments, and news stories that are happening around the world on a day-to-day basis. These can encompass a wide range of topics, including politics, economics, science, technology, sports, and more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-23001c40-3e00-420c-87f5-59940aaadbfb\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q_Why_is_it_important_to_stay_updated_with_daily_current_affairs\"><\/span>Q: Why is it important to stay updated with daily current affairs?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-0f058a42-e04b-44b6-81f4-497c1a633829\">A: Staying updated with daily current affairs is crucial because it helps individuals make informed decisions in their personal and professional lives. It enables people to understand the world around them, stay aware of significant events, and engage in informed discussions about important issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-f1b64586-072f-4a35-bff3-97a46102d2fe\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q_Where_can_I_access_daily_current_affairs_information\"><\/span>Q: Where can I access daily current affairs information?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-9f6f3877-b05b-40e5-a5e7-51a52c31f635\">A: There are various sources for daily current affairs, including newspapers, news websites, television news broadcasts, radio programs, and dedicated apps or newsletters. Social media platforms are also widely used to share and access current affairs information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-b41e7968-7b82-4543-ae5d-1a71348811b7\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q_How_can_I_effectively_incorporate_daily_current_affairs_into_my_routine\"><\/span>Q: How can I effectively incorporate daily current affairs into my routine?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-53c64a77-8d12-44ff-989d-c58a2d4f4266\">A: To incorporate daily current affairs into your routine, consider setting aside specific times each day to read or watch news updates. You can also subscribe to newsletters or follow news apps to receive curated content. Engaging in discussions with peers or participating in online forums can further enhance your understanding of current events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-f7cc4377-09d9-44ed-8cf7-babf2bd11d35\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q_What_are_some_tips_for_critical_analysis_of_daily_current_affairs\"><\/span>Q: What are some tips for critical analysis of daily current affairs?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-298260d9-b933-4357-abd6-0c751a6b0b53\">A: When analyzing daily current affairs, it&#8217;s essential to cross-reference information from multiple sources to ensure accuracy. Additionally, consider the source&#8217;s credibility and bias, if any. Develop the ability to identify the main points and implications of news stories, and critically evaluate the significance and impact of the events reported.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc\/upsc-essay?utm_source=Blog&amp;utm_medium=Banner&amp;utm_campaign=Essay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/UPSC-Essay-Course-1280\u00d7300-1-3.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42688 lazyload\" width=\"781\" height=\"182\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 781px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 781\/182;\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-e6963b04-cab6-4c30-87bb-2fbbac2c189a\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"To_get_free_counselingsupport_on_UPSC_preparation_from_expert_mentors_please_call_9773890604\"><\/span><strong>To get free counseling\/support on UPSC preparation from expert mentors please call 9773890604<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-0d0ed6e9-ce2e-4b93-8d2b-f04518480f92\"><li>Join our Main Telegram Channel and access PYQs, Current Affairs and UPSC&nbsp; Guidance for free \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/Edukemy4IAS\">Edukemy for IAS<\/a><\/li><li>Learn Economy for free-<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/+uq2Jq2ezMHE3ZjA1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> Economy for UPSC<\/a><\/li><li>Learn CSAT &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/+4hdxnlyVN_swNDNl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CSAT for UPSC<\/a><\/li><li>Mains Answer Writing Practice-<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/+HS9DZh7PTytkNjJl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mains Answer Writing<\/a><\/li><li>For UPSC Prelims Resources, <a href=\"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/upsc-cse-prelims-resource-centre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Click here<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-d43aa89b-d314-4863-a7c4-071ab0c592d5\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Visit_our_YouTube_Channel_%E2%80%93_Here\"><\/span>Visit our YouTube Channel \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@EduKemyforIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Here<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Today&#8217;s daily current affairs briefing for UPSC aspirants explores the latest developments relevant to the upcoming civil services examination.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":45965,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[265],"tags":[160,161,232,140],"class_list":["post-45963","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-current-affairs","tag-daily-current-affairs","tag-daily-current-affairs-upsc","tag-upsc","tag-upsc_preparation_strategy"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/45963","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=45963"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/45963\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":46034,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/45963\/revisions\/46034"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/45965"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=45963"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=45963"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edukemy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=45963"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}