The ‘History’ is the study of the human past that is left behind by humans, unlike a study of just battles and kings as is generally understood. The word ‘History’ is defined as the studies of humanities that lay the foundation for all Social inquiry to explore what happened in the past. In this article, we will talk about Ancient Indian History and Sources used to identify it.
Historical sources are the conduits through which information about the past is conveyed. These sources play a crucial role in unraveling the tapestry of history.
The study of Ancient Indian history provides insights into the origins, development, and locations where the earliest cultures in our country flourished. Various groups, such as the pre-Aryans, Indo-Aryans, Greeks, Scythians, Hunas, Turks, and more, made India their home, each contributing significantly to the richness and substantial enormity of Indian culture.
Historical Sources of Ancient Indian History:
The historical sources of Ancient Indian history encompass a vast array of physical objects, resources, and spaces that define a civilization, culture, and tradition.
These sources manifest as traces of the past, taking the form of graves, building remnants, inscriptions, secular and religious literature, chronicles, traveler’s accounts, coins, monuments, palaces, forts, royal farms, court bulletins, historical letters, and more. Each artifact serves as a valuable piece in reconstructing the narrative of bygone eras.
Archaeological Sources of Ancient Indian History:
The inhabitants of Ancient Indian History have left behind numerous material remnants that play a crucial role in establishing a chronological sequence of cultural evolution. The study of these material remains is facilitated through the field of Archaeology.
Archaeology: A scientific discipline, Archaeology allows us to systematically excavate successive layers of ancient mounds, providing insights into the material life of past civilizations based on discovered artifacts.
The significance of excavations is exemplified by the findings from Harappan excavations, revealing details about settlement layouts, house structures, pottery, tools, implements, and dietary habits of the ancient inhabitants.
In South India, unique burial practices involved interring individuals along with their tools, weapons, pottery, and other belongings beneath massive stones, leading to the creation of Megaliths. These large single-stone structures, whether constructed as burial sites or commemorative memorials, stand as some of the earliest man-made structures, offering valuable evidence of prehistoric cultures.
Major Archaeological Sites and their Findings
Region
Significance
Narmada Valley
Early Hunting and gathering communities.
North of Vindhyas
In India, rice was first grown here.
North-West Sulaiman and Kirthar Hills
First crops such as wheat and barley about 8000 years ago.
Magadha
The first kingdom of India, Het, was established here.
Garo Hills
Jengor began to grow here.
Indus and its tributaries
Early agriculture in India.
Ganga Valley
The first cities in the Indian subcontinent. Cities developed about 2500 years ago.
Mounds:
Mounds, rounded domes on the surface, offer glimpses into the activities of past civilizations, showcasing signs of great cultural achievements. The buried remnants, scattered across the country, hold major parts of these historical remains. Different types of mounds reveal insights into a single culture, multi-culture, and various major and minor cultural civilizations. Excavations can be either vertical or horizontal, with vertical digs providing a periodwise sequence of cultures.
Monuments:
Monuments, including buildings, temples, statues, and pottery, serve as major archaeological sources offering valuable and authentic historical information about the Ancient Indian History.
These structures, significant from a cultural perspective, illuminate social life, religious beliefs, and the knowledge of the people of the time. Temples, forts, palaces, stupas, and monasteries bring the past to life, playing a crucial role in connecting us to our ancient history. Excavations in Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Kalibangan, Lothal, and Taxila have revealed unknown historical discoveries.
Ruins:
Ruins, the remnants of buildings or cities in disrepair or decay, provide insights into social, economic, and religious conditions prevalent in the past.
Potteries:
Potteries are crucial archaeological sources determining the spread of culture and civilization. From pre-historic to historic periods, various types of potteries like Painted Grey Ware, Black and Red Ware, Red Ware, and Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) signify different eras and play a vital role in reconstructing history.
Seals:
Seals, carved or engraved cylinder seals found in the Indus Valley Civilization, were used as labels on trade goods or for other purposes. Their discovery in Mesopotamia and Central Asia suggests extensive trade during Ancient Indian History.
Coins:
Coins, flat discs or pieces of metal with official stamps, serve as important artifacts for studying history. Ancient Indian coins made of copper, silver, gold, or lead, including Punch-marked coins or Aahat coins, provide insights into various aspects of Indian history through the study of numismatics.
Coins made of silver and copper with irregular shapes, sometimes square or rectangular, date back to the sixth and second centuries BC. In the absence of a banking system in ancient India, people stored their money in earthenware and brass vessels.
Many hoards have been discovered containing not only Indian coins but also those belonging to the Roman Empire found in various parts of India. Coins play a vital role in providing valuable information about economic history as they serve as a medium of exchange.
Some coins bearing the word “negama” were issued by guilds or associations of merchants and craftsmen with the rulers’ permission, reflecting the influence of craft and commerce. Coins also depict kings, gods, and religious symbols, shedding light on the art and religion of that time.
Evolution of Coins in India:
Cowry shells were initially used as commodity money.
Punch-marked coins were prevalent during the Nanda dynasty of Magadha and continued during the Mauryan period.
Indo-Greeks, ruling from 180 BC to around AD 10, issued the largest gold coins, popularizing the practice of depicting the ruler’s bust on coins.
Kushana kings were the first to issue gold coins with a standardized form, weighing between 12 grams and 15 grams.
The Satavahanas were the first rulers to issue coins of lead and potin (base silver).
Gupta rulers issued the highest number of gold coins, notable for their purity of gold content.
Sculptures and Paintings:
Paintings and sculptures provide insights into the culture and religious beliefs of ancient Indian people, dating back to the Harappan period.
These art forms were crafted from various materials like stone, steatite, clay, terracotta, lime, bronze, ivory, and wood. Some adorned the walls of temples, while others were individual sculptures for various purposes, including toys and entertainment.
Tools:
Tools, such as trowels, shovels, spades, brushes, buckets, and sieves, have been integral to human civilization, shaping societies. Archaeologists use these tools to uncover evidence of lifestyle and food habits from the past.
Graves and Burials:
Burial sites and graves provide valuable insights into the life patterns, socio-economic conditions, and culture of past generations. Historians focus on these sites to study the time periods and extract unknown details from inscriptions and symbols on memorials.
Scientific Dating Techniques:
Various scientific dating techniques help establish the age of rocks or fossils:
Radiocarbon Dating: Analyzing the content of Carbon-14 in organic materials.
Pollen Analysis (Palynology): Developing a pollen chronology to determine agricultural practices.
Cation-Ratio Dating: Determining the exposure duration of rock surfaces, such as stone artifacts and cliffs.
Inscriptions:
Inscriptions refer to permanent writings engraved on hard surfaces like stone, metal, or terracotta, holding a significance even greater than that of coins. The study of inscriptions is known as Epigraphy, while the examination of the writing styles used in inscriptions is termed Palaeography.
Inscriptions in Ancient Indian History can be found on seals, stone pillars, rocks, copper plates, temple walls, and bricks or images.
The earliest inscriptions were penned in Prakrit, a language used by the common people. Over time, Tamil and Sanskrit were also employed in inscriptions.
Historical Importance of Bogazkoi and Bisitun Inscription:
The Bogazkoi inscription, located in Asia Minor, Turkey, dates back to 1400 BC and mentions Vedic Gods like Indra, Varuna, Mitra, and the two Nasatyas or Ashwini Kumaras.
On the other hand, the Bisitun (or Behistun) inscription, a monumental rock inscription in the Zagros Mountains near modern-day Kermanshah (Iran), was commissioned by Darius I, the king of the Achaemenid Empire, around 520 BC. It provides fragmented information about the western parts of India, including details about its climate and geography.
Important Inscriptions and their Rulers
Inscriptions
Rulers
Junagarh Rock Inscription
King Rudradaman of Saka Dynasty (around AD 150)
Allahabad Pillar
Samudragupta
Describes the boundaries of Gupta Empire
Aihole Inscription
Chalukya king Pulakeshin II
Gwalior Inscription
Provides a full account of Bhoja, his predecessors, and their achievements
Mehrauli Pillar Inscription/Garuda
Chandragupta Vikramaditya
Besnagar/Vidisha Inscription
Helaidorus, the Greek Ambassador (Sunga period, 2nd century BC)
Inscription
Rulers
Mandasaur Inscription
By Kumaragupta in AD 437-38 mentioning construction of Sun temple.
Uttaramerur Inscription
Mentions the qualifications, mode of election, disqualification criteria and constitution of committee for local governance.
Lumbini Pillar Inscription
Royal commemorative inscription recording Ashoka’s visit to Buddha’s birthplace.
Nasik Inscription
Mentions the achievement of Gautamiputra Satkarni. Composed by his mother Gautami Balasri.
Hathigumpha Inscription
Composed by Kharavela, the ruler of Kalinga during the second century BC. Located in Udayagiri, near Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
Kandahar Inscription
Maurya period inscription. Emperor Ashoka appeals to daughters-in-law and fishermen to establish peace.
Nanaghat Inscription
Engraved by Nayanika, wife of Satavahana ruler Satakarni, also known as ‘Dakshina Pathpati’.
Inscriptions: Key Points
The earliest inscriptions date back to around 2500 BC and are found on the seals of Harappa, but their decipherment remains elusive.
Ashoka, the Mauryan king, was the first to issue deciphered inscriptions. Most of his inscriptions, in Prakrit language and Brahmi script, shed light on his religious and administrative policies.
Some in the North-West were written in Kharosthi, while scripts like Aramaic and Greek were used in Afghanistan for local comprehension.
James Prinsep, a civil servant in British India, successfully deciphered the Brahmi script in 1837. Brahmi was written from left to right, akin to Hindi, while Kharosthi followed a right-to-left orientation.
Ashokan inscriptions play a crucial role in understanding his religious and administrative strategies. By the first century BC, kings began granting land to religious figures, with the Satavahana kings of the Deccan being pioneers in this practice.
Poetic compositions praising kings and patrons are termed Prashastis in inscriptions.
Literary Sources in Ancient Indian History:
Writing in India traces back to 2500 BC, but our oldest compiled texts emerged in AD 400, primarily written on sheep leather and wooden tablets. Although ancient Sanskrit manuscripts are widespread, they are predominantly found in South India, Kashmir, and Nepal.
A manuscript, a handwritten document with scientific, historical, or cultural significance, can be preserved on various materials such as paper, bark, cloth, metal, palm leaves, or others.
Literary sources can be categorized into three groups: Religious literature, Non-Religious or Secular literature, and Foreign Accounts/Travelogue.
Religious Literature in Ancient Indian History:
Ancient Indian texts predominantly explore religious themes, including the Vedas, the Epics(Ramayana and Mahabharata), and the Puranas. While shedding light on the social and cultural conditions of ancient times, applying them contextually remains challenging.
Shruti and Smriti:
Vedic literature is broadly divided into two categories—Shruti and Smriti.
Shruti comprises sacred texts like the Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads, transmitted orally for centuries.
Smriti, meaning “that which is remembered,” constitutes the post-Vedic Classical Sanskrit literature.
Vedas in Ancient Indian History:
The earliest religious texts are the Vedas, written between 1500 600 BC, forming Hinduism’s oldest scriptures.
Rig Veda, the oldest, consists of prayers, 1028 hymns (Suktas), and 10 books (Mandalas), addressing philosophical questions and societal virtues.
Sama Veda (1200-800 BC) is the root of Indian classical music and dance with 1549 verses.
Yajur Veda (1100-800 BC) compiles ritual-offering mantras/chants performed by priests alongside a ritual performer.
Atharva Veda (1000-800 BC) focuses on daily life procedures, spells, and magical formulas.
Brahmanas:
Vedic shruti works attached to the Samhitas of the Vedas, Brahmanas (900-700 BC) compile teachings on rituals and hidden meanings of sacred texts, shedding light on contemporary society.
Aranyakas: Later works with a similar style as Brahmanas but inclined more towards philosophy were called Aranyakas, serving as a link between the Brahmanas and the Upanishads.
Aranyakas in Ancient Indian History:
Philosophically interpreting rituals, Aranyakas derive their name from “Aranya,” meaning the forest. These texts, also known as the Forest Book, were primarily written for hermits and students residing in jungles, serving as the concluding portions of the Brahmanas. Key Aranyakas include Aitareya, Taittiriya, and Maitrayani.
Upanishads in Ancient Indian History:
Totaling 108, Upanishads are religious and philosophical treatises, representing the last phase of the Vedic revelation. They contain spiritual knowledge aimed at fostering supreme understanding. Prominent Upanishads include Brihadaranyaka, Katha, and Chandogya.
Vedangas in Ancient Indian History:
Composed between 600-200 BC, Vedangas are supplementary texts aiding the proper understanding and recitation of the Vedas.
The six Vedangas are Shiksha (Phonetics/Pronunciation), Kalpa Sutras (Sacrificial ritual), Vyakarana (Grammar), Nirukta (Etymology), Chhanda (Metrics), and Jyotisha (Astronomy).
Ramayana and Mahabharata:
Compiled by AD 400, Ramayana and Mahabharata are two epics attributed to sage Vyasa.
The Mahabharata, originally containing 8,800 verses, expanded to 24,000 verses and included the Bhagavad Gita.
Ramayana, originally with 6,000 verses, expanded to 24,000 verses.
Sutras:
In the post-Vedic period (600 BC onwards), ritual literature on moral values called Sutras emerged.
Shrautasutra records lower varna people serving the upper three varnas and grand public sacrifices. Grihyasutras prescribe domestic rituals and were compiled between 600-300 BC.
Puranas:
Numbering 18, the Puranas are essential texts providing detailed information about ancient Indian history.
Matasya, Vayu, and Vishnu Puranas contain significant information on ancient Indian dynasties, serving as the primary source after the Battle of Mahabharata.
Puranas contribute to the cultural history of Ancient India, offering a chronological account of different dynasties.
Dharmashastras:
Belonging to the category of law books, Dharmashastras prescribe duties for different social groups and set out codes of conduct for various offenses like theft, murder, and adultery.
An estimated 18 to about 100 Dharmashastras were written, reflecting the moral and legal guidelines of the time.
Buddhist Literature in Ancient Indian History
The oldest Buddhist writings emerged several centuries after Gautama Buddha’s demise, predominantly falling under the sutta or sutra genre.
Canonical and non-canonical literature exist within Buddhist texts.
The earliest Buddhist texts, written in the Pali language, are known as Tripitakas, comprising Sutta Pitaka, Vinaya Pitaka, and Abhidhamma Pitaka.
Sutta Pitaka contains over 10 thousand suttas or sutras related to Buddha and his companions, including discussions from the first Buddhist council held shortly after Buddha’s death (around 400 BC).
Vinaya Pitaka focuses on monastic rules for monks and nuns, serving as the Book of Discipline.
Abhidhamma Pitaka delves into the philosophy and doctrine of Buddhism present in the suttas, lacking systematic philosophical treatises.
In the 5th century AD, Buddhaghosha wrote a commentary on the Tripitaka.
Jataka in Ancient Indian History
The Jatakas are crucial non-religious Buddhist literature, recounting stories of the Buddha’s previous births.
It is believed that before becoming Gautama, the Buddha experienced over 550 births, with each birth story termed a Jataka.
These stories provide insights into the social and economic conditions between the 5th and 2nd centuries BC.
Other significant Buddhist texts include Mahavamsa, Dipavamsa, Buddhacharita, and Lalitavistara.
Mahavamsa details royal dynasties in the Indian subcontinent, including Sri Lanka.
Dipavamsa discusses the arrival of Buddha’s teachings and preachers in Sri Lanka.
Buddhacharita, by Asvaghosa, is an epic Sanskrit text narrating Gautama Buddha’s life.
Lalitavistara is revered in Mahayanic writings, focusing on the Buddha’s biography.
Jaina Literature in Ancient Indian History
Jaina literature, collectively termed Agamas, consists of canonical texts based on Lord Mahavira’s teachings. Written in Prakrit, these texts were compiled in the 6th century AD at Vallabhi in Gujarat.
Angas form a significant part of Jaina literature, containing the philosophical concepts of the Jainas.
Achrangasutra, the oldest Jaina text, outlines monastic rules, while Kalpasutra narrates the biographies of Jain Tirthankaras, especially Parshvanatha and Mahavira.
Non-Religious Literature in Ancient Indian History
Non-religious or secular literature delves into themes such as basic codes of conduct, laws, socio-drama, love, and romance.
Historical Writings in Ancient Indian History
Ancient Indian historical writings include:
Ashtadhyayi: An essential work on grammar written by Panini around 700 BC, it aids historical reconstruction by determining prevalent language and grammar in the contemporary period. Ashtadhyayi also provides guidance for correct usage in spoken language and sacred contexts.
Arthashastra
Kautilya’s Arthashastra is a renowned source for studying statecraft, political theories, economic policies, and military strategies in ancient India. It also aligns with the Philosophical School of Charvaka, advocating a completely materialistic perspective on the universe and human existence.
Mahabhasya Patanjali’s Mahabhasya, a book on Sanskrit Grammar dating back to the second century BC, serves as a commentary on selected rules from Panini’s Ashtadhyayi and Katyayana’s Varttika Sutra.
Works of Kalidasa in Ancient Indian History
Kalidasa, a poet and playwright during the Gupta period, crafted notable works like Abhijananashakuntalam, Ritusamhara, and Meghadutam. Beyond their creative brilliance, these works offer glimpses into the social and cultural life of the Gupta age.
Rajataringini
Kalhana’s Rajataringini, written in the 12th century AD, provides a Sanskrit account of various monarchies in Kashmir before the arrival of Islam, serving as a crucial historical chronicle for the region.
Harshacharitam
Harshacharita, written by Banabhatta in praise of Harshavardhana, is a significant non-religious text offering biographical details. However, caution is warranted due to the tendency to exaggerate patron achievements.
Sangama Literature in Ancient Indian History
Sangama literature, written in Tamil during 300 BC – AD 300, serves as a major source for studying South Indian society, economy, and polity. Comprising short and long poems, it praises various heroes and includes epics like Silappadikaram and Manimekalai.
Foreign Accounts and Travelogues in Ancient Indian History
The Greeks, Romans, Chinese, and Arabs provide rich historical data about India.
These foreign accounts complement indigenous literature and offer vivid descriptions of what these travelers witnessed.
Greco-Roman Source
Many Greek and Roman accounts of the first and second centuries mentioned many Indian ports and commodities of trade between India and the Roman empire. Description of some Greco-Romani writers are given below.
Herodotus
He is generally considered as the Father of History. He was an ancient Greek historian who gained fame for his monumental work called the Histories (440 BC).
Diodorus
He was a Greek Historian who wrote Bibliotheca Historica.
His description was based on an account by Megasthenes.
Megasthenese
In the court of Chandragupta Maurya, a Greek Ambassador called Megasthenese came, who wrote Indica.
Its original text is lost but parts of it have been preserved in fragments quoted by subsequent Greek writers.
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea is an account of ancient travel to India via the Red Sea written by William H Schoff.
It mentions India by Hippalus, which historians believe occurred about AD 47
Justin:
Marcus Junianus Justinus, a Roman historian of the third century, penned the Epitome, providing intricate details about Alexander the Great’s conquest of India.
Ptolemy:
Around AD 150, Ptolemy composed Geographia, a comprehensive work consolidating knowledge of the world’s geography within the Roman Empire during the second century. He also vividly described the Indo-Roman trade in his writings.
Pliny:
Pliny the Elder, a Roman author, naturalist, and philosopher in the early Roman Empire, presented detailed information about India’s history. In AD 77, he referred to India as the repository of the world’s gold.
Chinese Scholars in Ancient Indian History:
Buddhist Chinese travelers Fa-Hsien and Hsuan Tsang journeyed to India, primarily to explore Buddhist shrines and study Buddhism.
Fa-Hsien, in the fifth century, depicted India during the Gupta era, while Hsuan Tsang provided a similar account in the seventh century during the reign of King Harshavardhana.
Hsuan Tsang also described Nalanda University’s glory in detail.
Song-Yun, a Chinese Buddhist monk, chronicled the Gandhara dynasty, and Lama Taranatha, a Tibetan historian, furnished a detailed account of Buddhism in India, offering rare historical data and interesting Indian folklore.
I-Tsing, a seventh-century Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, left an account of his travels to India, providing insights into the social and religious conditions of the society.
Arab Travellers in Ancient Indian History:
Beginning in the eighth century AD, Arab travelers started documenting their experiences in India.
Sulaiman-al-Tajir, the first Arab traveler in the mid-ninth century, wrote about the Palas, Pratiharas, and Gurjaras.
Al-Masudi, during AD 941-943, provided detailed information about the Rashtrakuta dynasty. Al-Biruni, a significant Arab author and scholar, meticulously wrote about various aspects of Indian life in his renowned book Kitab-ul-Hind, covering mathematics, geography, philosophy, religious practices, culture, traditions, and social conditions of contemporary India.
Marco Polo: Venetian merchant and explorer Marco Polo traversed Asia along the Silk Road between 1271 and 1295, documenting his experiences in the Travels of Marco Polo.
Ibn Battuta: A medieval Muslim traveler, Ibn Battuta authored one of the world’s most famous travelogues, the Rihlah.
Contribution of Modern Historians
Books
Authors/ Writers
Features
A Code of Gentoo Laws
Nathaniel Brassey Halhed
The first Indian book (Manu Smriti) to get translated into English in AD 1776.
Song of God
Charles Wilkins
Translation of Bhagavad Gita into English in AD 1785.
Abhiyanashakuntalam (Translated into English)
Sir William Jones
Sir Jones was the first scholar to suggest that Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek belonged to the same family of languages.
Aitareya Upanishad (Translated into English)
Henry Thomas Colebrooke
The first Sanskrit-to-English translation of the Upanishad.
Kena Upanishad (Translated into English)
Raja Ram Mohan Roy
First Indian to translate sacred text from Sanskrit to English.
Rig Veda Samhita / Hitopadesha
Friedrich Max Miller
Considered as the greatest scholar in ancient Indian studies or Indology.
The Early History of India
Vincent Arthur Smith
Written in 1904, it is the first systematic history of ancient India.
Indo-Aryans
Rajendra Lal Mitra
Represents Indian history in a nationalist point of view.
Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems
Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar
Credited as the first Indian who reconstructed the political history of the Satavahanas.
History of the Dharmasastra
Pandurang Vaman Kane
A five-volume book is considered an encyclopedia of ancient social laws and customs.
History and Culture of the Indian People
RC Majumdar
A stronger element of Hindu revivalism appears in his writings.
A History of South India
KA Nilakanta Sastri
Highlights the harmony that prevailed in early Indian society.
Hindu Polity (1918) and History of India, AD 150 to AD 350 (1933)
Kashi Prasad Jayaswal
–
Education in Ancient India
AS Altekar
Credited for showing that Indian republics were among the oldest and most powerful of the ancient world.
The Wonder That Was India
AL Basham
Detailed information about the materialist philosophy of some heterodox sects in ancient and medieval India.
An Introduction to the Study of Indian History and The Civilisation of Ancient India in Historical Outline
DD Kosambi
Early modernist style of historical writing, emphasis on materialistic and cash-based economy in ancient India.
Prelims Facts – Ancient Indian History
Who was the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Who is also known as the father of Indian archaeology?– Alexander Cunningham [MPPSC (Pre) 2017
Which ministry deals with the Archaeological Survey of India as an accessory office?– Ministry of Culture [JPSC (Pre) 2011]
Which rock shelter of Vindhyas, a maximum number of human skeletons have been found?– Ghagharia [UPPSC (Pre) 2016]
Three human skeletons in a single grave were discovered at which site?Damdama [UPPSC (Pre) 2016]
Bone ornaments in the Mesolithic context in India have been obtained from …– Mahadaha [UPPSC (Pre) 2010, UP RO/ARO (Mains) 2013]
The evidence of pit dwelling has been obtained from which site?– Burzahom [UPPSC (Mains) 2011]
The evidence of burying the dog with a human body is found at which place?Burzahom [UKPSC (Pre) 2010]
At which place did the earliest evidence of rice cultivation in Ganga Valley is found?Lahuradewa [UPPSC (Pre) 2008]
Which was the first cereal used by man?Barley [UPPSC (Pre) 1997)
The Ochre Coloured Pottery (OCP) was christened at which site? Hastinapur [UPPSC (Mains) 2006]
The cultural remains from the Stone Age to Harappan Civilisation have been obtained from which ancient site?Mehrgarh [UPPSC (Pre) 2008]
The earliest evidence of man in India is found in which place?Narmada Valley [UKPSC (Pre) 2006]
Where are the caves of Bhimbhetka situated? Obedullaganj-Raisen [MPPSC (Pre) 2013]
In the Mesolithic context, evidence of animals, domestication has been found at which site?– Adamgarh [UPPSC (Pre) 2008]
Which site provides evidence of the domestication of animals in the Mesolithic period?Bangor [UPPSC (Pre) 2018]
Which burial practice of Chalcolithic communities was characterized by burial within precincts of houses after chopping off the feet of a cadaver?- Jorwa UPSC (Pre) 2010]
Which script of ancient India was written from right to left – Kharosthi [IAS (Pre) 1947]
The Brahmi script was first deciphered by letters inscribed on – Pillars [UPPSC (Mains) 2008]
The first scholar who read Ashokan edicts was – James Prinsep [UPPSC (Pre) 2010]
Pre-Ashokan Brahmi script was found at – Anuradhapura [UPPSC (Pre) 2008]
Which is the oldest Veda? – Rig Veda [UPPSC (Pre) 2010]
Which Veda contains an account of magical charms and spells? – Atharva Veda IJPSC (Pre) 2011]
Upanishads are books on – Philosophy [UPPSC (Mains) 2003]
Nachiketa legend find mentioned in – Kathopanishad [UPPSC (Mains) 2006]
King Aswapati of the Upanishadic period was the ruler of Kekaya [UPPSC (Pre) 1999]
The legend of Satyakama Jabala, which challenge the stigma of being an unmarried mother, is mentioned in – Chandogya Upanishad [RAS/RTS (Pre) 2016]
The manu smriti mainly deals with – Laws [UPPSC (Pre) 2007]
Sarga, Pratisarga, Uansa, Manvantara and Vanshanucharita are the indicators of – Puranas [UPPSC (Pre) 2015)
‘Rajatarangani’ written by Kalhana is associated with History of Kashmir IMPPSC (Pre) 2012)
Kautilya’s Arthashastra is a book on – Practice of statecraft BPSC Pre 2019
Self Check
Consider the following statements.
Historical sources refers to the objects that defines a civilisation only.
Forts, court bulletins and historical letters can be useful as sources.
Which of the statements) given above is/are correct?
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2 (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
The Harappan Civilisation discovered as the well flourished culture through its
(a) socio-culture variation (b) economic prosperity (c) material sources (d) All of these
Which type of potteries were in use during the Buddhist period?
(a) Black and Red Ware (b) Painted Grey Ware (c) Red Ware (d) Northern Black Polished Ware
In ancient India, Punch-marked coins that were made of silver and copper were called
(a) Nishka (b) Pana (c) Aahat (d) Kashhah
Consider the following statements.
Punch-marked coins were issued largely during Nanda and Mauryan period
Indo-Greek were the first ruler to issue largest Gold coins.
Kushanas and Sabas, both issue most standardised form of Gold coins.
Satavahanas and Kadambas were the first ruler to issue lead and brass coins.
Which of the statements) given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 4 (c) 1, 2 and 4 (d) Only 3
The earliest inscriptions found in Indian subcontinent were in which among the following language?
(a) Pali (b) Prakrit (c) Assamaic (d) Sanskrit
Consider the following statements.
The Bogazkoi inscription located in Afghanistan, dates back to 1400 BC.
The Bisitun inscription found in the Zagros Mountains, was written at the behost of Darius I during 520 BC.
Which of the statements) given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) Only 1 (c) Only 2 (d) None of these
Consider the following statements.
King Ashoka was the first person to issue inscription.
Brahmi script was first deciphered by Charles Wilkins.
Some inscriptions are composed by poets in praise of kings are called Prashastis.
Which of the statements) given above is/are correct?
(a) 2 and 3 (b) Only 3 (c) 1 and 3 (d) All of these
Consider the following statements.
The Brahmanas are Vedic Shruti works attached to the Samhitas.
The earliest form of Mahabharata was known as Bharata because it had only 24000 verses.
Great amount of information of ancient Indian dynasties found in Matsya, Vayu and Vishnu Puranas.
Which of the statements) given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) Only 3 (d) 1 and 3
Consider the following statements.
Abhijananashakuntalam, Ritusamhara and Meghadutam provide glimpses of the social and cultural life of the Gupta age.
Justin is considered as the Father of History.
Sulaiman-al-Tajir, the first Arab traveler referred to India as the sink of the world’s gold.
Which of the statements) given above is/are not correct?
Frequently Asked Questions of Ancient Indian History
1. What time period does Ancient Indian History cover?
Ancient Indian History typically spans from the earliest civilizations along the Indus River (around 3300 BCE) to the Gupta Empire’s decline in the 6th century CE.
2. What were the major ancient civilizations in India?
The major ancient civilizations in India include the Indus Valley Civilization, the Vedic Civilization, Maurya Empire, Gupta Empire, and various regional kingdoms.
3. Which religions originated in Ancient India?
Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism originated in Ancient India, shaping the spiritual and cultural landscape of the region.
4. What were the key contributions of Ancient India to science and mathematics?
Ancient India made significant contributions to mathematics, including the invention of zero and advancements in algebra and trigonometry. Additionally, contributions in astronomy, medicine, and metallurgy are noteworthy.
5. Who were the major empires in Ancient India?
Some major empires in Ancient India include the Maurya Empire, Gupta Empire, and the Vijayanagara Empire, each contributing to the political and cultural history of the region.
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