Introduction:
The Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) embodies the essence of rural self-governance in India, established through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992. The intent was to empower local bodies in administering local affairs, but after three decades, there is a critical need for more decentralization and strengthening of grassroots democracy.
Body:
Challenges faced by Panchayat Raj Institution:
- Insufficient funds pose a significant challenge, demanding an expansion of panchayats’ revenue generation capabilities.
- The 73rd Amendment mandated the creation of local self-governing bodies but left the decision to delegate powers, functions, and finances to state legislatures, resulting in shortcomings.
- Non-devolution of functions has led to the proliferation of state executive authorities, contributing to financial shortages.
- The shortage of finances for PRIs is exacerbated by limitations on taxing powers and non-binding intergovernmental transfers from state governments.
- Structural deficiencies, such as a lack of secretarial support and technical knowledge, hinder bottom-up planning.
- Despite reservations, there are instances of proxy representation among women and SC/ST representatives.
Second Generation Reforms:
- Effective devolution, as per the 2013 expert committee, necessitates clear competence, authority, and accountability, incorporating “activity mapping” into centrally sponsored schemes.
- Direct allocation of considerable sums for poverty alleviation to gram panchayat accounts enhances citizen participation in fund allocation decisions.
- Financial incentives for states promoting effective devolution of “three Fs” — functions, finances, and functionaries to panchayats.
- Grounding district planning in grassroots input through mandatory inclusion of social audits ensures transparency and participation.
- Comprehensive training for panchayat members, especially women, is imperative to eliminate proxy representation.
Conclusion:
The outlined second-generation reforms are crucial for achieving grassroots development through democratic governance. While progress has been made in one generation, realizing the vision outlined in the state’s policy principles may require another generation. These reforms are vital to transforming Gram Panchayats into effective instruments of direct democracy.
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