Climate Change (CC) and Global Warming

Climate change and global warming represent one of the most pressing challenges of our time, with far-reaching consequences for both the environment and society. The history of these phenomena can be traced back centuries, but it is in the modern era, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, that human activities have significantly accelerated their pace. The burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes have released unprecedented amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, leading to a rapid increase in global temperatures. This warming trend has triggered a cascade of environmental changes, including melting ice caps, rising sea levels, more frequent and severe weather events, and disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. The impacts of climate change are diverse and complex, affecting everything from agriculture and public health to geopolitics and global security. Addressing these challenges requires concerted international effort, innovative solutions, and a fundamental shift towards sustainable practices to mitigate further damage and adapt to the changes already underway.

Table of Contents

GLOBAL WARMING

The term “global warming” pertains to the overall alteration in Earth’s climate, marked by a significant rise in temperature primarily attributed to human activities occurring over a relatively brief duration.
Even a one-degree elevation in temperature qualifies as an instance of global warming, and an increase of 0.4 percent within a century is considered worrisome.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), consisting of 2500 scientists, has diligently monitored the Earth’s escalating temperature.
Their findings indicate a temperature surge of 0.6 degrees in just 9 years.
This represents a doubling of the Earth’s climate within the last decade compared to the conditions prevalent a century ago.

GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Global warming and climate change, while often used interchangeably, are distinct concepts with specific meanings.
Climate change encompasses alterations in global weather patterns, growing seasons, and various climatic conditions.
This broader term includes phenomena such as the rise in sea level resulting from melting ice sheets and glaciers, as well as the expansion of warmer oceans.
Climate change, induced by global warming, poses a significant threat to life on Earth, manifesting in catastrophic weather events and extensive flooding.
Climate change, as a concept, denotes a prolonged shift in the average weather patterns defining Earth’s local, regional, and global climates.
These changes exhibit a wide array of observed effects, often used synonymously with the term “climate change.”
Human activities, notably the combustion of fossil fuels leading to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, are the primary culprits for observed climate changes since the mid-20th century.
While natural processes like cyclical ocean patterns and external forcings can also influence climate change, human activities have increasingly dominated these shifts.
Key indicators of climate change include global temperature increases, rising sea levels, ice loss in polar regions and mountain glaciers, alterations in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, changes in cloud and vegetation cover, among others.
On the other hand, global warming specifically refers to the gradual rise in the planet’s surface temperature.
While the warming trend has been present for some time, human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels, have significantly accelerated this process in the last century.
The combustion of fossil fuels contributes to the greenhouse effect, where certain gases trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.
These greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide, prevent the escape of heat, leading to a warming of the atmosphere.
This excess heat has resulted in the average global temperature rising over time, constituting the phenomenon known as global warming.

In summary, climate change is the broader concept encompassing various shifts in weather patterns, while global warming specifically refers to the increase in the Earth’s surface temperature, driven largely by human-induced factors. Global warming is a contributing factor to the broader phenomenon of climate change.

HISTORY OF GLOBAL WARMING : UNRAVELLING THE CLIMATE CHANGE

1. The Early Notions (19th Century)

The concept of global warming emerged in the 19th century as scientists began to observe and understand the Earth’s atmospheric composition.
In 1824, French mathematician and physicist Joseph Fourier proposed that the Earth’s atmosphere acted like a greenhouse, retaining heat.
John Tyndall, an Irish physicist, expanded on this idea in the mid-19th century, identifying specific gases, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, as contributors to the greenhouse effect.

2. Svante Arrhenius and the Greenhouse Effect (1896)

In 1896, Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius made a groundbreaking contribution by linking industrial activities to potential global warming.
Arrhenius suggested that burning fossil fuels could increase atmospheric carbon dioxide, leading to a rise in global temperatures.
While his calculations were rudimentary by today’s standards, he laid the foundation for the understanding of human-induced climate change.

3. The Mid-20th Century Concerns (1950s-1960s)

In the mid-20th century, scientists like Charles David Keeling began measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
Keeling’s Mauna Loa Observatory data revealed a consistent increase in carbon dioxide concentrations, signaling a correlation with the burning of fossil fuels. This led to growing concerns about the long-term impacts on the Earth’s climate.

4. The Formation of IPCC (1988)

In response to escalating concerns, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 by the United Nations.
The IPCC brought together scientists and policymakers to assess scientific information related to climate change.
Their comprehensive reports solidified the scientific consensus that human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, were contributing significantly to global warming.

5. Kyoto Protocol (1997)

The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, marked an important step in international efforts to combat global warming.
The agreement set binding emission reduction targets for developed countries, aiming to curb greenhouse gas emissions.
While it faced challenges and limitations, the protocol laid the groundwork for future climate negotiations.

6. The 21st Century: Accelerating Impacts and Agreements

The early 21st century witnessed an acceleration of global warming impacts, including rising temperatures, melting ice caps, and extreme weather events.
The international community made concerted efforts through agreements like the Paris Agreement (2015), where nations pledged to limit global temperature increases to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.

7. Present Challenges and Future Prospects

The present era is marked by heightened awareness of climate change, with a focus on transitioning to renewable energy, sustainable practices, and global collaboration.
Scientists continue to refine climate models, policymakers are crafting ambitious climate action plans, and public awareness is driving demand for transformative change.
The history of global warming is now an urgent call to address the challenges and create a sustainable future for generations to come.

IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming has had a profound impact on the Earth’s temperature, with a notable increase of 1 degree Celsius since 1880.
This temperature rise has triggered significant consequences, including the melting of glaciers, contributing to a rise in sea levels.
The potential repercussions for coastal areas are dire, as increased sea levels pose a threat to these regions.
Coral reefs, crucial ecosystems for diverse marine life, have suffered harm due to global warming.
The rise in global temperatures has accelerated the deterioration of coral reefs, heightening the risk of extinction for various plants and animals that depend on these ecosystems.
Climate change, an overarching outcome of global warming, manifests in various forms, including droughts in some regions and floods in others.
The imbalance in climate patterns is directly attributed to the warming of the planet.
Global warming also influences heat and humidity patterns, leading to changes in environmental conditions.
This alteration has facilitated the spread of mosquitoes, carriers of diseases that pose risks to human health. The shift in climate patterns exacerbates the prevalence of diseases as mosquitoes find expanded habitats.
The frequency of natural disasters, such as floods and tsunamis, tends to increase with global warming.
These events not only elevate the average death toll but also contribute to the spread of diseases, further endangering human lives.
The impact of global warming on biodiversity is significant, as various plants and animals lose their habitats due to shifts in the global climate.
Forced to leave their natural environments, many species face the threat of extinction, highlighting a critical consequence of global warming on the planet’s biodiversity.

FAQs on Climate Change and Global Warming – History and Impact

Q1: What is global warming?

A1: Global warming refers to a significant increase in Earth’s temperature, primarily caused by human activities over a relatively short period. Even a one-degree rise is considered global warming, and a 0.4 percent increase over a century is alarming.

Q2: How has the Earth’s temperature changed recently?

A2: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), comprising 2500 scientists, reports a 0.6-degree surge in just 9 years. This represents a doubling of the Earth’s climate in the last decade compared to a century ago.

Q3: What’s the difference between global warming and climate change?

A3: Global warming is the specific increase in Earth’s surface temperature, mainly due to human activities. Climate change, a broader term, encompasses alterations in global weather patterns, growing seasons, and various climatic conditions, posing threats to life on Earth.

Q4: What causes climate change?

A4: Human activities, particularly burning fossil fuels, raise concentrations of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change. Natural processes like cyclical ocean patterns and external forcings also play a role.

Q5: What are key indicators of climate change?

A5: Indicators include global temperature increases, rising sea levels, polar ice loss, changes in extreme weather patterns, and alterations in cloud and vegetation cover.

Q6: When did the concept of global warming emerge?

A6: In the 19th century, scientists like Joseph Fourier and John Tyndall laid the groundwork. Svante Arrhenius, in 1896, linked industrial activities to potential global warming.

Q7: When did concerns about global warming escalate?

A7: In the mid-20th century, Charles David Keeling’s measurements revealed rising carbon dioxide levels, fueling concerns about long-term climate impacts.

Q8: What significant event occurred in 1988?

A8: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988, consolidating scientific consensus on human-induced global warming.

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Climate Change (CC) and Global Warming – History & its Impact – UPSC Environment Notes