Telecommunication technology - Evolution(1G,2G

Telecommunication technology has evolved exponentially since its inception, revolutionizing the way people communicate and interact globally. The journey began with the advent of 1G, the first generation of mobile networks, which introduced analog voice calls. Subsequent generations, notably 2G, 3G, and 4G, brought about digitalization, enabling text messaging, internet browsing, and multimedia services. However, the most significant leap came with 5G, promising unprecedented speeds, ultra-low latency, and massive connectivity. As the world anticipates the rollout of 6G, poised to transcend the capabilities of its predecessor, the evolution of telecommunication technology continues unabated. Central to this evolution is the spectrum band concept, which allocates specific frequency ranges for wireless communication. Yet, despite its pivotal role, spectrum allocation remains a contentious issue, characterized by scarcity, interference, and regulatory challenges. Addressing these issues is paramount to harnessing the full potential of telecommunication technology and paving the way for a seamless, interconnected future.

Table of Contents

Evolution of Mobile Networks across Generations:

1G: Voice Calls:

1G marks the inception of wireless cellular technology, allowing communication between supported devices via a wireless network.
Operating on an analog system, 1G primarily facilitated voice calls, albeit with poor quality due to interference and limited roaming capabilities.

2G: Telephony Services:

The transition to 2G introduced the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), replacing analog with digital technology for wireless transmission.
2G networks improved voice call quality and introduced services like Short Message Service (SMS) and Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS).
Additionally, 2G enabled roaming features, permitting users to engage in calls and exchange texts and multimedia content while on the move.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Evolution) provided internet support, although this alone didn’t signify a generational leap.

3G: Age of Applications:

The advent of 3G ushered in high-speed internet services, paving the way for smartphones and application ecosystems.
While 3G facilitated mobile television, online radio services, and emails on phones, its defining features include video calling and mobile phone applications.

4G: Internet Calling:

Building upon the foundation laid by 3G, 4G represents the current generation of mobile networks. 4G realizes concepts introduced by 3G such as high-definition voice calls and video calls, along with other internet services, thanks to its higher data rates and advanced multimedia capabilities.

Key Features of 4G:

4G perfected the LTE (Long Term Evolution) system, significantly enhancing data rates and enabling simultaneous voice and data transmission.
One notable advantage of 4G is Internet calling, known as VoLTE (Voice over LTE), which ensures high-quality voice calls.
Additionally, 4G facilitates voice over WiFi (VoWiFi), enabling voice calls in areas with poor or no network reception.

Comparison: VoLTE vs VoWiFi vs VoNR:

VoLTE (Voice over LTE):

VoLTE is the voice calling capability in 4G LTE networks, necessitating integration with IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) and the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network.
It ensures packet-switched IP technology, requiring connection to a 4G radio base station (eNodeB), with a circuit-switched fallback (CSFB) option for areas lacking VoLTE support.

VoWiFi (Voice over WiFi):

VoWiFi utilizes IP technology, connecting mobile phones to local WiFi networks and enabling communication via the Evolved Packet Data Gateway (ePDG) and IMS.
It allows cellular devices to connect to the 4G LTE network securely, using ePDG as an adapter.

VoNR (Voice over New Radio):

VoNR represents voice calling capability in 5G networks, requiring integration with IMS and a 5G mobile core network, connecting to a 5G radio base station (gNodeB).
Conceptually similar to VoLTE, VoNR operates on packet-switched IP technology and can co-exist with 4G LTE or function as stand-alone 5G networks.

5G: IoT and Enterprises:

5G marks a shift towards not just serving smartphone users but also catering to enterprise needs due to its low latency and high throughput.
Operating in the millimeter-wave spectrum, 5G offers high-speed data transmission with minimal interference, ideal for automation and connected ecosystems in enterprises.
For consumers, 5G promises high internet speeds and enables technologies like the metaverse, leveraging OFDM and millimeter wireless for enhanced data rates and low-latency communication.

6G Technology:

Terahertz (THz) Frequencies:

6G aims to operate on terahertz (THz) frequencies, enabling data transfer over waves of hundreds of gigahertz (GHz).
THz waves, with wavelengths around 1 millimeter, offer higher data-carrying capacity compared to 5G waves.

Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI):

AI will optimize 6G network performance by managing traffic and ensuring reliable data delivery.
AI algorithms will enhance network efficiency and adaptability.

Massive MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output):

Utilizes numerous antennas for data transmission and reception, accommodating a vast array of devices and connections.
Enables support for billions of sensors and actuators in 6G networks.

Network Slicing:

6G introduces network slicing, allowing the segmentation of broader networks into smaller, dedicated networks.
Different types of traffic, such as video streaming and industrial automation, can be prioritized and managed separately.

Enhanced Security Measures:

6G networks prioritize security with robust encryption and authentication protocols to safeguard sensitive data and applications.

Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC):

Ensures minimal latency even in congested networks, vital for mission-critical applications like industrial automation and virtual/augmented reality.
6G technology aims to fulfill the stringent requirements of emerging URLLC applications.

Integrated Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IIRS):

Introduces new technology to reflect and amplify radio waves, improving network performance, particularly in areas with poor signal reception.
IIRS enhances signal strength and quality in 6G networks, contributing to better connectivity and coverage.

India’s Pursuit of 6G Technology

Introduction to 6G:
India is gearing up for the advent of 6G wireless technology, with plans for commercial deployment by 2030.

Patents and International Collaboration:
India has secured over 127 patents for 6G technology from international organizations, sparking global interest in India’s advancements.
A pact with the United States, forged at the 2023 G20 Summit, underscores India’s commitment to driving high-end research in 6G technology.

Bharat 6G Vision:
The Department of Telecommunications has established a Technology Innovation Group on 6G (TIG-6G) to shape the Bharat 6G Vision.
Objective: Develop secure, intelligent, and pervasive 6G network technologies by 2030, enhancing the quality of life.

International Recognition:
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has endorsed India’s 6G Vision Framework, acknowledging India’s pivotal role in its development.
India’s large market potential, conducive government policies, and promising ROI make it an attractive destination for 6G investments.

Pillars of 6G Vision:

Bharat 6G Project:
- Aims to deploy 6G communication services by 2030, fostering research and deployment through targeted funding.
Phases:
- Phase One (2023-2025): Support explorative ideas, risky pathways, and proof-of-concept tests.
- Phase Two (2025-2030): Back concepts with global potential, leading to commercialization.
Objectives:
- Foster R&D in 6G technologies by Indian entities, positioning India as a global leader.
- Utilize 6G as a catalyst for nationwide improvement in quality of life.

Apex Council:
- Oversees the Bharat 6G Project, focusing on standardization, spectrum identification, and ecosystem development for 6G technology in India.

Exploring 6G Technology Applications

Healthcare:
- 6G networks, coupled with IoT devices, will revolutionize healthcare by enabling hospitals to provide on-demand and emergency patient access.
- Ambulances equipped with AI capabilities and seamless connectivity will facilitate Hospital-to-Home (H2H) services.

Agriculture:
- 6G technology will empower agriculture with intelligent predictive systems utilizing IoT and AI/ML algorithms.
- These systems will anticipate yield, optimize irrigation and pesticide schedules, and monitor crop health efficiently.

Transportation/Air Mobility:
- Urban Air Mobility (UAM) initiatives, such as electric vertical take-offs and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, will rely on 6G networks for seamless operations.
- Cities like Mumbai and Bangalore will benefit from improved mobility solutions, easing peak hour traffic congestion.

Education:
- 6G technology holds the potential to transform education by facilitating virtual interactions among students, teachers, and educational resources worldwide.
- Students will have access to high-quality educational content and collaborative learning environments from any location.

Internet of Things (IoT):
- Enhanced capacity and minimal latency of 6G networks will amplify the effectiveness of the Internet of Things (IoT).
- Real-time data collection and sharing among a multitude of IoT devices will be streamlined and optimized.

Space Exploration:
- 6G technology opens new frontiers in space exploration, enabling real-time control of space vehicles and robots.
- High-resolution imaging of distant celestial bodies, including planets and stars, will be facilitated by advanced 6G networks.

UPSC Essay Course

Spectrum Band

Spectrum encompasses the radio frequencies through which wireless signals propagate, constituting a segment of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Functionality:
- Devices like cellphones, radios, and Wi-Fi routers rely on signals transmitted through airwaves, allocated specific frequencies to prevent interference.
- These designated airwaves form what is known as the spectrum, subdivided into various frequency bands.

Frequency and Range:
- Frequency denotes the rate of wave repetitions within a given period.
- Lower frequencies signify slower wave repetitions, while higher frequencies denote more rapid repetitions.
- Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz).

Device ranges include:
- Radio: 100-200 Megahertz (MHz)
- Telecom: 800 MHz – 2300 MHz
- Wi-Fi: Initially 2.4 GHz, now enhanced to 5 GHz.

Understanding Spectrum Auctions

Spectrum auctions involve the sale of airwaves, a public asset owned by the Union government within the nation’s geographical boundaries. The Department of Telecom (DoT) conducts these auctions periodically, selling airwaves as bands for specific durations.

Process:
- The government divides India into telecom circles, presently numbering 22, and auctions spectrums accordingly.
- Sold spectrums have a fixed validity period, typically set at 20 years.

Historical Context

Origins:
- India’s inaugural spectrum auction occurred in 1994 for the 900MHz band.
- Subsequently, the government shifted to an administrative allocation model post the 2001 auction.

Transitions:
- Following the 2G spectrum case, the government reverted to the spectrum auction method, abandoning the administrative allocation model.
- Initially, the government’s selection of telecom infrastructure developers under the administrative model proved less effective than auctioning.

Spectrum Classification:
- Spectrum is classified into three main categories: low-band, mid-band, and high-band spectrum, each with distinct characteristics.

Low-band Spectrum (Under 3 GHz):
- Propagates over longer distances with minimal signal interruption.
- Predominantly utilized in constructing wireless networks, facilitating high-speed data transmission.

High-band Spectrum (Above 24 GHz):
- Travels shorter distances, often measured in meters, yet offers substantial capacity and ultra-fast speeds.

Mid-band Spectrum (Between 3 and 24 GHz):
- Combines attributes of both low- and high-band spectrums, providing a balance of coverage and capacity.

Functionalities:
- These spectrum frequencies serve as conduits between cell sites (cell towers) and mobile devices, facilitating wireless communication.

Resource Management:
- Spectrum, being finite, necessitates efficient management, typically through auctions.
- The Union government, administered by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), governs all publicly available assets within the nation’s geographical confines, including airwaves.

Challenges in Spectrum Auctions

Elevated Reserve Prices:
- Prior to auctions, the government sets reserve prices for spectrum, compelling telecom companies to bid above these thresholds. However, inflated reserve prices deter potential buyers.
- Example: In a recent auction, only 37% of available airwaves attracted buyers due to the exorbitant reserve prices, notably the 700 MHz band priced at 1.97 lakh crore.

Outdated Auction Formats:
- The government has failed to modernize spectrum auction formats over time, resulting in a decline in bidder participation.

Competition from VoIP Subscribers:
- Over-The-Top (OTT) providers offer substitutes like Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP), capturing a significant customer base while operating beyond traditional regulatory oversight. This diminishes telecoms’ market position and reduces their willingness to invest in spectrum auctions.

Allocation of Unlicensed Spectrum for Wi-Fi:
- Wi-Fi utilization alleviates carrier network congestion, potentially diminishing demand for licensed spectrum. Increased allocation of unlicensed spectrum for Wi-Fi could further reduce licensed spectrum demand.

Uncertainty Regarding Future Auctions:
- Ambiguity surrounding the allocation of spectrum for 5G auctions creates uncertainty for telecom companies, impacting strategic decision-making regarding spectrum acquisition.

Lack of Regulatory Clarity:
- Inadequate regulatory frameworks have led to the forced exit of telecom players, diminishing bidder competition and thereby impacting auction prices adversely.

High Upfront Fees:
- Demands for rationalizing upfront fees, especially the 50% fees on certain spectrum bands, have surfaced. High upfront costs strain telecom finances, impeding operational efficiency.

Recommendations for Enhancing Spectrum Auctions

Rationalize Spectrum Pricing:
- Collaborate with the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) and industry stakeholders to establish realistic spectrum pricing, ensuring affordability and encouraging bidder participation.

Expand Unlicensed Spectrum for Wi-Fi:
- Increase the allocation of unlicensed spectrum to bolster Wi-Fi infrastructure, complementing carrier networks. This initiative will bolster the implementation of the recently approved Public Wi-Fi project.

Provide Clarity on Future Auctions:
- Offer clear guidelines and insights into future spectrum auctions, particularly regarding the allocation of 5G spectrum bands. Transparency fosters investor confidence and facilitates strategic planning for stakeholders.

Release Comprehensive Auction Guidelines:
- Introduce comprehensive guidelines for future spectrum auctions, fostering collaboration between telecom operators and Over-The-Top (OTT) service providers. Clear directives promote the delivery of enhanced consumer services and experiences.

Extend Spectrum Fee Payment Timeframe:
- Extend the timeframe for spectrum fee payments to alleviate financial strain on telecom operators. Enhanced payment schedules promote financial stability and operational sustainability within the telecommunications sector.

FAQs

1. What is the difference between 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G?

1G (First Generation): Introduced in the 1980s, 1G was analog and provided basic voice services.
2G (Second Generation): Introduced digital technology, enabling text messaging and data services alongside voice calls.
3G (Third Generation): Offered faster data speeds, enabling video calling and mobile internet.
4G (Fourth Generation): Provided significant improvements in data speed and reliability, enabling high-definition video streaming and online gaming.
5G (Fifth Generation): Represents the latest leap, offering ultra-fast speeds, low latency, and massive connectivity, enabling technologies like IoT, autonomous vehicles, and augmented reality.

2. What are the key features of 6G technology?

6G (Sixth Generation): It’s envisioned to provide even faster speeds, potentially reaching terabits per second.
Extreme low latency: Reducing delays to nearly zero, enabling real-time applications like remote surgery.
Massive connectivity: Supporting an even larger number of connected devices, facilitating the expansion of IoT.
Advanced spectrum utilization: Utilizing higher frequency bands and novel technologies like terahertz waves for unprecedented bandwidth.

3. How does spectrum band allocation work in telecommunication?

Spectrum bands: Telecommunication spectrum is divided into bands, each with specific frequencies.
Allocation: Regulatory bodies assign bands to different uses (e.g., cellular, Wi-Fi) to prevent interference and ensure efficient use.
Licensed vs. unlicensed: Some bands require licenses for exclusive use, while others are open for anyone to use (e.g., Wi-Fi bands).
Dynamic allocation: Some bands can be dynamically allocated based on demand, maximizing efficiency.

4. What are the issues surrounding spectrum band allocation?

Spectrum scarcity: With increasing demand for wireless services, certain bands become overcrowded, leading to slower speeds and dropped connections.
Interference: Overlapping use of bands can cause interference, degrading service quality.
Regulatory challenges: Balancing the interests of different stakeholders and ensuring fair access to spectrum can be complex.
Emerging technologies: New technologies like 5G and IoT require new spectrum allocations, posing challenges for regulators and industry players.
International coordination: Spectrum usage often requires international coordination to avoid conflicts and ensure seamless communication across borders.

5. How does 5G address previous telecommunication technology limitations?

Speed and capacity: 5G offers significantly faster speeds and increased capacity, enabling seamless streaming, gaming, and other bandwidth-intensive applications.
Latency: With ultra-low latency, 5G enables real-time communication and responsiveness critical for applications like autonomous vehicles and remote surgery.
Connectivity: 5G supports massive device connectivity, paving the way for the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart city applications.
Energy efficiency: Advanced technologies in 5G reduce energy consumption, making it more sustainable compared to previous generations.
Network slicing: 5G allows for virtual network partitions tailored to specific applications or users, optimizing performance and resource allocation.

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Telecommunication technology – Evolution(1G,2G – 5G,6G), Spectrum band concept and issues – UPSC Science & Technology Notes