Q1. What is ‘Superconductivity’? Give its uses and applications. (2004, 15 Marks)
Answer:
Superconductivity is a fascinating phenomenon exhibited by certain materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic fields are expelled below a critical temperature (Tc). Unlike regular conductors, where some energy is lost as heat due to resistance, superconductors allow electricity to flow perpetually with zero loss. This perfect conductivity holds immense potential for a wide range of applications.
Key Characteristics:
- Zero Electrical Resistance: This enables persistent currents, allowing for significant energy savings in power transmission lines and transformers.
- Meissner Effect: Superconductors expel magnetic fields, leading to levitation effects and frictionless motion. This has applications in magnetic levitation trains (Maglev) and ultra-sensitive scientific instruments like SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices).
Applications:
- Power Grids: Superconducting cables can significantly reduce energy loss during transmission, improving grid efficiency.
- Maglev Trains: These trains utilize the Meissner effect for frictionless levitation and propulsion, offering high-speed and energy-efficient transportation.
- Medical Imaging: SQUIDs with their ultra-high sensitivity play a crucial role in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for detailed medical diagnosis.
- Particle Accelerators: Superconducting magnets are vital components of particle accelerators, enabling higher energies and groundbreaking research in particle physics.
Challenges and Future:
Despite its potential, superconductivity faces challenges. Most materials require extremely low temperatures (Tc) to become superconducting, making them expensive to maintain. However, research on high-temperature superconductors is ongoing, promising advancements in this domain.
Superconductivity offers a glimpse into a future with lossless electricity, revolutionizing various sectors. As research progresses and Tc increases, the applications of this transformative phenomenon are poised to expand significantly.
Q2. Describe the importance of “Laser” in war and peace. (2004, 15 Marks)
Answer:
Lasers (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) play a crucial role in both military and civilian spheres.
Warfare:
- Directed Energy Weapons: High-powered lasers hold potential for missile defense, disabling enemy drones and aircraft, and even destroying satellites.
- Targeting and Ranging: Lasers improve targeting accuracy for conventional weapons and provide precise distance measurement for artillery and other long-range attacks.
- Communication: Secure communication can be established using lasers due to their narrow beam and resistance to interception.
Peacetime Applications:
- Medicine: Lasers are vital for delicate surgeries, minimally invasive procedures, and cancer treatment.
- Industry: They are used for precise cutting, welding, and material processing in various industries.
- Communication: Lasers form the backbone of fiber optic cables, enabling high-speed internet and data transmission.
- Scientific Research: Lasers play a key role in research fields like spectroscopy, material science, and environmental monitoring.
In conclusion, lasers are a powerful technology with significant implications for both military capabilities and peaceful advancements. Their development and responsible use are crucial considerations for national security and societal progress.
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