Welcome to the latest edition of UPSC Geography Current Affairs, dated 24th November 2023. In this rapidly changing world, understanding the dynamic interplay between geography and current events is essential for anyone preparing for the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) examinations. Geography plays a pivotal role in shaping our world, influencing political decisions, economic activities, and social dynamics. This edition delves into the most relevant and up-to-date geographical aspects of current affairs, shedding light on the critical issues that candidates must be well-versed in for their UPSC preparations. Join us as we explore the geographical dimensions of today’s most pressing global and national issues, offering valuable insights and analysis to assist you in your quest for success in the UPSC examinations.
GLOBAL NATURAL DISASTER ASSESSMENT
Why in news :
Recently a Global Natural Disaster Assessment report was published showing that the overall economic losses from natural disasters were relatively large, but the number of deaths and affected people remained low.
About :
- Global natural disasters, like hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, and wildfires, are on the rise. The 2022 Global Assessment Report on Disaster reveals an 83% increase in climate-related events, exemplified by the Amazon Rainforest Fires and Hurricane Katrina in 2005. These disasters underscore escalating environmental and socio-economic risks, emphasizing the urgency for comprehensive mitigation and adaptation strategies.
| Category | Type | Example | Fact/Evidence |
| Climatic Disasters | Hurricanes and Typhoons | Hurricane Katrina (2005) | Increasing intensity linked to warming sea surface temps. |
| Floods | 2022 Pakistan Floods | Floods affect more people globally than any other disaster. | |
| Droughts | California Drought (2012-2017) | Linked to climate change, causing water scarcity. | |
| Geological Disasters | Earthquakes | Haiti Earthquake (2010) | Seismic activity along tectonic plate boundaries. |
| Tsunamis | Indian Ocean Tsunami (2004) | Triggered by underwater earthquakes, causing coastal damage. | |
| Wildfires | Forest Fires | Australian Bushfires (2019-2020) | Longer, more intense fire seasons due to climate change. |
| Environmental & Technological Disasters | Nuclear Accidents | Fukushima Daiichi (2011) | Environmental impact extends beyond immediate vicinity. |
| Industrial Accidents | Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984) | Human and environmental consequences of chemical disasters. |
ENVIRONMENT AND GEOGRAPHICAL VULNERABILITY TO NATURAL DISASTERS
- Rising Sea Levels: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports a global sea level rise of 3.3 mm per year. Eg. Small island nations like Tuvalu face heightened risks of flooding and salinity intrusion.
- Deforestation and Landslides: The World Bank estimates that 17% of the Amazon Rainforest has been lost in the last 50 years. Eg. The 2022 landslide in Joshimath was exacerbated by deforestation, resulting in tragic consequences.
- Tectonic Activity and Earthquakes: Areas located along tectonic plate boundaries are at higher risk of earthquakes. The “Ring of Fire” around the Pacific Ocean is a seismic hotspot with frequent earthquake activity. Eg. The 2011 earthquake in Japan, situated on the Pacific Ring of Fire, caused a devastating tsunami and nuclear disaster.
- Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events:The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) notes an increase in the number of extreme weather events globally.
- Eg: The 2019-2020 Australian bushfires, exacerbated by prolonged heatwaves, showcased the link between climate change and extreme events.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY
Direct Impact
- Loss of Habitats : Amazon rainforest fires have devastated the habitats , resulting in loss of numerous plants and animal species , especially endemic flora and fauna in regions.
- Coral bleaching : Rising sea temperatures, linked to climate change, cause coral bleaching in the Great Barrier Reef.
- Threat to ecosystem resilience : Soil liquefaction and coastal subsidence disrupted habitats, leading to the loss of biodiversity and threatening ecosystem resilience.
- Mangrove Systems : 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami highlighted the extensive damage to mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and coral reefs.
Indirect Impact
- Nuclear Disaster : Radioactive contamination from the Fukushima nuclear meltdown affected soil, water sources, and marine sediments, influencing the health of terrestrial and aquatic organisms.
- Glacier Lake Outburst floods : Melting glaciers contribute to the formation of glacial lakes, can lead to sedimentation, altering river courses and affecting aquatic habitats downstream.
SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES
- Disproportionate Economic Loss: The World Bank notes that low-income countries suffer a disproportionate economic burden, with losses reaching up to several percentage points of their GDP. Example: The 2010 Haiti earthquake resulted in economic losses equivalent to 120% of the country’s GDP, severely impacting an already impoverished population.
- Housing Vulnerability and Displacement: The International Organization for Migration (IOM) reports that natural disasters displace an average of 26 million people annually, with vulnerable populations being the most affected.
Eg: The 2013 Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines led to the displacement of over four million people, predominantly from low-income coastal communities.
- Impact on Livelihoods and Agriculture: The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that 22% of the total economic impact of natural disasters is absorbed by the agricultural sector. Eg: The 2015 earthquake in Nepal severely impacted rural communities, causing extensive damage to crops and livestock and jeopardizing food security.
- Health and Education Challenges: UNICEF reports that natural disasters often result in the breakdown of essential services, leading to increased mortality rates and hindering access to education. Eg: The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami disrupted health services and education in affected regions, exacerbating vulnerabilities in already marginalized communities.
- Long-term Poverty Traps: The socio-economic impacts of natural disasters can create long-term poverty traps for vulnerable communities. Eg. Research published in the World Development journal suggests that the economic recovery of vulnerable communities can take years or even decades.
CASE STUDY : JOSHIMATH LAND SUBSIDENCE IN UTTARAKHAND
Joshimath, located in Seismic Zone V is prone to earthquakes, gradual weathering, and water percolation. However, subsidence might have been triggered by the reactivation of a geographic fault where the Indian Plate has pushed under the Eurasian Plate along the Himalayas. Anthropogenic factors like Tapovan Vishnugad Hydropower, widening of the Char Dham Project, rampant tourism, unplanned urbanization, water withdrawals, and absence of proper drainage have contributed to the disaster in 2022.
CHALLENGES IN REBUILDING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POST NATURAL DISASTERS IN INDIA
- Infrastructure Deficiencies: The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) reports that inadequate infrastructure hampers rapid response and recovery efforts.Eg : Cyclone Fani in 2019 exposed vulnerabilities in the infrastructure of coastal areas in Odisha, hindering swift recovery.
- Urban Planning and Informal Settlements: Rapid urbanization and informal settlements in India contribute to challenges in post-disaster rebuilding.Eg.The 2023 Nepal earthquake highlighted issues in urban planning, with informal settlements facing severe damage and slow reconstruction.
- Population Density and Resettlement: High population density complicates resettlement efforts post-disaster. Eg : The 2013 Uttarakhand floods led to challenges in relocating affected populations due to limited available land and resources.
- Environmental Degradation and Climate Change: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) recognizes the impact of climate change on the frequency of extreme weather events. Example: The recurring floods in Assam showcase the compounding challenges of rebuilding in the face of changing climate patterns.
- Coordination and Governance: Poor coordination between the state government, military, and disaster response agencies led to delays in reaching affected areas and providing essential aid. Eg. Bengaluru floods
GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DISASTER MITIGATION
- Sendai Framework: It is the successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA). It aims to guide the multi-hazard management of disaster risk in development at all levels as well as within and across all sectors.
- The Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS): The Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS) is an initiative to save lives, assets, and livelihoods through increased access to early weather warnings and risk information for people in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
- Green Climate Fund: It provides an overview of country’s needs and evidence-based programming experiences in the relevant sector.
INDIA INITIATIVES
- Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure Society (CDRIS): It aims to increase the resilience of infrastructure systems to climate and disaster risks, thereby ensuring sustainable development.
- National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP): It lays down policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management to ensure timely and effective response to disasters.
CONCLUSION
India faces a complex web of challenges in the aftermath of natural disasters, exacerbated by infrastructure deficiencies, urban planning issues, and the impact of climate change. The variety of disasters highlights the intersection of natural and anthropogenic factors. While global initiatives like the Sendai Framework and the Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems provide a broader framework for disaster mitigation, India’s National Disaster Management Plan and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure Society are crucial domestic steps toward enhancing resilience. Sustainable development hinges on coordinated efforts, innovative strategies, and a proactive approach to mitigate the socio-economic and environmental impacts of natural disasters in India.
Where to use?
Paper II ( Geography optional ): Contemporary issues, Climate change and disasters
Paper III ( General Studies ): Disaster Management
Source : Prevention Web ; ORG
NEWS IN BRIEF
GLOBAL TIGER NUMBERS ARE RISING
Why in news :
Countries have submitted tiger population numbers from 2010-2022 to the Global Tiger Recovery Program (GTRP) and United Nations Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) under GTRP 2.0 which aims to pave the way for tiger conservation from 2023-2034.
About :
KEY FINDINGS
- Wild tiger status is good in South Asia and Russia, but the picture in Southeast Asia is grim
- There has been an overall increase in the tiger population by 60 percent, taking the number to 5,870.
- Countries like Bhutan, Myanmar, Cambodia, Lao-PDR, and Vietnam showed a decline in tiger populations, making the situation “grim” in the Tiger Range Countries (TRCs) of Southeast Asia.
- The success of countries in South Asia like Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal including China and Russia in North East Asia is attributed to effective measures taken for habitat conservation and protection.
- Nepal has tripled the tiger population.
CAUSE FOR THE DECLINE IN THE NUMBER OF TIGERS
- Invasive Species: The proliferation of invasive species like Lantana camara in Indian forests has led to habitat degradation, reducing the abundance of ungulates that tigers depend on for sustenance.
- Man-Animal Conflict: Sundarbans in West Bengal witnessed frequent man-tiger conflicts due to the close proximity of human settlements to tiger habitats, resulting in fatalities on both sides.
- Infrastructure Development: The expansion of highways through wildlife corridors in central India, like the Pench-Kanha corridor, disrupts tiger migration routes, isolating populations and hindering genetic diversity.
- Disease: The outbreak of the Canine distemper virus in the Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan led to the death of several tigers, highlighting the vulnerability of these apex predators to diseases.
- Poaching: The arrest of poachers in the Simlipal Tiger Reserve in Odisha in 2020, with seized tiger bones and skins, underscores the persistent menace of poaching even in well-protected reserves.
- Insufficient Prey: Some tiger reserves suffer from an inadequate prey base, jeopardizing the sustainability of tiger populations. Example: The Palamau Tiger Reserve in Jharkhand faces a challenge in maintaining viable tiger populations due to a decline in prey species, emphasizing the need for ecological balance in protected areas.
GLOBAL INITIATIVES
- ST. PETERSBURG DECLARATION ( 2010 ): It brought together world leaders to endorse the Global Tiger Recovery Program (GTRP), which aimed to double tiger populations by 2022.
- GLOBAL TIGER INITIATIVE ( 2008 ): It fostered collaboration among governments, NGOs, and international organizations to support tiger conservation efforts.
- CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES ( CITES ): CITES regulates the trade of tiger parts and products, aiming to eliminate illegal wildlife trade and ensure the legal and sustainable sourcing of tiger specimens.
INDIAN INITIATIVES
- Project Tiger
- National Tiger Conservation Authority
- Tiger Census in India
- Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022
CONCLUSION
While the global rise in tiger populations is encouraging, the pressing issues confronting Southeast Asian tigers necessitate urgent attention and thorough conservation measures. The coordinated endeavors of nations, underpinned by impactful policies and consistent resources, are crucial to guarantee the ongoing resurgence and welfare of this iconic species.
Where to use?
Paper I ( Geography optional ): Wildlife Conservation
Paper III ( General Studies ): Conservation
Source: Down to Earth
THOUSANDS OF EARTHQUAKE ROCK ICELAND
Why in the news:
Recently, Iceland has declared a state of emergency following a series of 800 earthquakes that struck the southwestern Reykjanes peninsula in less than 14 hours.
About :
- Around 1,400 earthquakes occurred in 24 hours and 24,000 have been recorded in the Reykjanes peninsula since late October.
- The most powerful of these quakes had a magnitude of 5.2 and hit about 40 km from Reykjavík, Iceland’s capital.
WHAT IS HAPPENING TO ICELAND?
- Iceland is located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, technically the longest mountain range in the world, but on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.
- The ridge separates the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates — making it a hotbed of seismic activity.
HOW CAN EARTHQUAKE SWARMS BE PORTENTS OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITY?
- Formation of Magma: Deep beneath the Earth’s surface, the intense heat initiates the process of rock melting, giving rise to magma. This viscous, flowing substance is lighter than solid rock, setting the stage for geological activity.
- Magma Chambers and Underground Trapping: The upward movement of magma leads to its accumulation in underground chambers. These reservoirs, situated deep within the Earth, act as storage for the molten substance, creating a dynamic geological environment.
- Volcanic Eruptions: While most magma remains trapped, a fraction finds its way to the surface through vents and fissures, resulting in volcanic eruptions. This explosive release of magma has significant geological consequences and is a key driver of Earth’s dynamic landscape.
- Earthquake Swarms: The movement of magma in proximity to the Earth’s surface exerts force on surrounding rocks, often triggering earthquake swarms. These seismic events are symptomatic of the geological activity occurring beneath the Earth’s crust.
- Surface Proximity and Eruption Likelihood: As magma moves closer to the Earth’s surface, the likelihood of an eruption increases. The proximity to the surface is a critical factor influencing the eruption potential, with the escalating risk often accompanied by more frequent earthquake swarms.
HOW MANY ACTIVE VOLCANOES DOES ICELAND CURRENTLY HAVE?
- Iceland has 33 active volcanoes which have erupted over 180 times in the past 1,000 years.
- One of Iceland’s most famous volcanoes is Eyjafjallajökull.
- Other famous volcanoes include Hekla, Grímsvötn, Hóluhraun, and Litli-Hrútur (part of the Fagradalsfjall system).
Where to use :
Paper I ( Geography optional ): Volcanoes and Earthquakes
Paper III ( General Studies ): Disasters
Source: INDIAN EXPRESS
CASE STUDY: INVASIVE TREE SPECIES DEGRADING BANNI GRASSLANDS
- Prosopis juliflora — a non-native and invasive tree species — has encroached over half of Banni, one of Asia’s largest grasslands in Gujarat. The tree is harmful to ecology; yet, local communities have over time grown dependent on it for livelihood by, for example, making charcoal.
- It has depleted groundwater availability; increased soil salinity; and made the grassland more susceptible to wildfires. The invasion has also posed a threat to habitat specialist species such as the desert fox, Houbara bustard, and spiny-tailed lizard that have evolved to live in grasslands over centuries.
- The study found that mechanical removal of Prosopis “significantly increased native grassland plant diversity.”
Where to use?
Paper II ( Geography optional ): Environment and ecology , Ecosystem , their management and conservation
Source: Down to Earth
Key terms
- Marine Cloud Brightening: Marine cloud brightening refers to an albedo modification technique that aims to increase the reflectivity, and possibly even the lifetimes, of certain clouds in order to reflect more sunlight back into space and partially offset some of the impacts of climate change. The most common proposal for achieving such a goal is to inject naturally occurring sea salt into cloud updrafts.
- Land Degradation neutrality: It is the state in which the value of land providing economic and ecosystem services remains constant or increases over a period of time. It aims at the prevention of degradation through preventive and curative measures.
- Fulgurites: Fulgurites are hollow glass tubes that form when lightning strikes the ground. They are also known as “fossilized lightning”.Its formation is caused by extreme temperatures of more than 1,710 degrees Celsius.
- Biomimicry: Bio’ means living organism; ‘mimicry’ means to imitate. Biomimicry is thus the practice of imitating life and nature. Its aim is to draw inspiration from nature’s engineering in order to solve the world’s most pressing challenges and ensure a sustainable future for all life on earth.
- Annual Solar Savings: Annual solar savings is the amount of energy saved each year from solar technology. It’s calculated by subtracting the amount paid for solar from what would have been paid for electricity. This includes tax incentives.
Place in News
Umiam Lake
- Why in the news: The Meghalaya government has decided to use AI-powered boat to clean Umiam Lake
- Umiam Lake, also known as Barapani Lake, is a lake in the state of Meghalaya 15 km (9.3 miles) north of Shillong, the capital of Meghalaya.
- It is encircled by lush green East Khasi hills.
- It is one of the biggest artificial lakes in Meghalaya, spread over an area of 10 square km,
- The confluence of the two streams, Umkhrah and Umshvrpi, form the Wah Ro-ro stream in the northwest of the town and joins River Umiam, the main source of water for the lake.
- Approx: Shillong
Anantapur
- Why in news: Recently, rains spur farm activity in Anantapur.
- Anantapur, officially Anantapuramu, is a city in Anantapur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
- It has a semi-arid climate, with hot and dry conditions for most of the year. It is part of the Rayalaseema region in the state.
- Gooty Fort is a historical fort on a hill dating to the 11th century.
- Approx. Kurnool
Kibithu
- Why in news: Recently, the military camp at Kibithu has been renamed after former CDS Bipin Rawat
- It is a small village in Arunachal Pradesh’s Anjaw district and located on the last road head of extreme northeast of northeastern India and the very place where the Lohit River enters India.
- It is one of the places that forms the Indo-China border and has always been a place of great importance. It is uniquely located on the trijunction, with China to the north and Myanmar to the east.
- Approx : Anjaw
Talakayala Betta
- Why in news: Recently, the Zika virus was found in mosquitoes in Talakayalabetta village
- It is located in Sidlaghatta taluka of Chikkaballapura district in Karnataka, India.
- Recently, the Zika virus was found in mosquitoes in Talakayalabetta village.
- Approx: Chikkaballapura
Kozhikode
- Why in news: Recently all schools, and colleges in Kozhikode remained closed due to the Nipah Virus outbreak.
- It is a city along the Malabar Coast in the state of Kerala in India.
- It was dubbed the City of Spices for its role as the major trading point for Indian spices.
- It has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am). A brief spell of pre-monsoon Mango showers hits the city sometime during April.
- Approx: Palakkad
MCQs
| Q.1 Consider the following statements regarding the ‘Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)’. Graded Response Action Plan, constitutes a series of emergency measures crafted to avert the worsening of air quality once it surpasses a specified threshold in the Delhi-NCR region. The National Green Tribunal (NGT) sanctioned GRAP in 2016, and it was formally communicated in 2017. Which of the above mentioned statements are correct ? Only 1 Only 2 Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Ans. A GRAP is a set of emergency measures designed to prevent further deterioration of air quality when it reaches a certain threshold in the Delhi-NCR region. Hence, statement 1 is correct. It was approved by the Supreme Court of India in 2016 and officially notified in 2017. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect. GRAP was developed through consultations between the Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority, state government representatives, and experts. The primary goal of GRAP is to address and mitigate air pollution in the Delhi-NCR region, especially during periods of severe pollution, with a focus on public health and environmental protection. Why in news : Recently, the Commission for Air Quality Management in NCR & Adjoining Areas (CAQM) has announced a revision in the existing Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) to combat air pollution in the region. Q. 2: With reference to River Dolphins, consider the following statements: The Amazon river dolphin, recognized as the pink river dolphin or boto, is a distinct aquatic species. The largest among river dolphins is the Ganges river dolphin. In recent times, there has been a notable decrease in the population of the Indus River dolphin. How many of the above statements are correct? Only one Only two All three None of the above Ans. A River dolphins are a group of freshwater cetaceans that inhabit various river systems across Asia and South America. The Six Surviving River Dolphin Species include: Amazon, Ganges, Indus, Irrawaddy, Tucuxi, and the Yangtze finless porpoise. The Amazon river dolphin, also known as the pink river dolphin or boto. Hence, statement 1 is correct. Ganges River Dolphin is also known by the name susu (popular name) . The Ganges river dolphin has been recognized by the Government of India as its National Aquatic Animal.However,Ganges river dolphin is not the largest river dolphin. The Amazon river dolphin is the largest river dolphin. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. Recently,Conservation efforts in populated river basins like the Indus and Yangtze have seen success. For instance, the Indus river dolphin population in Pakistan doubled due to joint stakeholder action. Hence, Statement 3 is not correct. Why in news : Recently, 11 Asian and South American countries signed a landmark deal in Bogota, Colombia to save the world’s six surviving species of river dolphins from extinction. Q. 3: With reference to Adaptation Gap Report (2023), consider the following statements: The Adaptation Gap Report 2023 has been released by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). In recent years, there has been a reduction in the adaptation finance gap. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Only 1 Only 2 Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Ans. D As per the latest edition of Adaptation Gap Report, 2023 released by UN Environment Programme, developing countries, together, need at least USD 215 billion every year this decade to carry out meaningful adaptation work.Hence, statement 1 is not correct. The adaptation finance gap – the difference between estimated adaptation financing needs and costs and finance flows – has grown over the past. The adaptation gap is likely 10-18 times as great as current international adaptation finance flows — at least 50% higher than previous range estimates. The current adaptation finance gap is now estimated at USD 194-366 billion per year. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. Why in news : As per the latest edition of Adaptation Gap Report, 2023 released by UN Environment Programme, developing countries, together, need at least USD 215 billion every year this decade to carry out meaningful adaptation work. In 2021, just about USD 21 billion went to developing countries for adaptation projects, which was down about 15% from the previous years. Ques. 4 With reference to El Nino and the Indian Ocean Dipole, consider the following statements: El Nino is a periodic warming of the surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, constituting a natural phenomenon. It is one of the two phases of the climate pattern known as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The Indian Ocean Dipole is distinguished by variations in sea surface temperatures between the eastern and western regions of the Indian Oceans. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two All three None of the above Ans. C El Nino: It is a natural phenomenon that involves a periodic warming of the surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Hence, statement 1 is correct. The word “El Niño” means “Little Boy” in Spanish. It is one of the two phases of a climate pattern called El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Hence, statement 2 is correct. Over India, it has the effect of suppressing the monsoon rainfall. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD): The IOD is an atmosphere-ocean phenomenon that occurs in the Indian Ocean. It’s characterized by a disparity in sea surface temperatures between the eastern and western Indian Oceans. Hence, statement 3 is correct. Why in news : The India Meteorological Department (IMD) recent analysis regarding the rainfall patterns in Southern peninsular India, spanning 123 years of records, exposed that the region encountered its sixth driest October in its meteorological history. Ques : 5 With reference to Aquaculture, consider the following : Aquaculture is the practice of cultivating aquatic organisms in controlled aquatic settings, intended for commercial, recreational, or public purposes. Oversight of aquaculture farming and cultivation falls under the purview of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare. The breeding, rearing, and harvesting of plants and animals occur in all water environments except brackish and freshwater ecosystems. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only Two All three None Ans. A The term aquaculture broadly refers to the cultivation of aquatic organisms in controlled aquatic environments for any commercial, recreational or public purpose. Hence, statement 1 is correct. Purposes: Food production for human consumption, Rebuilding of populations of threatened and endangered species, Habitat restoration, Wild stock enhancement, Production of baitfish, and The breeding, rearing and harvesting of plants and animals takes place in all types of water environments including ponds, rivers, lakes, the ocean and man-made “closed” systems on land. Hence, statement 3 is not correct. The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying has addressed the technical challenges in the implementation of the Aquaculture Crop Insurance scheme for Shrimp and Fish farming. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. Q. 6 : Consider the following pairs: Hydroelectric Project State Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project Arunachal Pradesh Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Andhra Pradesh Hasdeo Bangeo Dam Chattisgarh Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 only 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Ans. D The Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric project (SLHEP) on the Assam-Arunachal border was recently hit by a landslide during pre-monsoon rain. Hence, pair 1 is correctly matched. World’s largest masonry dam protected with 26 gates measuring 124.663m in height, Nagarjunasagar Dam located in Nalgonda District is built across River Krishna in Andhra Pradesh. Hence, pair 2 is correctly matched. Hasdeo Bango Dam is a dam constructed in 1961-62 across the Hasdeo river in Chhattisgarh, India. It is the longest, widest dam in Chhattisgarh and the first multi-purpose water project in Chhattisgarh. Hence, pair 3 is correctly matched. Why in news : The Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project, India’s largest hydel project under construction, faced a setback when a landslide blocked the only functional diversion tunnel and stopped the flow of water downstream of the dam into the Subansiri River, a major tributary of the Brahmaputra. Q. 7: PUSA Decomposers, Happy Seeder and Palletisation are techniques often heard in reference to which of the following? Crop rotation Precision agriculture Alternative to Stubble Burning None of the above Ans. C PUSA Decomposers: The decomposers are in the form of capsules made by extracting fungi strains that help the paddy straw to decompose at a much faster rate. Happy Seeder: It is a tractor-mounted device offering an eco-friendly alternative to stubble burning. It works by cutting and lifting rice straw, simultaneously sowing wheat into the exposed soil and depositing the straw over the sown area as protective mulch. Palletisation: Paddy straw, when dried and transformed into pellets, becomes a viable alternative fuel source. When mixed with coal, these pellets can be utilized in thermal power plants and industries, potentially saving coal usage and lowering carbon emissions. Why in news: With the Supreme Court emphasizing the need to cease stubble burning in states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan, the discussion surrounding Pusa-2090 rice variety from its ability to provide an alternative to the problematic long-duration Pusa-44 variety. Ques: 8 With reference to Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), consider the following statements: CBAM is part of the European Union’s “Fit for 55 in 2030 package”. CBAM’s objective is to decrease carbon emissions by ensuring that imported goods bear equivalent carbon costs as products manufactured within the EU. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Only 1 Only 2 Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Ans. C CBAM is part of the “Fit for 55 in 2030 package”, which is the EU’s plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels in line with the European Climate Law. Hence, statement 1 is correct. The CBAM is a policy tool aimed at reducing Carbon Emissions by ensuring that imported goods are subject to the same carbon costs as products produced within the EU. Hence, statement 2 is correct. Why in news: Recently, the 4th edition of ‘ISA Steel Conclave 2023’ was held, nudging Steel Firms to ramp up their capacities so that India’s output of the critical infrastructure input doubles to 300 million tonnes a year by 2030. Ques: 9 Consider the following statements regarding Cheetah Reintroduction Project (CRP): In September 2022, India officially initiated the Cheetah Reintroduction Project (CRP) with the aim of reinstating the cheetah population, declared extinct in the country in 1952. The project includes the relocation of cheetahs from South Africa and Namibia to Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh. The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), in partnership with the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), is responsible for executing the project. How many of the above statements are not correct? Only one Only two All three None Ans. D The Cheetah Reintroduction Project in India formally commenced on September 17, 2022, to restore the population of cheetahs, which were declared extinct in the country in 1952. Hence, statement 1 is correct. The project involves the translocation of cheetahs from South Africa and Namibia toKuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh. Hence, statement 2 is correct. The project is implemented by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) in collaboration with the Madhya Pradesh Forest Department, Wildlife Institute of India (WII), and cheetah experts from Namibia and South Africa. Hence, statement 3 is correct. Why in news : Recently , we have completed one year of Cheetah reintroduction project Ques : 10 With reference to the Loss and Damage Fund, consider the following statements: It is a financial mechanism designed to address the irreversible consequences of climate change that cannot be avoided or mitigated through adaptation efforts. After intense negotiations at the UNFCCC Conference of Parties (COP 26), representatives of the UNFCCC’s member states agreed to set up the Loss and Damage fund. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Only 1 Only 2 Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Ans. A The ‘Loss and Damage’ (L&D) fund is a financial mechanism designed to address the irreversible consequences of climate change that cannot be avoided or mitigated through adaptation efforts. This fund recognizes and aims to compensate for the real losses incurred by communities, countries, and ecosystems due to the impacts of climate change. Hence, statement 1 is correct. After intense negotiations at COP 27, representatives of the UNFCCC’s member states agreed to set up the L&D fund. Additionally, a Transitional Committee (TC) was established to figure out how the new funding mechanisms under the fund would operate. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. The TC was tasked with preparing recommendations for countries to consider, deliberate on, and potentially adopt by COP 28. Why in news : In light of the escalating climate crisis, the ‘Loss and Damage’ (L&D) fund and adaptation have recently come into focus. Ques : 11 Consider the following statements regarding the Crop Residue Management (CRM) Scheme : It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme launched under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare. Farmers, under this scheme, are granted financial aid to acquire machinery for the management of crop residue. Financial assistance at a 100% rate is extended to Cooperative Societies, Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), and Panchayats for the establishment of Custom Hiring Centers (CHCs). How many of the statements are correct? Only one Only two All three None Ans. A It is a Central Sector Scheme launched under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare to address the issue of stubble burning by assisting farmers and related organizations. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. Financial Assistance under the Scheme: Farmers receive financial assistance at a rate of 50% for the purchase of crop residue management machinery.Hence, statement 2 is correct. Cooperative Societies, Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), and Panchayats receive financial assistance at a rate of 80% for establishing Custom Hiring Centers (CHCs). Hence, statement 3 is not correct. Why in news : Baler machines have been around for a decade, and currently around 2,000 of them operate in Punjab. Of these 1,268 are highly subsidised (50-80%) under the Centre’s Crop Residue Management (CRM) scheme. Ques : 12 Which of the following statements about silk production and sericulture in India is/are correct? Telangana, with a 32% contribution to India’s silk production in the fiscal year 2021-22, holds the foremost position among states. In the fiscal year 2020-21, India outpaced China to become the world’s largest producer of raw silk. The Central Silk Board (CSB) is tasked with the comprehensive development and promotion of the sericulture and silk industry in India How many statements mentioned above are correct ? Only one Only two All three None Ans. B Karnataka emerged as the leading state in India’s silk production, contributing 32% in the fiscal year 2021-22. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. India is the world’s second-largest producer of raw silk after China, producing 33,739 MT in the fiscal year 2020-21. Hence, statement 2 is correct. The Central Silk Board (CSB) is responsible for the overall development and promotion of the sericulture and silk industry in India. The CSB was established in 1948 and operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India. Hence, statement 3 is correct. Why in news : Silk, often referred to as the “queen of fibres,” has been valued for its beauty and luxury for ages. Researchers have revealed the genetic factors behind the cocoon colors and adaptations of silk-producing insects, and how they have transformed the silk industry. Ques: 13 Regarding the Global Tiger Recovery Program (GTRP) consider the following statements: Global Tiger Recovery Program (GTRP) was launched in 2010 under the Global Tiger Initiative (GTI) by the World Bank to save wild Tigers. Under GTRP Tiger Range Countries (TRCs) committed to triple wild Tiger populations by 2022. GTRP 2.0 aligns with the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, providing an opportunity for TRCs to integrate Tiger conservation with global goals. How many statements mentioned above are correct ? Only one Only two All three None Ans. B Global Tiger Recovery Program (GTRP) was launched in 2010 under the Global Tiger Initiative (GTI) by the World Bank to save wild Tigers. Hence, statement 1 is correct. Under GTRP Tiger Range Countries (TRCs) committed to doubling wild Tiger populations by 2022. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. Global Tiger Recovery Program (GTRP) evolved under the Global Tiger Initiative in 2010. The St Petersburg Declaration in 2010 saw 13 Tiger range countries commit to reversing the decline of the species population and double their numbers by 2022. Retrospective analysis shows mixed results: success in South Asia and Russia, alarming decline in South East Asia. Challenges include lack of Tiger governance, habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, and prey depletion. GTRP 2.0 aligns with the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF), providing an opportunity for TRCs to integrate Tiger conservation with global goals. Anticipated outcomes include cross-sectoral conservation, increased investment, habitat protection, conflict management, and reduced wildlife trade. Hence, statement 3 is correct. The GBF, endorsed by 188 countries including all TRCs, coincides with the early phase of the new Global Tiger Recovery Program (2023-2034). This presents a special chance for TRCs and institutions to harmonize Tiger conservation with the global framework’s goals. Why in news : Countries have submitted tiger population numbers from 2010-2022 to the Global Tiger Recovery Program (GTRP) and United Nations Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) under GTRP 2.0 which aims to pave the way for tiger conservation from 2023-2034. Que s: 14 With reference to Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2022, consider the following statements: The reuse of rigid plastic packaging material has been mandated in the guidelines to reduce the use of fresh plastic material for packaging. According to guidelines, the sale and purchase of surplus extended producer responsibility certificates are restricted according to the guidelines. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Only 1 Only 2 Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Ans. A The Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change announced the Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2022, which notified the instructions on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for plastic packaging. Reuse of rigid plastic packaging material has been mandated in the guidelines to reduce the use of fresh plastic material for packaging. Hence, statement 1 is correct. The enforceable prescription of minimum level of recycling of plastic packaging waste collected under EPR along with use of recycled plastic content will further reduce plastic consumption and support recycling of plastic packaging waste. In a significant first, the guidelines allow for sale and purchase of surplus extended producer responsibility certificates. Hence, statement 2 is not correct. This will set-up a market mechanism for plastic waste management. Ques: 15 The ‘Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project’ has been making headlines recently. In which river is this irrigation project located? A. Godavari B. Krishna C. Kaveri D. Narmada Ans. A The National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) examined the Medigadda (Laxmi) Barrage of the Kaleshwaram irrigation project in Telangana. The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project is a multi-purpose irrigation project on the Godavari River in Telangana. Currently the world’s largest multi-stage lift irrigation project,its farthest upstream influence is at the confluence of the Pranhita and Godavari rivers. |
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