Discover a comprehensive compilation of UPSC Mains topic-wise questions focusing on International Relations, with a specific emphasis on Nepal. Engage with a diverse range of inquiries covering Nepal’s foreign policy decisions, regional dynamics, and diplomatic engagements with global counterparts. These meticulously curated questions provide valuable insights into the complexities of Nepal’s role in shaping the international landscape, aiding UPSC aspirants in developing a nuanced understanding of contemporary global affairs. Prepare effectively for the UPSC Mains examination by delving into thought-provoking queries tailored to enhance analytical skills and foster a deeper comprehension of Nepal’s strategic significance on the world stage. Immerse yourself in the study of Nepal’s diplomatic relationships and geopolitical challenges to excel in your UPSC preparation.
Q1. Write about Madheshis in Nepal. (2007, 2 Marks)
Answer: Madheshis are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group inhabiting the Terai plains of southern Nepal. They have raised concerns about cultural and linguistic marginalization, demanding proportional representation in government and greater recognition of their languages and culture.
Q2. Discuss the contentious issues that have caused the prolonged constitutional logjam in Nepal. (2012, 25 Marks)
Answer: Nepal’s Constituent Assembly (CA) formation in 2008, after a decade-long civil war, promised a new constitution reflecting the country’s diverse identity. However, disputes over key issues led to a prolonged logjam, delaying its promulgation until 2015. Here’s a discussion on the contentious issues:
- Federalism & Restructuring: The core debate revolved around the nature and number of federal units. Madhesi and Janjati communities demanded a federal structure guaranteeing their cultural and political representation. While some parties favoured identity-based federalism, others worried about ethnic fragmentation.
- Citizenship: Defining eligibility for citizenship remained a sticking point. Madhesi parties argued that the proposed provisions disenfranchised their community members who migrated from neighbouring India. Finding a balance between national security concerns and addressing historical grievances proved challenging.
- Electoral System: The choice of electoral system – proportional representation or a mixed system – impacted the power dynamics between national and regional parties. Smaller parties favoured a proportional system for better representation, while larger parties preferred a mixed system to maintain stability.
- Secularism vs. Hindu State: Disagreement existed on declaring Nepal a secular or Hindu state. While the Maoists and some Madhesi parties advocated for secularism, many favoured enshrining Hinduism as the state religion, reflecting Nepal’s historical and cultural identity.
These issues exposed deep political and societal cleavages. Parties struggled to bridge the gaps due to:
- Short-term Political Interests: Political parties often prioritized short-term gains over long-term national unity, leading to rigid stances.
- Lack of Consensus-Building: A genuine effort to forge consensus through dialogue and compromise was lacking.
The 2015 earthquakes created a sense of national urgency, prompting parties to come to an agreement. The promulgated constitution, though a product of compromise, still faces criticism for inadequately addressing some contentious issues.
Q3. In what sense is Indo-Nepal cooperation important for both countries’ national security? (2003, 2 Marks)
Answer: Close Indo-Nepal cooperation bolsters both nations’ security. It acts as a buffer against external threats, enabling intelligence sharing and securing open borders for effective border management.
Q4. Answer the following in 20 words: Weak spots in India-Nepal relations. (2004, 2 Marks)
Answer: Weak spots in India-Nepal relations include periodic border disputes, particularly regarding the Kalapani-Lipulekh region. Additionally, concerns over cross-border security threats, such as smuggling and illegal immigration, strain bilateral ties. The influence of external actors, like China, adds complexity. Historical grievances and perceptions of unequal treatment also contribute to occasional tensions. Effective dialogue and cooperation are essential to address these issues and strengthen the enduring ties between the two neighboring nations.
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