Article 21 of the Indian Constitution declares that no individual shall be deprived of their life and personal liberty except through a lawful procedure. The Supreme Court (SC) has broadened the interpretation of Article 21 by introducing the concept of due process of law, aiming to enhance justice for citizens. This judicial interpretation has ushered in a new era of human rights jurisprudence, encompassing various rights, including:
- The right to life with human dignity
- The right to livelihood
- The right to privacy
- The right to a decent environment (including protection from hazardous industries and pollution)
- The right to shelter
- The right to education (up to 14 years of age)
- The right to free legal aid
- The right against solitary confinement
- The right to health
- The right against bonded labor
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