UPSC Mains – Evaluate the significance of tribal uprisings and peasant movements during the pre-Congress era as precursors to the subsequent freedom struggle. (10M, 150 words)

Introduction

The pursuit of freedom from British colonial rule in India unfolded through a complex and protracted series of resistance movements. Tribal uprisings and peasant movements preceding the Congress era played a pivotal role in shaping the political landscape of colonial India.

Body:

1. Tribal Uprisings: The Munda Uprising: Initiated by Birsa Munda in the late 19th century in present-day Jharkhand, the Munda Uprising protested British exploitation, land alienation, and cultural subjugation. Birsa’s call for ‘Ulgulan’ laid the groundwork for future tribal movements.
2. The Santhal Rebellion: Led by Sidhu and Kanhu in 1855-56, the Santhal Rebellion symbolized indigenous resistance against British tax policies and oppression, reflecting discontent with unjust colonial practices.
3. Peasant Movements: The Deccan Riots: Erupting in 1875-77 due to exploitative British land revenue policies in the Deccan, the peasants united against oppressive taxation, showcasing early signs of agrarian discontent.
4. The Champaran Satyagraha: Mahatma Gandhi’s 1917 Champaran Satyagraha, rooted in indigo farmers’ grievances against European planters, exemplified collective action and civil disobedience.
5. Impact on the Freedom Struggle: Awareness and Mobilization: Tribal uprisings and peasant movements raised awareness about British injustices, inspiring leaders crucial in the Congress-led freedom struggle.
6. Strategies and Tactics: The protest methods of these movements, such as mass mobilization and civil disobedience, influenced the strategies adopted by the Congress and other nationalist organizations.
7. Unity and Solidarity: Fostering unity across diverse communities, these movements transcended regional and cultural boundaries, proving instrumental in the broader struggle for independence.
8. Agrarian Grievances: Movements like the Deccan Riots and the Mappila Rebellion highlighted economic exploitation arising from heavy land taxes.

Conclusion

In conclusion, pre-Congress tribal uprisings and peasant movements laid the foundation for India’s eventual struggle for independence. While the Indian National Congress played a dominant role, recognizing the efforts of grassroots groups is crucial in understanding the direction of India’s arduous path to freedom.

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