National Policy on Education

The National Policy on Education (NPE) stands as a cornerstone document, guiding the educational landscape of a nation, and fostering its intellectual growth, societal progress, and economic development. Crafted with a visionary outlook, the NPE articulates the fundamental principles, objectives, and strategies to propel the education system towards excellence. It embodies the collective aspirations of a society, aiming to nurture holistic development, cultivate critical thinking, and foster innovation among its citizens. Rooted in the ethos of equity, accessibility, and quality, the NPE serves as a blueprint for realizing the transformative power of education, empowering individuals to thrive in an ever-evolving global landscape. As a dynamic framework, it adapts to the shifting paradigms of education, ensuring relevance, inclusivity, and sustainability for generations to come.

Table of Contents

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 is the first education policy of the 21st century in India, which replaces the previous National Policy on Education (NPE) 1986. It aims to bring transformational reforms in school and higher education and thus shape India into a global knowledge superpower.

The Ministry of Education formed a committee under Dr. K Kasturirangan, which outlined this new policy. The National Education Policy 2020 proposes various reforms in school and higher education, including technical education, that are suited to 21st-century needs. This policy is aligned with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

5 foundational pillars of NEP 2020:

Access
Equity
Quality
Affordability
Accountability

Differences from Earlier Policies:

Holistic Development: Emphasizes critical thinking, discussion, and analytical learning.
Integration of Vocational Education: Recognizes and integrates vocational education into mainstream education.
Technology-Enabled Learning: Acknowledges the importance of technology, encouraging digital tools for an enhanced learning experience.
Multilingualism: Promotes the teaching of regional languages alongside English and Hindi, offering flexibility.
Flexible Curriculum: Provides subject selection, software training, transfer of credits, and a multiple-entry, exit system for institutional autonomy.

Targets under NEP 2020:

Universalization of education from ECCE to Secondary Education by 2030 (aligned with SDG 4).
Foundational Learning & Numeracy Skills through National Mission by 2025.
100% Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in Pre-School to Secondary Level by 2030.
50% GER in Higher Education by 2035.
Reintegration of 2 Crore children into the mainstream through open schooling.
Teacher preparation for assessment reforms by 2023.
Inclusive & Equitable Education System by 2030.

School Education

Universal Access Across Levels: NEP 2020 underscores the importance of universal access to school education, spanning from preschool to secondary levels.

Early Childhood Care & Education Restructuring:

Introduction of a 5+3+3+4 curricular structure, replacing the traditional 10+2 model.
Encompasses the critical age group of 3-6 years, globally acknowledged as a crucial stage for mental faculties development.

Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Mission: Urgent implementation of a National Mission on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy, recognizing it as a prerequisite for effective learning.

Flexible Curricula and Pedagogy Reforms:

Increased flexibility and subject choices for students.
Elimination of rigid distinctions between arts and sciences, curricular and extracurricular activities, and vocational and academic streams.
Introduction of vocational education from the 6th grade, incorporating internships.

Teacher Training Overhaul:

Replacement of the existing B.Ed. program with a four-year integrated teacher training program.
Integration of high-quality content, pedagogy, and practical training.
Formulation of a national curriculum framework for teacher education by the National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) in collaboration with NCERT.

Multilingualism Emphasis:

Mother tongue advocated as the medium of instruction up to Grade 5, preferably until Grade 8 and beyond.
Inclusion of Sanskrit as an option for students at all levels, following the three-language formula.

Assessment and Accreditation Innovations: Establishment of the National Assessment Centre-Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development (PARAKH) as a standard-setting body.

Higher Education

Holistic Multidisciplinary Approach:

NEP 2020 advocates for a comprehensive, multidisciplinary undergraduate education.
Flexible curricula, creative subject combinations, integration of vocational education, and multiple entry and exit points with relevant certification are emphasized.

Academic Bank of Credit: Introduction of an Academic Bank of Credit to digitally store academic credits earned from different Higher Education Institutions (HEIs).

National Research Foundation: Establishment of the National Research Foundation as a premier entity fostering a robust research culture and enhancing research capacity in higher education.

Regulatory Framework: Creation of the Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) as an overarching regulatory body for higher education, excluding medical and legal education.

Technology Integration: Formation of the National Educational Technology Forum (NETF) as an autonomous body to facilitate the exchange of ideas on leveraging technology for improved learning, assessment, planning, and administration.

Promotion of Indian Languages:

Recommendations for setting up an Indian Institute of Translation and Interpretation (IITI) and National Institutes for Pali, Persian, and Prakrit.
Strengthening of Sanskrit and all language departments in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs).

Internationalization of Higher Education:

Encouragement for high-performing Indian universities to establish campuses abroad.
Permission for selected top global universities to operate within India.

Initiatives of NEP 2020:

1. Academic Bank of Credit:

The UGC has issued regulations for the establishment and functioning of the Academic Bank of Credits.
This national-level digital platform promotes academic mobility through a structured system of credit accumulation, transfer, and redemption.

2. NIPUN Bharat:

The Government has launched the National Mission on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (NIPUN Bharat).
This initiative aims to enhance foundational literacy and numeracy skills across the nation.

3. Vidya Pravesh:

Guidelines have been formulated for a three-month play-based School Preparation Module for Grade 1 Children under the Vidya Pravesh initiative.

4. Regional Language Engineering Programs:

AICTE has introduced provisions for conducting first-year engineering programs in regional languages, enhancing accessibility and inclusivity in technical education.

5. National Digital Education Architecture (NDEAR):

The Union Budget 2021-22 announced the establishment of the National Digital Educational Architecture (NDEAR).
A significant focus is on bolstering the country’s digital infrastructure to facilitate enhanced educational delivery.

6. Structured Assessment for Analyzing Learning Levels (SAFAL):

SAFAL, to be introduced in CBSE Schools for Grades 3, 5, and 8 from 2021-22, emphasizes testing core concepts, application-based questions, and higher-order thinking skills.

7. Online Degree Programs:

In 2021, the University Grants Commission (UGC) granted universities the authority to offer online degree courses, expanding the landscape of the education sector.

8. Availability of Multidisciplinary Streams:

Leading institutions like IIT Delhi, IIT Roorkee, and IIT Kharagpur are progressively diversifying to include non-engineering courses, providing students with opportunities to explore a broader range of disciplines.

FAQs

Q: What is the National Policy on Education (NPE)?

The National Policy on Education (NPE) is a comprehensive framework formulated by the government to guide the development of education in a country. It outlines the goals, objectives, and strategies for improving the quality and accessibility of education at all levels.

Q: What are the key objectives of the National Policy on Education?

The key objectives of the National Policy on Education include:

Universal access to quality education for all citizens.
Ensuring equity and inclusiveness in education.
Enhancing the quality and relevance of education to meet the needs of the society.
Promoting lifelong learning opportunities.
Strengthening the educational infrastructure and resources.
Fostering national integration, secularism, and respect for diversity.

Q: How does the National Policy on Education address issues of access and equity?

The NPE emphasizes the importance of providing equal opportunities for education to all sections of society, regardless of caste, creed, gender, or socio-economic status. It advocates for affirmative action programs, scholarships, and other measures to ensure that marginalized groups have access to education. Additionally, it calls for the expansion of educational infrastructure in underserved areas and the provision of special education for children with disabilities.

Q: What changes have been made in the recent updates to the National Policy on Education?

Updates to the NPE often reflect changes in educational priorities, emerging challenges, and advancements in pedagogy and technology. Recent updates may include provisions for integrating digital technologies into teaching and learning, promoting vocational education and skill development, enhancing teacher training programs, and strengthening governance and accountability mechanisms in the education sector.

Q: How can stakeholders contribute to the implementation of the National Policy on Education?

Stakeholders, including government agencies, educational institutions, teachers, parents, civil society organizations, and the private sector, play crucial roles in the implementation of the NPE. They can contribute by aligning their efforts with the policy objectives, participating in policy development and review processes, mobilizing resources, promoting innovation and best practices, advocating for policy reforms, and monitoring the progress of implementation to ensure accountability and transparency.

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National Policy on Education – UPSC Social Justice Notes