UPSC Indian Polity notes serve as an indispensable resource for aspirants preparing for the Civil Services Examination in India. These meticulously crafted notes cover the vast and complex landscape of Indian polity, encompassing constitutional provisions, governance structures, and the functioning of various institutions. The notes often delve into the historical evolution of the Indian Constitution, providing a comprehensive understanding of its principles and ideals. Topics such as fundamental rights, directive principles, and the federal structure are dissected with precision, aiding aspirants in mastering the intricacies of the Indian political system. Additionally, the notes compile relevant case laws, amendments, and contemporary issues, enabling candidates to stay abreast of the dynamic nature of Indian polity. They play a pivotal role in simplifying the vast syllabus and condensing information into concise and easily digestible formats. Aspirants rely on these UPSC Indian Polity notes not just for their examination preparation but also as lifelong references for understanding the core principles that govern the world’s largest democracy.
| Topic | Sub – Topic |
| Historical Background | The Company Rule (1773-1858) |
| The Crown Rule (1858-1947) | |
| Making of the Constitution | Demand for a Constituent Assembly |
| Composition of the Constituent Assembly | |
| Working of the Constituent Assembly | |
| Committees of the Constituent Assembly | |
| Enactment of the Constitution | |
| Enforcement of the Constitution | |
| Experts Committee of the Congress Criticism of the Constituent Assembly | |
| Important Facts | |
| Hindi Text of the Constitution Notes and References | |
| Salient Features of the Constitution | Salient Features of the Constitution |
| Criticism of the Constitution | |
| Preamble of the Constitution | Text of the Preamble |
| Ingredients of the Preamble | |
| Key Words in the Preamble | |
| Significance of the Preamble | |
| Preamble as Part of the Constitution | |
| Amendability of the Preamble | |
| Union and its Territory | Union of States |
| Parliament’s Power to Reorganise the States | |
| Exchange of Territories with Bangladesh | |
| Evolution of States and Union Territories | |
| Citizenship | Meaning and Significance |
| Constitutional Provisions | |
| Citizenship Act, 1955 | |
| Single Citizenship | |
| Overseas Citizenship of India | |
| Notes and References | |
| Fundamental Rights | Features of Fundamental Rights |
| Definition of State Laws Inconsistent with Fundamental Rights Right to Equality | |
| Right to Freedom | |
| Right Against Exploitation | |
| Right to Freedom of Religion | |
| Cultural and Educational Rights | |
| Right to Constitutional Remedies | |
| Writs-Types and Scope | |
| Armed Forces and Fundamental Rights | |
| Martial Law and Fundamental Rights | |
| Effecting Certain Fundamental Rights Present Position of Right to Property | |
| Exceptions to Fundamental Rights | |
| Criticism of Fundamental Rights | |
| Significance of Fundamental Rights | |
| Rights Outside Part III | |
| Directive Principles of State Policy | Features of the Directive Principles |
| Classification of the Directive Principles | |
| New Directive Principles | |
| Sanction Behind Directive Principles | |
| Criticism of the Directive Principles | |
| Utility of Directive Principles | |
| Conflict Between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles | |
| Implementation of Directive Principles | |
| Directives Outside Part IV | |
| Fundamental Duties | Swaran Singh Committee Recommendations |
| List of Fundamental Duties | |
| Features of the Fundamental Duties | |
| Criticism of Fundamental Duties | |
| Significance of Fundamental Duties | |
| Verma Committee Observations Notes and References | |
| Amendment of the Constitution | Procedure for Amendment |
| Types of Amendments | |
| Criticism of the Amendment Procedure | |
| Basic Structure of the Constitution | Emergence of the Basic Structure |
| Elements of the Basic Structure | |
| Parliamentary System | Features of Parliamentary Government |
| Features of Presidential Government | |
| Merits of the Parliamentary System | |
| Demerits of the Parliamentary System | |
| Reasons for Adopting Parliamentary System | |
| Distinction between Indian and British Models | |
| Federal System | Federal Features of the Constitution |
| Unitary Features of the Constitution | |
| Critical Evaluation of the Federal System | |
| Centre-State Relations | Legislative Relations |
| Administrative Relations | |
| Financial Relations | |
| Trends in Centre-State Relations | |
| Inter-State Relations | Inter-State Water Disputes |
| Inter-State Councils | |
| Public Acts, Records, and Judicial Proceedings | |
| Inter-State Trade and Commerce | |
| Zonal Councils | |
| Emergency Provisions | National Emergency |
| President’s Rule | |
| Financial Emergency | |
| Criticism of the Emergency Provisions | |
| President | Election of the President |
| Qualifications, Oath and Conditions | |
| Term, Impeachment and Vacancy | |
| Powers and Functions of the President | |
| Veto Power of the President | |
| Ordinance-Making Power of the President | |
| Pardoning Power of the President | |
| Constitutional Position of the President | |
| Vice-President | Election |
| Qualifications, Oath and Conditions | |
| Term and Vacancy | |
| Powers and Functions | |
| Indian and American Vice-Presidents Compared | |
| Prime Minister | Appointment of the Prime Minister |
| Oath, Term, and Salary | |
| Powers and Functions of the Prime Minister | |
| Role Descriptions | |
| Relationship with the President | |
| Chief Ministers who became Prime Ministers | |
| Central Council of Ministers | Constitutional Provisions |
| Nature of Advice by Ministers | |
| Appointment of Ministers | |
| Oath and Salary of Ministers | |
| Responsibility of Ministers | |
| Composition of the Council of Ministers | |
| Council of Ministers vs Cabinet | |
| Role of Cabinet | |
| Role Descriptions | |
| Kitchen Cabinet | |
| Cabinet Committees | Features of Cabinet Committees |
| List of Cabinet Committees | |
| Functions of Cabinet Committees | |
| Groups of Ministers | |
| Parliament | Organization of Parliament |
| Composition of the Two Houses | |
| System of Elections to Lok Sabha | |
| Duration of Two Houses | |
| Membership of Parliament | |
| Presiding Officers of Parliament | |
| Leaders in Parliament | |
| Sessions of Parliament | |
| Devices of Parliamentary Proceedings | |
| Legislative Procedure in Parliament | |
| Joint Sitting of Two Houses | |
| Budget in Parliament | |
| Multifunctional Role of Parliament | |
| Ineffectiveness of Parliamentary Control | |
| Position of Rajya Sabha | |
| Parliamentary Privileges | |
| Sovereignty of Parliament | |
| Parliamentary Committees | Meaning Classification |
| Financial Committees | |
| Departmental Standing Committees | |
| Committees to Inquire | |
| Committees to Scrutinise and Control | |
| Committees Relating to the Day-to-Day Business of the House | |
| House-Keeping Committees | |
| Consultative Committees | |
| Parliamentary Forums | Establishment of the Forums |
| Objectives of the Forums | |
| Composition of the Forums | |
| Functions of the Forums | |
| Parliamentary Group | Rationale of the Group |
| Composition of the Group | |
| Objectives of the Group | |
| Functions of the Group | |
| The Group and IPU | |
| The Group and CPA | |
| Supreme Court | Composition and Appointment |
| Qualifications, Oath and Salaries | |
| Tenure and Removal | |
| Acting, Adhoc and Retired Judges | |
| Seat and Procedure | |
| Independence of Supreme Court | |
| Jurisdiction and Powers of Supreme Court | |
| Supreme Court Advocates | |
| Various Doctrines | |
| Criminal Justice Laws, codes | |
| Judicial Review | Meaning of Judicial Review |
| Importance of Judicial Review | |
| Constitutional Provisions for Judicial Review | |
| Scope of Judicial Review | |
| Judicial Review of the Ninth Schedule | |
| Judicial Activism | Meaning of Judicial Activism |
| Judicial Review and Judicial Activism | |
| Justification of Judicial Activism | |
| Activators of Judicial Activism | |
| Apprehensions of Judicial Activism | |
| Judicial Activism vs. Judicial Restraint | |
| Public Interest Litigation | Meaning of PIL |
| Features of PIL Guidelines for Admitting PIL | |
| Scope of PIL | |
| Principles of PIL | |
| Guidelines for Admitting PIL | |
| Governor | Appointment of Governor |
| Conditions of Governor’s Office | |
| Term of Governor’s Office | |
| Powers and Functions of Governor | |
| Constitutional Position of Governor | |
| Chief Minister | Appointment of Chief Minister |
| Oath, Term and Salary | |
| Powers and Functions of Chief Minister | |
| Relationship with the Governor | |
| State Council of Ministers | Constitutional Provisions |
| Nature of Advice by Ministers | |
| Appointment of Ministers | |
| Oath and Salary of Ministers | |
| Responsibility of Ministers | |
| Composition of the Council of Ministers | |
| Cabinet | |
| State Legislature | Organisation of State Legislature |
| Duration of Two Houses | |
| Composition of Two Houses | |
| Membership of the State Legislature | |
| Presiding Officers of State Legislature | |
| Sessions of State Legislature | |
| Legislative Procedure in State Legislature | |
| Position of Legislative Council | |
| Privileges of State Legislature | |
| High Court | Composition and Appointment |
| Qualifications, Oath, and Salaries | |
| Tenure, Removal, and Transfer | |
| Acting, Additional, and Retired Judges | |
| Independence of the High Court | |
| Jurisdiction and Powers of High Court | |
| Tribunals | Administrative Tribunals |
| Tribunals for Other Matters | |
| Subordinate Courts | Constitutional Provisions |
| Structure and Jurisdiction | |
| National Legal Services Authority | |
| Lok Adalats | |
| Permanent Lok Adalats | |
| Family Courts Gram Nyayalayas | |
| Special Provisions for Some States | Provisions for Maharashtra and Gujarat |
| Provisions for Nagaland | |
| Provisions for Assam and Manipur | |
| Provisions for Andhra Pradesh or Telangana | |
| Provisions for Arunachal Pradesh and Goa | |
| Provisions for Sikkim | |
| Provisions for Mizoram | |
| Panchayati Raj | Evolution of Panchayati Raj |
| 73rd Amendment Act of 1992 | |
| Compulsory and Voluntary Provisions | |
| PESA Act of 1996 (Extension Act) | |
| Finances of Panchayati Raj | |
| Reasons for Ineffective Performance | |
| Municipalities | Evolution of Urban Bodies |
| 74th Amendment Act of 1992 | |
| Types of Urban Governments | |
| Municipal Personnel | |
| Municipal Revenue | |
| Central Council of Local Government | |
| Union Territories | Creation of Union Territories |
| Administration of Union Territories | |
| Special Provisions for Delhi | |
| Advisory Committees of Union Territories | |
| Scheduled and Tribal Areas | Administration of Scheduled Areas |
| Administration of Tribal Areas | |
| Election Commission | Composition |
| Independence | |
| Powers and Functions | |
| Vision, Mission and Principles | |
| Union Public Service Commission | Composition |
| Removal | |
| Independence | |
| Functions | |
| Limitations | |
| Role | |
| State Public Service Commission | Composition |
| Removal | |
| Independence | |
| Functions | |
| Limitations | |
| Role | |
| Joint State Public Service Commission | |
| Finance Commission | Composition |
| Functions | |
| Advisory Role | |
| Goods and Services Tax Council | Establishment of the Council |
| Vision and Mission of the Council | |
| Composition of the Council | |
| Working of the Council | |
| Functions of the Council | |
| Other Functions of the Council | |
| National Commission for SCs | Evolution of the Commission |
| Functions of the Commission | |
| Report of the Commission | |
| Powers of the Commission | |
| National Commission for STS | Separate Commission for STS |
| Functions of the Commission | |
| Other Functions of the Commission | |
| Report of the Commission | |
| Powers of the Commission | |
| National Commission for BCs | Establishment of the Commission |
| Functions of the Commission | |
| Report of the Commission | |
| Powers of the Commission | |
| Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities | Constitutional Provisions |
| Role of the Commissioner | |
| Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities | |
| Vision and Mission | |
| Functions and Objectives | |
| Comptroller and Auditor General of India | Appointment and Term |
| Independence | |
| Duties and Powers | |
| Role | |
| Cag and Corporations | |
| Appleby’s Criticism | |
| Attorney General of India | Appointment and Term |
| Duties and Functions | |
| Rights and Limitations | |
| Solicitor General of India | |
| Advocate General of the State | Appointment and Term |
| Duties and Functions | |
| NITI Aayog | Establishment |
| Rationale | |
| Composition | |
| Specialized Wings | |
| Objectives | |
| Functions | |
| Guiding Principles | |
| Cooperative Federalism | |
| Criticism | |
| Attached Offices | |
| Erstwhile Planning Commission | |
| National Development Council | |
| National Human Rights Commission | Establishment of the Commission |
| Composition of the Commission | |
| Functions of the Commission | |
| Working of the Commission | |
| Role of the Commission | |
| Performance of the Commission | |
| State Human Rights Commission | Composition of the Commission |
| Functions of the Commission | |
| Working of the Commission | |
| Human Rights Courts | |
| 2019 Amendment Act | |
| Central Information Commission | Composition |
| Tenure and Service Conditions | |
| Powers and Functions | |
| State Information Commission | Composition |
| Tenure and Service Conditions | |
| Powers and Functions | |
| RTI Amendment Act, 2019 | |
| Central Vigilance Commission | Establishment |
| Composition | |
| Organisation | |
| Working | |
| Functions | |
| Jurisdiction | |
| Vigilance Units in the Ministries | |
| Whistle Blowers Protection Act (2014) | |
| Central Bureau of Investigation | Establishment of CBI |
| Motto, Mission and Vision of CBI | |
| Organisation of CBI | |
| Composition of CBI | |
| Functions of CBI | |
| Provision of Prior Permission | |
| CBI vs. State Police | |
| CBI Academy | |
| Lokpal and Lokayuktas | Global Scenario |
| Position in India | |
| Lokpal | |
| Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act (2013) | |
| Lokayuktas | |
| National Investigation Agency | Establishment of the NIA |
| The rationale of the NIA | |
| Functions of the NIA | |
| Vision of the NIA | |
| The mission of the NIA | |
| Jurisdiction of the NIA | |
| NIA (Amendment) Act, 2019 | |
| National Disaster Management Authority | Establishment of the NDMA |
| Objectives of the NDMA | |
| Functions of the NDMA | |
| Additional Functions of the NDMA | |
| State Disaster Management Authority | |
| District Disaster Management Authority | |
| Co-operative Societies | Constitutional Provisions |
| Reasons for the 97th Amendment | |
| Official Language | Language of the Union |
| Regional Languages | |
| Language of the Judiciary and Texts of Laws | |
| Special Directives | |
| Committee of Parliament on Official Language | |
| Classical Language Status | |
| Public Services | Classification of Services |
| Constitutional Provisions | |
| Rights and Liabilities of the Government | Property of the Union and the States |
| Suits by or Against the Government | |
| Suits Against Public Officials | |
| Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes | Rationale of Special Provisions |
| Specification of Classes | |
| Components of Special Provisions | |
| Political Parties | Meaning and Types Party System in India |
| Recognition of National and State Parties | |
| Role of Regional Parties | Features of Regional Parties |
| Classification of Regional Parties | |
| Rise of Regional Parties | |
| Role of Regional Parties | |
| Dysfunctions of Regional Parties | |
| Elections | Electoral System |
| Election Machinery | |
| Election Process | |
| Election Laws | Representation of the People Act, 1950 |
| Representation of the People Act, 1951 | |
| Delimitation Act, 2002 | |
| Other Acts Relating to Elections | |
| Rules Relating to Elections | |
| Orders Relating to Elections | |
| Electoral Reforms | Committees Related to Electoral Reforms |
| Electoral Reforms of 1996 | |
| Electoral Reforms After 1996 | |
| Electoral Reforms Since 2010 | |
| Voting Behaviour | Meaning of Voting Behaviour |
| Significance of Voting Behaviour | |
| Determinants of Voting Behaviour | |
| Role of Media in Elections and Voting Behaviour | |
| Coalition Government | Meaning of Coalition Government |
| Features of Coalition Government | |
| Formation of Coalition Governments | |
| Merits of Coalition Government | |
| Demerits of Coalition Government | |
| Anti-Defection Law | Provisions of the Act |
| Evaluation of the Act | |
| 91st Amendment Act (2003) | |
| Pressure Groups | Meaning and Techniques |
| Pressure Groups in India | |
| National Integration | Meaning of National Integration |
| Obstacles to National Integration | |
| National Integration Council | |
| National Foundation for Communal Harmony | |
| Foreign Policy | Principles of Indian Foreign Policy |
| Objectives of Indian Foreign Policy | |
| Gujral Doctrine of India | |
| Nuclear Doctrine of India | |
| Connect Central Asia Policy of India | |
| Act East Policy of India | |
| National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution | Terms of Reference of the Commission |
| Fifty Years of Working of the Constitution | |
| Areas of Concern: Commission’s Perception: | |
| Recommendations of the Commission | |
| Earlier Efforts to Review the Constitution |
Contents
- 1 Indian Polity in the UPSC Syllabus
- 2 How to Make Indian Polity Notes for UPSC Preparation?
- 2.1 Step 1: Understand the Syllabus
- 2.2 Step 2: Select Good Study Material
- 2.3 Step 3: Make an Outline
- 2.4 Step 4: Use Short and Simple Language
- 2.5 Step 5: Include Important Articles and Amendments
- 2.6 Step 6: Current Affairs Integration
- 2.7 Step 7: Mind Maps and Diagrams
- 2.8 Step 8: Case Studies
- 2.9 Step 9: Revision Strategy
- 2.10 Step 10: Practice Answer Writing
- 2.11 Step 11: Group Discussion
- 2.12 Step 12: Stay Updated
- 2.13 Step 13: Indexing
- 2.14 Step 14: Use Technology
- 2.15 Step 15: Be Consistent
- 3 FAQs on UPSC Indian Polity Notes:
- 3.1 Q: Why is Indian Polity an important subject for UPSC exams?
- 3.2 Q: What are the key topics to focus on while studying Indian Polity for UPSC exams?
- 3.3 Q: How should I make effective notes for Indian Polity in UPSC preparation?
- 3.4 Q: Is it necessary to refer to multiple sources for Indian Polity preparation?
- 3.5 Q: How can I apply Indian Polity knowledge in the UPSC Mains examination?
- 4 In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 8792740517.
Indian Polity in the UPSC Syllabus
The UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) syllabus for the Civil Services Examination includes a significant portion dedicated to Indian Polity. The Indian Polity section aims to assess the candidates’ understanding of the political system, governance, and constitutional framework of India. Here is an overview of the key topics related to Indian Polity in the UPSC syllabus:
- Historical Background:
- Evolution of the Indian Constitution.
- Making of the Constitution: Constituent Assembly debates, committees, and drafting process.
- Preamble and Salient Features of the Constitution:
- Understanding the objectives and ideals expressed in the Preamble.
- Analyzing the fundamental rights, directive principles, and fundamental duties.
- Union and its Territory:
- Structure and organization of the Union government.
- Powers and functions of the President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, and Parliament.
- State Executive and Legislature:
- Structure and functions of the State government.
- Powers and functions of the Governor, Chief Minister, State Legislature, and State Council of Ministers.
- Local Government:
- Panchayati Raj and Municipalities.
- 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments and their significance.
- Indian Federalism:
- Distribution of powers between the Union and States.
- Inter-governmental relations and issues related to center-state relations.
- Judiciary:
- Structure and functions of the Supreme Court and High Courts.
- Judicial activism and its implications.
- Constitutional Bodies:
- Election Commission, UPSC, Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG), Attorney General, and Advocate General.
- Functions, powers, and significance of these bodies.
- Non-Constitutional Bodies:
- National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), Central Information Commission (CIC), etc.
- Functions, powers, and significance.
- Amendments to the Constitution:
- Historical perspective and significance of key amendments.
- Challenges to the Constitutional System:
- Issues like federalism, center-state relations, secularism, and challenges posed by diverse social groups.
- Political Parties and Electoral System:
- Role and significance of political parties.
- Conduct of elections, electoral reforms, and the role of money and muscle power.
- Miscellaneous:
- Emergency provisions.
- Anti-defection law.
- Special provisions for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other backward classes.
How to Make Indian Polity Notes for UPSC Preparation?
Creating effective Indian Polity notes for UPSC preparation involves a structured and comprehensive approach. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you make organized and useful notes:
Step 1: Understand the Syllabus
Before you start making notes, thoroughly understand the UPSC syllabus for Indian Polity. Divide it into sub-topics to ensure you cover every aspect.
Step 2: Select Good Study Material
Choose reliable and authoritative study materials. Standard textbooks like “Indian Polity” by M. Laxmikanth and NCERT books are highly recommended.
Step 3: Make an Outline
Create a well-organized outline based on the syllabus. This will serve as the framework for your notes and help you cover all relevant topics.
Step 4: Use Short and Simple Language
While making notes, use concise and simple language. Avoid unnecessary details and focus on key concepts and facts. Bullet points and flowcharts can be helpful.
Step 5: Include Important Articles and Amendments
Indian Polity involves understanding the Constitution, so make sure to include important articles, amendments, and landmark judgments. Create a separate section for each.
Step 6: Current Affairs Integration
Integrate current affairs related to Indian Polity. Stay updated with recent developments, bills, and constitutional amendments. Link them to relevant sections in your notes.
Step 7: Mind Maps and Diagrams
Create mind maps and diagrams to illustrate complex concepts and relationships between different elements. Visual aids can enhance understanding and retention.
Step 8: Case Studies
Include case studies to understand the practical application of constitutional provisions. This will also help in answering questions in the exam.
Step 9: Revision Strategy
As you make your notes, devise a revision strategy. Break down your notes into smaller sections for regular and systematic revision.
Step 10: Practice Answer Writing
Include space for practice answer writing. Write answers to previous years’ questions and model answers. This will help you understand the pattern and improve your writing skills.
Step 11: Group Discussion
Discuss topics with peers or mentors. Engaging in group discussions can provide different perspectives and deepen your understanding.
Step 12: Stay Updated
Keep your notes updated with the latest amendments, court judgments, and legislative developments. Regularly revise and update your notes to reflect any changes.
Step 13: Indexing
Maintain a well-structured index for quick reference. This will save time during revision and help you locate specific topics easily.
Step 14: Use Technology
Consider using digital tools for note-making, such as note-taking apps or software. This can make it easier to organize, search, and update your notes.
Step 15: Be Consistent
Consistency is key. Set a realistic schedule for note-making and stick to it. Regular and focused efforts will yield better results.
FAQs on UPSC Indian Polity Notes:
Q: Why is Indian Polity an important subject for UPSC exams?
Answer: Indian Polity is a crucial subject for UPSC exams because it covers the structure, functions, and powers of the government, including constitutional provisions. Understanding Indian Polity is essential for aspirants to grasp the functioning of the Indian political system, governance, and the rights and duties of citizens. It forms a significant portion of the Civil Services Examination syllabus, contributing to both Prelims and Mains papers.
Q: What are the key topics to focus on while studying Indian Polity for UPSC exams?
Answer: Some key topics include the Indian Constitution, its features, amendments, and schedules; the structure and functions of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches; federalism; local governance; fundamental rights and duties; electoral system; and constitutional bodies. Aspirants should also pay attention to recent developments, legal provisions, and landmark judgments related to Indian Polity.
Q: How should I make effective notes for Indian Polity in UPSC preparation?
Answer: While making notes for Indian Polity, focus on key concepts, important articles, and relevant examples. Use bullet points and concise language to make your notes easily readable. Ensure that your notes cover all aspects of the syllabus, including historical perspectives, amendments, and contemporary issues. Regularly update your notes with the latest developments and judicial pronouncements to stay current.
Q: Is it necessary to refer to multiple sources for Indian Polity preparation?
Answer: While there are various sources available for Indian Polity, it is not mandatory to refer to multiple sources. It’s crucial to choose a few standard and reliable resources like NCERT textbooks, Laxmikanth’s Indian Polity, and government publications. The focus should be on in-depth understanding rather than extensive reading. Consistent revision and practicing previous year’s question papers are also essential for effective preparation.
Q: How can I apply Indian Polity knowledge in the UPSC Mains examination?
Answer: In the Mains examination, candidates are often required to analyze and critically evaluate issues related to Indian Polity. Develop the skill of connecting theoretical concepts to practical situations. Practice answer writing to express your thoughts coherently and concisely. Utilize case studies, examples, and historical references to strengthen your arguments. Understanding the ethical, social, and economic dimensions of political issues will enhance your performance in the Mains examination.
In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 8792740517.
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