As the 19th century came to a close, traditional Indian painting, rooted in the intricate art of miniatures, faced a period of decline. This decline led to a search for new forms of artistic expression, eventually paving the way for modern Indian painting.
The onset of the modern era in Indian art is widely believed to have occurred in the mid-19th century, with the National Gallery of Modern Art in New Delhi housing pieces from this period onwards. While the Impressionists are typically seen as the starting point for modern art in the West, the Bengal School of Painting is commonly regarded as the beginning of modern Indian art.
The hallmarks of contemporary or modern art include a sense of creative freedom, an embrace of an eclectic approach that prioritizes artistic expression from an international rather than regional perspective, a heightened emphasis on technique that is both abundant and exceptional, and the emergence of the artist as a unique individual.
- The Colonial Influence
During the colonial era, India witnessed the convergence of multiple artistic influences. Rajput, Mughal, and other indigenous painting styles collided with European techniques, giving birth to a hybrid style. British Company officers, intrigued by Indian artistry, employed painters trained in local styles. These painters skillfully merged their Indian training with European sensibilities, leading to the creation of ‘Company Paintings.’
These artworks distinguished themselves with the use of watercolors and the incorporation of linear perspective and shading techniques. Cities like Kolkata, Chennai, Delhi, Patna, Varanasi, and Thanjavur became centers of this fusion art form.
Notable patrons of this era, such as Lord Impey and Marquess Wellesley, commissioned paintings that often depicted India’s exotic flora and fauna. The colonial period’s artistic legacy left a mark on Indian art well into the 20th century.
- The Bazaar School:
The European presence in India also influenced the emergence of the Bazaar School of painting. Unlike the Company paintings, the Bazaar School combined European themes with Indian methods and subjects. This fusion of cultures was distinctly different from Indian traditions. Artists of the Bazaar School were often compelled to imitate Greco-Roman statuary, leading to an intriguing blend of Roman and Greek culture with an Indian backdrop.
- The Bengal School:
The turn of the 20th century marked a significant shift in Indian art with the advent of the Bengal School of Painting. Abanindranath Tagore, a visionary artist, played a pivotal role in founding this school. His “Arabian Night” series broke away from conventional Indian painting styles, introducing freshness and innovation. Abanindranath Tagore aimed to infuse Swadeshi (Indian) values into art while reducing Western influences on artists. His iconic work, “Bharat Mata,” and other Mughal-themed paintings gained international acclaim.
Nandlal Bose, a prominent artist from the Bengal School, contributed to modern Indian art with his iconic white-on-black sketch of Gandhi from the 1930s. Bose also had the prestigious task of illuminating the original Indian Constitution.
Rabindranath Tagore, a renowned poet and painter, added his distinct touch to the Bengal School. His paintings featured bold black lines that emphasized the subject. They possessed a rhythmic quality akin to his vivid poems, reflecting his spirituality. The Bengal School’s influence extended to Santiniketan, where many of its students went on to become renowned painters, carrying forward its legacy.
- Cubist Style and the Progressive Artists Group
As modernization swept through India in the post-independence era, artists embraced new styles and ideologies. One of the influential styles that emerged was Cubism. Drawing inspiration from the European Cubist movement, artists like M.F. Husain incorporated abstract art forms into their work. Husain’s “Personification of Romance” series, featuring horses as symbols of motion, exemplified this style.
The Progressive Artists Group, founded in 1947 by Francis Newton Souza, heralded a new era of Indian art. This group of artists dared to explore advanced and abstract themes, often influenced by European Modernism. Though they had diverse artistic approaches, their collective aim was to break free from convention. Notable members included S.H. Raza, H.A. Gade, and Ara. M.F. Husain, known for his Cubist paintings, was also part of this influential group.
From the decline of traditional styles to the emergence of new schools and movements, Indian art has continually evolved, incorporating diverse influences and ideas. Modern Indian painting reflects a dynamic fusion of tradition and innovation, offering a vibrant canvas for artistic expression.
Evolution of modern painting in India
- By the end of the 19th century, Indian painting had declined from its roots in miniature painting, with only the “Bazar” and “Company” styles, as well as various folk arts, remaining active.
- The Western concept of naturalism, championed by Raja Ravi Verma, then emerged.
- Abanindranath Tagore attempted to counteract this decline by founding a new school of painting, the Bengal School of Painting, also known as the Renaissance School or the Revivalist School. Initially nostalgic and romantic in tone, it remained influential for over three decades.
- The end of World War II brought about new cultural and political circumstances, which had a profound impact on artists.
- This period coincided with India’s independence, offering unprecedented opportunities for modernization and engagement with the wider world, particularly the West. Indian artists absorbed these new ideas, including impressionism, expressionism, and post-expressionism.
- One notable feature of contemporary Indian painting is the newfound importance of technique and method. Form is now considered a separate entity that can overshadow the content of a work of art.
- As individualism has become the dominant ideology among artists, a new challenge has arisen: a lack of connection between the artist and the people.
More on Bengal school of art
The Bengal School of Art, also known as the Bengal School, was an art movement and style of Indian painting that emerged in Bengal during the early 20th century and spread throughout the Indian subcontinent during the British Raj.
Origins of the Bengal School of Art:
- Traditional Indian painting styles had fallen out of favor during the British Raj as they did not appeal to British collectors.
- Alongside the European techniques and subjects taught in art academies, Company Paintings were heavily promoted due to their appeal to British sensibilities.
- Company Paintings depicted Indian subjects, such as local flora, traditional clothing, and rituals, through European painting conventions and perspectives.
- Rather than celebrating Indian cultural traditions, they often exoticized them.
- The Bengal School arose in response to such imagery, drawing inspiration from Mughal, Rajasthani, and Pahari styles to portray elegant scenes of daily life and distinctly Indian traditions.
The Main features of the Bengal School of Painting
- Rooted in Indian Tradition: The Bengal School of Art draws heavily on Indian cultural heritage, as evident in its subject matter and themes.
- Emphasis on Indian Themes: The school’s focus on Indian deities such as Mahakali, Shiva Parvati, Krishna, and Gopis highlights its strong connection with Indian culture.
- Influenced by Ajanta Paintings: The Bengal School’s artistic style is influenced by the art of the Ajanta Caves, as seen in its use of rhythm, grace, and harmony.
- Delicate Lines: The school’s use of delicate, rhythmic lines is reminiscent of the Ajanta Paintings.
- Softness and Rhythm in Figures: The figures depicted in the Bengal School of Art are graceful and delicate, with a pleasing rhythmic quality that evokes a sense of softness.
- Attractive Colour Scheme: The school’s paintings feature a beautiful and attractive color scheme, achieved through the use of a wash technique and subdued, non-gaudy colors.
- Influenced by Mughal and Rajasthani Schools: The Bengal School of Art also shows influences from the Mughal and Rajasthani Schools of Art in certain instances.
- Skillful Use of Light and Shade: The Bengal School’s masterful use of light and shade creates a softness and depth that contributes to the overall impression of the paintings.
- Impressive and Indian Themes: The subject matter of the Bengal School is impressive and distinctly Indian, featuring historical, religious, and literary themes.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. FAQ: What defines Modern Indian Painting?
Answer: Modern Indian Painting refers to the art movement that emerged in India during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by a departure from traditional styles. It incorporates a fusion of Western artistic techniques with Indian themes, showcasing a blend of contemporary and traditional elements.
2. FAQ: Who are some prominent Modern Indian Painters?
Answer: Several notable artists have contributed to Modern Indian Painting. Some iconic figures include Raja Ravi Varma, Amrita Sher-Gil, M.F. Husain, Tyeb Mehta, and S.H. Raza. Each artist has left a unique imprint on the movement, exploring diverse styles, themes, and mediums.
3. FAQ: What themes and subjects are commonly depicted in Modern Indian Painting?
Answer: Modern Indian Painting often draws inspiration from a rich tapestry of cultural, social, and political themes. Artists explore a wide range of subjects, including mythology, landscapes, human emotions, and socio-political issues. The movement reflects the evolving identity of India, capturing the complexities of its history and contemporary reality.
4. FAQ: How has Modern Indian Painting evolved over time?
Answer: Modern Indian Painting has undergone significant evolution, mirroring the changing socio-political landscape of India. From the early influences of the Bengal School and academic realism, it progressed to various styles like Cubism, Abstract Expressionism, and the Progressive Artists’ Group. This evolution continues, with contemporary artists experimenting with new mediums and pushing artistic boundaries.
5. FAQ: Is Modern Indian Painting only about traditional art forms with a modern twist?
Answer: While Modern Indian Painting often incorporates traditional themes, it is not limited to a mere reinterpretation of classical art. Artists frequently experiment with new styles, techniques, and mediums. The movement embraces innovation, allowing for a dynamic fusion of Western and Indian artistic influences, resulting in a diverse range of expressions.
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