Secularism – Indian Society Notes

Table of Contents

Characteristics of Indian Secularism

Equality of all religions: Indian secularism guarantees equal status and treatment to all religions, without any discrimination or preference for any particular religion.
State neutrality: Indian secularism requires the state to remain neutral towards religion and not promote any particular religion or religious practices.
Freedom of religion: Indian secularism guarantees the freedom of individuals to practice, profess, and propagate their religion without any interference from the state.
Protection of minority rights: Indian secularism aims to protect the rights and interests of minorities, including their religious and cultural rights, through various constitutional provisions.
Separation of religion and state: Indian secularism requires the separation of religion and state, where the state should not interfere in religious affairs and religion should not interfere in state affairs.
Pluralism: Indian secularism recognizes and respects the diversity of religions and cultures in the country, promoting harmony and coexistence among different communities.
Inclusiveness: Indian secularism encourages the participation and representation of all religions and communities in the political, social, and economic life of the country.
Secularism and Scientific Education: Indian education is based on the Western system and is scientific. It does not reinforce any religious teachings or beliefs. Secularism in India upholds the principles of scientific education.
Secularism as Humanism: Indian secularism is humane and does not depend on the spiritual beliefs or values of any particular religion. It considers people as “citizens” rather than “sympathizers of a religion.” It is based on the principles of humanism.
Secularism as Universal Faith: Indian secularism is a universal faith that is not limited to the religious beliefs of a few countries. The secular ideals of India are a collection of both Eastern and Western values. As stated in the Rig Veda, “Truth is one; sages call it by various names.”
Secularism as a Means of Modernization: Indian secularism is not based on orthodox, obsolete, and narrow beliefs. It is a replica of modern values, progressive thoughts, and a scientific outlook. It aims to modernize the country by adopting a secular approach.
Secularism as Cultural Heritage: Indian secularism is rooted in the rich ancient culture of the country. It respects traditional customs, beliefs, and practices and protects them in the interest of citizens. It is an essential part of the cultural heritage of India.

Advantages of Secularism

Cultural Enrichment: By embracing secularism during the freedom struggle and after independence, India was able to overcome the communal tensions caused by both historical theocratic regimes and the British “divide and rule” policy.
Excelling Democracy: India’s successful democracy over the past seven decades has been marked by the adoption of secularism, which has helped to promote progress and inclusivity in governance.
Peace and Stability: Secularism has fostered a culture of tolerance and respect for different religions in India, promoting social harmony and reducing the risk of communal violence.
Minority Protection: Secularism has played an important role in preventing the domination of major religious groups over minority groups, and in resisting religious persecution of minority communities. This has helped to reduce the incidence of communal riots and promote greater religious freedom in India.
Economic Growth: Embracing secularism could help India become one of the world’s fastest-growing economies, reducing the risk of famines and improving overall living standards. By promoting a more open and inclusive outlook, secularism can also help to drive innovation and creativity in India’s economy.

Challenges to Secularism

Communal politics: This refers to the use of religion as a basis for political mobilization, often to the exclusion of other groups. In India, communal politics has been a major challenge to secularism, with various political parties and groups seeking to mobilize voters along religious lines. For example, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has been accused of pursuing a Hindu nationalist agenda, while some regional parties have sought to mobilize Muslim voters by appealing to their religious identity.
Forced conversion: This refers to the practice of coercing individuals or communities to convert to a different religion. In India, forced conversion has been a contentious issue, with some groups accusing others of using violence or other means to convert people to their religion. For example, some Hindu nationalist groups have accused Christian missionaries of using inducements or force to convert Hindus, while some Muslim groups have been accused of pressuring non-Muslims to convert to Islam.
Pseudo-secularism: This refers to the practice of claiming to support secularism while actually favoring one religion over others. In India, this has been a common accusation against political parties and leaders who claim to be secular but are seen as favoring one religious group. For example, some critics have accused the Indian National Congress party of practicing pseudo-secularism by favoring Muslims over Hindus in its policies and programs.
Growing fundamentalism: This refers to the rise of extremist religious views that reject secularism and promote a narrow, exclusionary vision of society. In India, there have been concerns about growing fundamentalism among some religious groups, particularly among some Hindu nationalist groups. For example, some Hindu nationalist groups have been accused of promoting a narrow vision of Hinduism that excludes other religions and promotes a hostile attitude towards minorities.
Failure of the Constitutional values: This refers to the erosion of the principles of secularism and other constitutional values, such as equality and freedom of religion. In India, there have been concerns about the erosion of these values in recent years, with some political leaders and groups openly challenging the idea of a secular state. For example, some leaders have called for the implementation of a uniform civil code that would override personal laws based on religious traditions, while others have openly advocated for a Hindu state.
Minority seclusion: This refers to the practice of minority communities isolating themselves from the larger society, often due to fear or mistrust. In India, there have been concerns about minority seclusion among some religious communities, particularly Muslims. For example, some Muslim neighborhoods or areas have been seen as self-contained enclaves that are separated from the larger society and may be more prone to radicalization.
Growing radicalism: This refers to the rise of extremist ideologies that reject mainstream values and promote violence or other forms of extremism. In India, there have been concerns about growing radicalism among some religious groups, particularly among some Islamist groups. For example, some Islamist groups have been accused of promoting violent ideologies and carrying out terrorist attacks against civilians or government targets.

Steps taken by the Indian Govt to promote Secularism

Steps taken by the Indian government to promote secularism can be outlined as follows:

42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1976): It added the term “Secular” to the Preamble of the Constitution and declared India a secular state.
Creation of Ministry of Minority Affairs (2006): The Ministry of Minority Affairs was created with the aim of protecting the rights of minorities and promoting their socio-economic development.
National Integration Council: The National Integration Council was set up to promote communal harmony and national integration. It aims to identify and address the causes of communal tensions and take steps to prevent their recurrence.
Sachar Committee: The Sachar Committee was set up in 2005 to study the socio-economic and educational status of Muslims in India. The committee submitted its report in 2006 and made recommendations to improve the condition of Muslims in the country.
Ranganath Mishra Commission: The Ranganath Mishra Commission was set up in 2005 to study the issue of reservation for religious minorities in educational institutions and government jobs. The commission recommended that reservation be provided to religious minorities on par with Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
Abolition of Separate Electorate (Universal Adult Franchise): The government abolished the system of Separate Electorate and introduced the Universal Adult Franchise. This ensured that every citizen, irrespective of religion, caste, or gender, had an equal right to vote.
Various welfare schemes: The government has implemented various welfare schemes for the upliftment of minorities, such as the Prime Minister’s New 15-Point Programme for Minorities, Multi-Sectoral Development Programme, and the Maulana Azad Education Foundation.

FAQs

Q1: What is the meaning of “secularism” in Hindi?

A: “Secularism” in Hindi translates to “पंथनिरपेक्षता,” which signifies a principle that advocates neutrality in religious matters and equal treatment of all religions.

Q2: What does secularism mean in the context of India?

A: In India, secularism refers to the principle of state neutrality in religious matters, ensuring that the government treats all religions equally and does not favor any particular religion.

Q3: How is secularism practiced in India?

A: In India, secularism is practiced through laws and policies that promote religious freedom, protect the rights of religious minorities, and maintain a separation between religion and the state.

Q4: What is the meaning of “secularism” in English?

A: “Secularism” in English refers to the principle of keeping religion separate from government affairs and ensuring that government institutions are neutral and do not promote or discriminate against any religion.

Q5: What is the formal definition of secularism?

A: The formal definition of secularism is the principle of separating religion from government and public affairs, ensuring that the state remains neutral in matters of religion and treats all religious groups equally.

Q6: Are there different interpretations of secularism in different countries?

A: Yes, the interpretation and implementation of secularism can vary from one country to another, depending on the historical, cultural, and political context of each nation.

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