Embarking on the challenging journey of the UPSC Mains examination demands not just diligence but also a strategic approach towards understanding the nuances of each optional subject. For aspirants choosing Political Science and International Relations (PSIR), the Indian Foreign Policy section stands as a pivotal domain that requires thorough exploration. In this blog series, we delve into the PSIR optional topic-wise previous year questions in UPSC Mains specifically focusing on Indian Foreign Policy from the years 2013 to 2023. Analyzing these questions not only provides insights into the evolving trends of the examination but also equips aspirants with a comprehensive understanding of the key themes and areas emphasized by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). As we navigate through the intricate landscape of diplomatic relations, global politics, and India’s stance on international issues, this series aims to be a beacon for PSIR aspirants seeking a structured and informed preparation strategy.
Unveiling the historical tapestry of Indian Foreign Policy through the lens of UPSC Mains questions, this blog series aims to unravel the intricacies that aspirants must grasp to excel in this optional subject. The years 2013 to 2023 have witnessed a dynamic geopolitical landscape, with India playing an increasingly significant role on the world stage. By meticulously examining the questions asked by UPSC during this period, aspirants can discern patterns, identify recurring themes, and gain a profound insight into the examiner’s expectations. Whether it’s deciphering India’s approach towards major global players, comprehending the impact of international events on the nation’s foreign policy, or evaluating diplomatic challenges, this series endeavors to equip PSIR candidates with the tools necessary to navigate this complex subject and emerge successful in the UPSC Mains examination.
Indian Foreign Policy – Previous Year Questions (UPSC CSE Mains PSIR Optional)
Determinants of foreign policy; the institutions of policy-making; Continuity and change
1. Present a critique of India’s foreign policy. (1991)
2. Evaluate the foreign policy of India with special reference to Pakistan and China in the present context. (1998)
3. Comment: Pre-independence origins of India’s foreign policy. (2004)
4. “India’s Foreign Policy could have matched with the fast-changing international system.” Discuss it. (2006)
5. “Domestic problems and historic legacies, apart from other factors, constitute major strains on Indian foreign policy.” Discuss this statement with suitable examples. (2009)
6. Explain and elucidate the implication of the statement: “India’s policy in post-Cold War era is tilted towards pragmatism and wisdom.” (2011)
7. Explain the impact of coalition politics on India’s Foreign Policy since late 1990s. (2011)
8. What have been the main challenges to India’s foreign policy in the last two decades? Are these essentially ‘concerns’ with domestic politics or ‘strategic’ issues? (200 words) (2012)
9. Comment on the essential elements of India’s foreign policy that are required to secure energy and security in the Indian Ocean region. (150 words) (2012)
10. Assess the scope and importance of setting up the Public Diplomacy Division in the Ministry of External Affairs in strengthening India’s Foreign Policy. (2012)
11. Identify the elements of change in India’s Foreign Policy. (150 words) (2013)
12. The economic content of India’s Foreign trade is increasingly growing.’ Substantiate the statement with economic diplomatic engagements of India in the last decade. (200 words) (2013)
13. “Federal units are critical in the making of India’s foreign policy.” Examine this statement with reference to the role of West Bengal vis-a-vis Bangladesh. (2014)
14. The Ministry of External Affairs is losing its importance in the making of India’s foreign policy with the parallel rise of the P.M.O. Explain. (2014)
15. The social structure of a country influences its foreign policy-making. How does the social structure of India impact the course and direction of its foreign policy? (2015)
16. How does the Parliament determine and influence the making of India’s foreign policy? (2015)
17. Economic interest has emerged as the main component of India’s foreign policy.’ Discuss the statement in the light of India’s initiatives to improve relations with China, Japan and the Central Asian republics. (2015)
18. Which determinant factors play an important role in making India’s foreign policy? Illustrate with examples. (2016)
19. Examine the Indian National Movement and geographical location of India as determinants of India’s foreign policy. (2017)
20. Do you agree with the view that the Indian Foreign Policy is increasingly being shaped by the Neoliberal outlook? Elaborate. (2018)
21. “India is often said to have a rich strategic culture.” Discuss. (2018)
22. “India’s current foreign policy marks significant qualitative shifts from that of the previous regimes.” Discuss. (2018)
23. Discuss the role of the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) in promoting India’s soft power abroad. (2018)
24. Examine the role of ‘parliamentary diplomacy’ in India’s foreign policy. (2019)
25. How is India responding to the idea of Indo-Pacific? (2019)
26. Examine the increasing significance of maritime security in India’s foreign policy. (2019)
27. Describe the structure and function of the National Security Council of India. What role does it play in the formulation of Indian foreign policy. (2020)
28. Explain the philosophical foundations of India’s foreign policy. (150 words) (2021)
29. How do the constituent states influence the foreign policy making process in India? (2021)
30. Peaceful co-existaence remians the cornerstone of India’s foreign policy. Comment.(2022)
31. Discuss the role of public diplomacy in the enhancement of India’s global standing.(2022)
32. Critically examine the major factors responsible for a turmaround in the trajectory of India’s foreign policy in the post-cold period.(2022)
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: What is the guiding principle of India’s foreign policy?
India’s foreign policy is primarily guided by the principles of non-alignment and strategic autonomy. The country has historically maintained a stance of non-alignment, emphasizing independence from any particular bloc or alliance, and strives to make sovereign decisions in its best national interest.
Q: How does India approach its neighbors in its foreign relations?
India places significant emphasis on maintaining strong and friendly relations with its neighbors. The policy of “neighborhood first” underscores the importance of fostering stable and cooperative ties with countries sharing geographical proximity. Understanding the dynamics of India’s engagement with neighboring nations is crucial to comprehending its overall foreign policy strategy.
Q: What role does India play in international organizations?
India actively participates in various international organizations such as the United Nations, World Trade Organization, and BRICS, among others. Understanding India’s role in these forums, its contributions, and its stance on global issues is essential to grasp the broader contours of its foreign policy and diplomatic engagement on the world stage.
Q: How does India handle its relations with major global players like the United States, Russia, and China?
India’s foreign policy involves maintaining diversified relationships with major global powers. The strategic partnerships with the United States and Russia, along with the evolving dynamics with China, play a crucial role in shaping India’s geopolitical positioning. Analyzing India’s diplomatic approach towards these nations is key to understanding the complexities of its foreign policy.
Q: How has India’s foreign policy evolved over the years, especially in response to changing global dynamics?
India’s foreign policy has undergone significant transformations over the years, adapting to the changing global landscape. Exploring the historical context and tracing the evolution of India’s foreign policy helps aspirants comprehend the nation’s responses to geopolitical shifts, economic developments, and emerging challenges on the international front.
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