Explore a curated collection of UPSC Mains Topic Wise Questions focused on International Relations, specifically delving into the Foreign Policy of India. Dive into a diverse array of questions meticulously crafted to deepen your understanding and preparation for the UPSC Main examination. This resource offers a structured approach to mastering key concepts essential for addressing India’s foreign policy challenges and strategies. Whether you’re a beginner seeking foundational knowledge or an advanced candidate refining your understanding, these questions provide valuable insights and practice opportunities. With a strategic emphasis on topic-wise questions, aspirants can enhance analytical skills and develop a comprehensive understanding of India’s foreign policy. Elevate your preparation, grasp essential insights, and optimize your performance in the UPSC Mains with proficiency in Indian foreign policy.
Q1. Answer the following (Answer to each question should be in about 20 words): (2000, 10 Marks)
(a) What does Track Two Diplomacy stand for?
(b) Non-alignment is a need, not a creed. Elaborate.
(c) Differentiate between Peace-making and Peace keeping.
(d) What is deterrence?
(e) Why has the indigenous development of cryogenic engine become necessary for India?
Answer: (a) Track Two Diplomacy: Informal interactions between governmental and non-governmental actors to foster understanding and resolve conflicts.
(b) Non-alignment: Strategic autonomy in a bipolar world, allowing India to act independently, not a fixed ideology.
(c) Peacekeeping: Monitoring and maintaining ceasefires to prevent conflict escalation. Peacemaking: Actively resolving disputes to achieve lasting peace.
(d) Deterrence: Discouraging aggression by threatening severe consequences.
(e) Indigenous Cryogenic Engine Development: Enables self-reliance in satellite launches and strategic space programs, crucial for India’s security and growth.
Q2. How can India accommodate her foreign policy principle of ‘non-intervention’ with the emerging right to ‘intervention’? (2000,15 Marks)
Answer: India’s long-standing principle of non-intervention faces challenges due to the evolving concept of the ‘right to intervene’. Reconciling these seemingly contradictory approaches requires a nuanced understanding:
Non-Intervention’s Rationale:
- Respect for Sovereignty: Non-interference upholds the sovereignty and territorial integrity of nations, a cornerstone of international law.
- Peaceful Coexistence: It fosters a rules-based order, promoting stability and peaceful resolution of conflicts.
- Colonial Legacy Rejection: It reflects India’s historical experience with colonialism and its desire for an independent foreign policy.
The ‘Right to Intervene’ and its Justifications:
- Humanitarian Intervention: Protecting civilians from atrocities like genocide or ethnic cleansing transcends borders.
- Responsibility to Protect (R2P): The UN doctrine emphasizes collective action to prevent such crimes.
- Addressing State Failure: Intervention might be necessary to prevent regional instability arising from collapsed states.
Reconciliation Through Selective Engagement:
India can navigate this complexity through selective engagement:
- Prioritize Peaceful Resolution: Uphold dialogue, diplomacy, and international institutions for conflict resolution.
- Support UN-Mandated Interventions: Participate in interventions with clear mandates and legitimacy (e.g., UN peacekeeping).
- Focus on Humanitarian Concerns: Advocate for intervention to prevent large-scale human rights abuses.
- Conditional Support: Consider intervention only as a last resort, exhausting all peaceful options.
Conclusion:
India’s non-intervention policy can evolve to address contemporary challenges. By emphasizing peaceful solutions, upholding international law, and engaging selectively in interventions with strong justifications, India can maintain its core principles while contributing to a more secure global order.
Q3. What does the ‘Gujral doctrine’ stand for? (2002, 2 Marks)
Answer: The Gujral Doctrine refers to India’s policy of not granting asylum to refugees, formulated during the tenure of External Affairs Minister I.K. Gujral (1996-1998). It aimed to discourage neighbouring countries from using asylum seekers as a political tool.
Q4. “NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) is relevant in unipolar world as well.” Comment. (2002,15 Marks)
Answer: The statement “NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) is relevant in a unipolar world as well” holds merit, albeit with certain caveats. The post-Cold War era ushered in a unipolar world dominated by the US, raising questions about NAM’s continued significance. However, NAM’s core principles and its evolving role demonstrate its continued relevance in the following aspects:
Moral Force and Advocacy: NAM, with its two-thirds majority in the UN General Assembly, acts as a powerful moral force. It advocates for issues critical to developing nations, keeping them on the global agenda. This includes issues like climate change, global south development, and fairer trade practices. This collective voice can pressure the dominant power to consider these concerns.
Platform for Dialogue: In a unipolar world, tensions can arise between the dominant power and others. NAM provides a platform for constructive dialogue and bridge-building between countries with diverse ideologies. This can foster understanding and prevent conflict escalation.
Promoting Multilateralism: NAM’s emphasis on non-alignment checks tendencies towards unilateral action by the dominant power. It promotes a rules-based international order and strengthens the role of institutions like the UN, ensuring a more balanced and inclusive global order.
Challenges and Adaptation: It’s important to acknowledge challenges. NAM’s effectiveness hinges on maintaining internal unity, which can be strained by economic disparities and differing national interests. Additionally, NAM needs to adapt its strategies to address new global threats like terrorism and cyberwarfare.
Conclusion: In a unipolar world, NAM’s relevance lies in its ability to champion the concerns of developing nations, promote dialogue, and advocate for a more equitable global order. However, to remain relevant, NAM needs to address internal divisions and adapt to evolving global challenges.
Q5. Write about the Panchsheel Pact (20 words) (2004, 2 Marks)
Answer: Five Principles (Panchsheel) guiding peaceful relations: Mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty, non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence.
Q6. Discuss the role of intelligence in the making of foreign policy. (2004,15 Marks)
Answer: Intelligence plays a critical role in informing and shaping effective foreign policy. Here’s a discussion on its significance:
1. Informing Decisions:
- Early Warning: Timely intelligence provides insights into potential threats, international conflicts, and the intentions of foreign actors. This allows proactive policy formulation to mitigate risks and exploit opportunities.
- Strategic Assessments: Analysis of political, economic, and military intelligence helps policymakers understand the global landscape and formulate long-term strategic objectives.
2. Supporting Diplomacy:
- Negotiation Leverage: Accurate intelligence on foreign leaders’ positions, internal political dynamics, and military capabilities strengthens India’s negotiating hand in international agreements and disputes.
- Covert Operations: Intelligence agencies can facilitate covert diplomacy to achieve foreign policy goals without public attribution.
3. Countering Threats:
- National Security: Timely intelligence on terrorist activities, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), and cyber threats allows for preventive action and safeguarding national interests.
- Internal Security: Intelligence gathering helps identify and neutralize foreign attempts to destabilize India through espionage, proxy wars, or fomenting internal unrest.
Challenges and Considerations:
- Accuracy and Bias: Intelligence can be incomplete or tainted by bias. Careful analysis and cross-referencing from multiple sources is crucial.
- Ethical Dilemmas: Balancing the need for intelligence with upholding human rights and international law requires ethical considerations.
Conclusion:
Effective foreign policy requires a robust intelligence apparatus. By providing critical information and strategic assessments, intelligence empowers policymakers to navigate the complexities of the international arena, safeguard national interests, and pursue India’s strategic objectives.
Q7. Describe the role of the Amnesty International in securing human rights. (2004,15 Marks)
Answer: Amnesty International (AI) is a prominent global organization dedicated to promoting and protecting human rights. While not a state actor, AI plays a crucial role in holding governments accountable and advocating for human rights through various means:
- Research and Documentation: AI meticulously investigates human rights violations worldwide. Their well-researched reports expose abuses of power by governments and raise awareness of critical human rights issues.
- Public Campaigns: AI leverages public pressure to influence governments. They launch targeted campaigns to garner international attention and mobilize public support for specific human rights causes.
- Advocacy and Lobbying: AI actively lobbies governments and intergovernmental organizations to adopt and implement human rights instruments. They advocate for legal and policy reforms that strengthen human rights protections.
- Prisoner Advocacy: AI works tirelessly for the release of prisoners of conscience – individuals detained solely for their political beliefs or peaceful expression. They campaign against torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment.
- Human Rights Education: AI promotes human rights education initiatives to foster a culture of respect for fundamental rights. This empowers individuals to claim their rights and hold their governments accountable.
Amnesty International’s effectiveness lies in its:
- Global Reach: AI’s extensive network of volunteers and activists worldwide enables them to gather evidence and exert pressure on a vast scale.
- Moral Authority: AI’s reputation for impartiality and objectivity lends moral weight to their pronouncements.
- Media Outreach: AI effectively utilizes media channels to garner public attention for human rights issues, pressuring governments to act.
However, AI’s role is not without limitations. Critics point out:
- Selectivity: AI has been accused of focusing on certain countries while overlooking violations by others due to political considerations.
- Limited Leverage: AI relies on moral suasion and public pressure, which may not always deter rights-abusing governments.
In conclusion, Amnesty International plays a significant role in promoting human rights globally. Through their research, advocacy, and public campaigns, they raise awareness, mobilize public support, and pressure governments to respect human rights. While limitations exist, AI’s contributions are undeniable, making them a vital player in the ongoing fight for a world where human rights are universally upheld.
Q8. Examine the relevance of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru’s ideas in the international relations of today. (2004, 15 marks)
Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, shaped India’s foreign policy emphasizing non-alignment, anti-colonialism, and multilateralism. Let’s assess the relevance of these ideas in today’s complex international landscape.
Relevance of Nehruvian Ideals
- Non-Alignment: While the Cold War binary is gone, non-alignment remains apt. Today’s multipolar world necessitates independent foreign policy, choosing alliances based on national interest rather than blind allegiance.
- Anti-Colonialism: Though colonialism is bygone, neocolonial threats persist. Nehru’s ideals resonate with developing nations seeking self-determination and equitable partnerships.
- Multilateralism: Nehru championed global institutions like the UN. Their role in fostering dialogue, addressing global challenges like climate change, and maintaining peace remains crucial.
Limitations and Evolution
Nehru’s vision requires nuance. The rise of economic interdependence and security threats necessitate selective engagement. India’s strategic partnerships reflect this evolution.
Conclusion
Nehru’s ideas provide a strong foundation for Indian foreign policy. While adapting to contemporary realities, India’s core values of non-alignment, anti-colonialism, and multilateralism remain relevant in today’s world order.
Q9. Present a complete picture of India’s efforts for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.(2005,15 Marks)
Answer: India has persistently advocated for a reformed UN Security Council (UNSC) reflecting contemporary realities. A permanent seat is a key aspect of this pursuit.
India’s Claim to a Permanent Seat
- Historical Legacy: As a founding member with a strong commitment to the UN’s principles, India deserves a rightful place at the high table.
- Global Power: India’s vast population, burgeoning economy, and significant contributions to peacekeeping missions solidify its claim.
- Independent Voice: India’s non-aligned foreign policy brings a crucial perspective to the Council’s deliberations.
India’s Multi-pronged Strategy
- Bilateral Diplomacy: India actively lobbies for support from member states through high-level visits and discussions.
- G4 Grouping: India collaborates with Germany, Japan, and Brazil (G4) to collectively push for UNSC reforms, including expansion.
- Multilateral Forums: India champions reform at the UN General Assembly and other international platforms.
Challenges and the Road Ahead
- Veto Power of Existing P5: Amending the UN Charter to include new permanent members with veto power requires consensus among current permanent members, which can be a hurdle.
- Competition: Other countries also vie for permanent seats, making negotiations complex.
Conclusion
India’s persistent efforts, strong credentials, and strategic partnerships enhance its prospects for a permanent UNSC seat. However, navigating geopolitical realities and forging consensus will be crucial for ultimate success.
Q10. What is India’s ‘Look East’ Policy? (2006, 2 Marks)
Answer: India’s Look East Policy (2006) fosters deeper engagement with Southeast Asian nations to strengthen economic and strategic ties.
Q11. Write about the expanding role of Amnesty International. (2006, 15 Marks)
Answer: Amnesty International (AI), founded in 1961, has grown from a champion of individual liberty to a multifaceted human rights organization.
Expanding Role
- Beyond Imprisonment: AI initially focused on securing the release of prisoners of conscience. It has since broadened its scope to address human rights violations like torture, extrajudicial killings, and disappearances.
- Thematic Campaigns: AI now spearheads thematic campaigns on issues like migrant worker rights, women’s rights, and Indigenous rights, promoting international human rights standards.
- Research and Advocacy: AI conducts in-depth research on human rights abuses, publishes reports, and lobbies governments and intergovernmental organizations for reforms. It leverages media attention to raise public awareness and pressure rights violators.
- Empowering Grassroots: AI strengthens local human rights groups by providing training, resources, and international solidarity. This fosters a global network of activists.
Impact and Challenges
AI’s work has undoubtedly improved human rights conditions globally. However, challenges like gaining access to conflict zones and influencing powerful states persist.
Conclusion
Amnesty International’s expanding role reflects the evolving nature of human rights challenges. Its work remains crucial in promoting a world free from abuse.
Q12. Write about the Outer Space Treaty. (2006, 2 Marks)
Answer: The Outer Space Treaty (1967) is a cornerstone of international space law. It prohibits weapons of mass destruction in space and on celestial bodies, promoting peaceful uses of space and cooperation among nations.
Q13. Write about Panchsheel in India’s Foreign Policy. (20 words) (2007, 2 marks)
Answer: the Panchsheel, or Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, are the foundation of India’s foreign policy. Adopted in 1950, they are:
- Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty
- Mutual non-aggression
- Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs
- Mutual benefit and equality
- Peaceful coexistence
These principles emphasize peaceful diplomacy and respect for international law. They have guided India’s relations with other countries, promoting stability and cooperation.
Q14. Write about the relevance of NAM. (2007, 2 Marks)
Answer: NAM promotes regional cooperation, fosters economic integration, and strengthens security in Southeast Asia.
Explanation:
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was a group of countries that did not want to formally align themselves with either the United States or the Soviet Union during the Cold War. NAM remains relevant today as it provides a forum for developing countries to cooperate on issues of common concern, such as economic development, social justice, and peace.
Q15. Write about the Impact of globalization on state system and its institutions. (150 words) (2007, 15 marks)
Answer: Globalization has significantly impacted the traditional state system and its institutions, presenting both challenges and opportunities. Here’s a breakdown of its key effects:
Erosion of State Sovereignty: Increased economic interdependence and the rise of transnational actors (MNCs, NGOs) can limit a state’s ability to control its economy and borders. International agreements and institutions (WTO, IMF) influence domestic policies.
Challenges to State Legitimacy: Globalization can exacerbate social inequalities within states, leading to citizen dissatisfaction with institutions perceived unable to address economic concerns.
Transformation of State Functions: Traditional security threats are intertwined with economic and environmental issues. States need to cooperate on issues like climate change, pandemics, and terrorism. This necessitates stronger international institutions and frameworks.
Institutional Adaptation: States are adapting by forming regional blocs (EU, ASEAN) to negotiate trade deals and exert collective influence. They also participate in international organizations to address global challenges.
The Evolving Role of the State: While sovereignty might be seemingly diluted, states remain crucial actors in the globalized world. They play a vital role in regulating markets, negotiating trade deals, and ensuring domestic stability to attract investment.
Conclusion: Globalization necessitates a shift from a strictly Westphalian model of sovereign states to a more cooperative and interconnected system. Effective states will be those that can adapt to this new reality and leverage international institutions to advance national interests.
Q16. Write about the Know India Programme (KIP). (20 words) (2007, 2 Marks)
Answer: The Know India Programme (KIP) is a Government of India initiative launched in 2003 to promote awareness of India’s history, culture, and achievements among foreign students and Indian diaspora youth.
Q17. Write notes on India and the New World Order in about 150 words. (2008, 30 marks)
Answer: The term “New World Order” (NWO) lacks a universally agreed-upon definition. However, it often refers to a theoretical shift in global power dynamics towards a more multipolar system. In this context, India’s role is increasingly significant.
India’s Rise and Strategic Interests:
- Economic Growth: India’s rapid economic growth in the early 21st century positioned it as a potential economic superpower. This economic clout gives India leverage in international negotiations and strengthens its voice in shaping the global order.
- Security Concerns: India faces security challenges from Pakistan and China. A stable and multipolar world order is crucial for India’s ability to address these concerns without dominance by a single power.
- Non-Alignment Legacy: India’s traditional non-aligned stance has evolved. While seeking strategic partnerships, India prioritizes its own national interests and avoids permanent alliances. This approach allows India to navigate the complex global landscape.
India’s Engagement with the NWO:
- Multilateral Institutions: India actively participates in multilateral institutions like the G20 and BRICS, advocating for a reformed global financial architecture and a greater say for developing nations.
- Regional Cooperation: India champions regional cooperation initiatives like SAARC and BIMSTEC to promote economic integration and security in South Asia. This strengthens India’s regional leadership and fosters a multipolar Asia.
- Focus on Soft Power: India leverages its rich cultural heritage, democratic traditions, and large IT workforce to build soft power. This enhances its global image and influence.
Challenges and Opportunities:
- Domestic Reforms: India needs to address domestic challenges like poverty and infrastructure bottlenecks to fully realize its economic potential and influence on the world stage.
- Balancing Act: India must navigate complex relationships with major powers like the US, Russia, and China, securing its strategic interests while promoting a multipolar world.
- Global Issues: India can play a critical role in addressing global challenges like climate change and terrorism through cooperation with other nations.
Conclusion:
India’s rise presents both opportunities and challenges in the evolving global order. By leveraging its economic strength, strategic partnerships, and soft power, India can play a key role in shaping a more multipolar and cooperative New World Order.
Q18. Write about India’s Ocean Development Policy. (2008, 2 Marks)
Answer: India’s Ocean Policy emphasizes securing maritime resources for economic advantage and national security. It prioritizes marine exploration, research, and preservation.
Q19. Write about the Council for Promotion of Overseas Employment (CPOE) in 20 words. (2008, 2 marks)
Answer: The Council for Promotion of Overseas Employment (CPOE), a government body, functioned to enhance overseas employment opportunities for Indian skilled workers, contributing to foreign exchange earnings and skilled manpower development.
Q20. Write about the Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) Scheme in 20 words. (2008, 2 Marks)
Answer: The Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) Scheme grants lifelong visa and multiple entries to foreign citizens of Indian origin, enabling them to live and work in India while retaining their foreign citizenship.
Q21. Write note on India’s ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ power strategy in Foreign Policy. (2009, 15 marks)
Answer: In the contemporary world, influence extends beyond military and economic might. India’s foreign policy utilizes both hard and soft power to achieve its strategic objectives.
Soft Power
- Cultural Influence: India leverages its rich cultural heritage, including yoga, philosophy, and cuisine, to foster positive international perceptions. (e.g., International Day of Yoga)
- Democracy and Values: India promotes democratic values and South-South cooperation, building trust and partnerships with developing nations. (e.g., Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation)
- Diaspora: The vibrant Indian diaspora acts as a bridge, fostering economic and cultural ties with host countries.
Hard Power
- Military Strength: India’s growing military capabilities deter threats and ensure regional security. (e.g., Modernization of armed forces)
- Economic Clout: India’s economic rise allows for strategic partnerships, development assistance, and regional leadership in trade initiatives. (e.g., Look East Policy)
Integration
- “Smart Power”: India employs a balanced approach, combining soft and hard power to achieve its goals. (e.g., Disaster relief missions coupled with cultural exchange programs)
- Challenges: Internal issues like poverty can undermine soft power projection. Balancing strategic alliances with independent foreign policy requires careful navigation.
Conclusion
By effectively wielding both hard and soft power, India can enhance its global influence and position itself as a leading power in the 21st century.
Q22. Write brief note on Nuclear Supply Group (NSG) and India. (2009, 5marks)
Answer : The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a group of nations that control the trade of nuclear equipment and materials. Membership in the NSG allows access to this trade, critical for India’s civilian nuclear energy program. However, India’s non-proliferation record, due to its refusal to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), has been a hurdle to its NSG membership.
Q23. Critically examine the implications of the disintegration of the Soviet Union on India’s security and strategic perspectives. What further responses would you suggest in India’s foreign policy to accommodate these implications? (2010, 20 Marks)
Answer: The 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union (USSR) significantly impacted India’s security and strategic landscape. Here’s a critical examination of those implications and potential responses for Indian foreign policy:
Security Implications:
- Loss of a Counterweight: The USSR balanced US power, providing India strategic support during the Cold War. Its absence created a unipolar world dominated by the US, raising concerns about potential pressure on India.
- Diminished Military Support: India relied heavily on Soviet military equipment and spare parts. The disintegration disrupted supply chains and forced diversification, posing short-term challenges.
Strategic Repercussions:
- Shifting Power Dynamics: New power centers emerged in Central Asia, requiring recalibration of Indian foreign policy to engage these republics.
- Rise of Unipolarity: India’s strategic autonomy, previously bolstered by the bipolar world, came under strain.
Foreign Policy Responses:
- Diversification of Partnerships: India actively pursued partnerships with the US, France, and Israel to meet its defense needs and counter the unipolar influence.
- Focus on Regional Security: India increased engagement with regional powers like Iran and Afghanistan to bolster security architecture in its neighborhood.
- Strengthening Domestic Defense Industry: The disruption of Soviet supplies spurred efforts to develop a robust indigenous defense sector to reduce dependence on external powers.
Further Recommendations:
- Deepen Ties with Central Asia: India should strengthen political and economic ties with Central Asian republics to enhance regional stability and counter growing Chinese influence.
- Multilateral Engagement: Actively participate in multilateral forums like BRICS and SCO to promote a multipolar world order that accommodates India’s strategic interests.
- Invest in Strategic Autonomy: Continue fostering a self-reliant defense industry to minimize dependence on any single supplier and enhance India’s bargaining power.
By adopting these measures, India can navigate the post-Soviet landscape, ensure its security, and pursue its strategic objectives in a more complex world order.
Q24. Is there still a role for the concept of balance of power in contemporary international politics? Discuss. (2011, 12 Marks)
Answer: The concept of balance of power, a cornerstone of realist thought in international relations (IR), retains significant relevance in contemporary politics despite challenges.
Enduring Logic:
- Anarchic System: The core logic – states acting in an anarchic system (absence of central authority) for survival – remains valid. States prioritize security, and a dominant power can threaten that.
- Balancing Reflex: Weaker states naturally seek to counter rising powers through alliances (e.g., Quad against China) or internal capacity building. This “balancing reflex” upholds the balance.
Contemporary Relevance:
- US Hegemony and Rise of China: The US’ unipolar moment wanes as China ascends. This shift prompts regional actors to hedge their bets, engaging with both powers (e.g., ASEAN).
Challenges and Nuances:
- Non-Traditional Threats: New threats like terrorism and pandemics necessitate broader cooperation, potentially transcending traditional alliances.
- Economic Interdependence: Deep economic interdependence can disincentivize conflict, making balancing less rigid.
Conclusion:
While the balance of power concept might adapt to new realities, its core logic – states seeking security in an anarchic system – remains relevant. Balance of power dynamics will continue to shape alliances and influence the behavior of states in the contemporary world order.
Q25. Critically review the international concern in achieving the targets set for the Millennium Development Goals. (2012, 15 Marks)
Answer: The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), adopted in 2000, set a bold agenda for tackling global poverty and inequality by 2015. While significant progress has been made, a critical review from a UPSC perspective reveals both successes and shortcomings in achieving these targets.
Successes:
- Poverty Reduction: Extreme poverty rates were halved globally, lifting millions out of destitution. This progress is commendable, particularly in East Asia.
- Education: Primary school enrolment rates rose significantly, especially for girls. This investment in human capital bodes well for future development.
- Health: Deaths from preventable diseases like malaria and child mortality declined. Increased access to essential medicines and interventions played a crucial role.
Shortcomings and Concerns:
- Uneven Progress: Developed nations generally fared better, while Least Developed Countries (LDCs) lagged behind. This highlights the need for targeted assistance and addressing issues like conflict and instability.
- Financing Gaps: Developed nations fell short of their official development assistance (ODA) commitments. Increased and sustained resource allocation is crucial for achieving remaining goals.
- Environmental Sustainability: MDGs primarily focused on human development, neglecting environmental considerations. Transitioning to sustainable development practices is vital for long-term progress.
Q26. Why is international trade perceived to have failed to act as an “engine of growth” in many developing countries including India? (2012, 10 Marks)
Answer: International trade, while a potential catalyst for economic growth, hasn’t consistently translated into robust performance for developing nations like India. Here’s a breakdown of the shortcomings:
- Primary Commodity Dependence: Many developing economies rely heavily on exporting raw materials like minerals or agricultural products. These face volatile prices and limited value addition, hindering economic diversification and sustained growth.
- Limited Manufacturing Capacity: Weak infrastructure, inadequate skill development, and a lack of technological prowess can restrict a country’s ability to compete in the global market for high-value manufactured goods, reducing potential export earnings.
- Unequal Trade Agreements: Developing countries often negotiate from a weaker position, leading to agreements that favor developed nations. This can result in unfair competition, import surges, and job losses in vital sectors.
- Infrastructure Bottlenecks: Poor transport, communication, and logistics networks can increase trade costs, making exports less competitive and imports cheaper, dampening domestic production.
- Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Issues: Unfavorable investment climates can discourage FDI, which is crucial for technology transfer, job creation, and export growth.
In conclusion, international trade can be a powerful tool, but for developing countries to harness its full potential, addressing these structural constraints is essential.
Q27. What do you understand by ‘The String of Pearls’? How does it impact India? Briefly outline the steps taken by India to counter this. (200 words) (2013, 10 Marks)
Answer: The String of Pearls refers to China’s strategy of building commercial ports and potentially military facilities in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), encircling India. This raises concerns about:
- Strategic Encirclement: China’s growing presence could limit India’s influence and ability to protect its maritime interests.
- Economic Security: Control of key ports could disrupt vital trade routes for India’s energy imports.
India’s Countermeasures:
- Naval Buildup: Modernizing its navy to deter threats and ensure freedom of navigation.
- Regional Partnerships: Strengthening ties with countries like Vietnam and Japan to counter China’s influence.
- Infrastructure Development: Investing in ports and connectivity projects in the IOR to maintain its economic and strategic role.
By proactively addressing the String of Pearls, India safeguards its security and regional standing.
Q28. What is meant by the Gujral doctrine? Does it have any relevance today? Discuss. (200 words] (2013, 10 Marks)
Answer: The Gujral Doctrine, formulated by former Prime Minister I.K. Gujral, outlines five principles for India’s neighbourhood policy. It emphasizes fostering trust through unilateral concessions and assistance to smaller neighbours, prioritizing regional cooperation, and non-interference in internal affairs.
This doctrine remains relevant. While realpolitik necessitates a nuanced approach, the core principles hold value. In today’s interconnected world, a stable and prosperous neighbourhood strengthens India’s regional standing and global influence. The doctrine’s focus on economic cooperation aligns with regional integration efforts like BIMSTEC. However, navigating complex geopolitical realities and addressing reciprocity concerns require a calibrated approach. The Gujral Doctrine provides a valuable framework for navigating these challenges and building a peaceful and prosperous South Asia.
Q29. The aim of Information Technology Agreements (ITAs) is to lower all taxes and tariffs on information technology products by signatories to zero. What impact would such agreements have on India’s interests? (2014, 12 Marks)
Answer: The Information Technology Agreement (ITA) aims to eliminate tariffs on IT products, fostering global trade. While beneficial for consumers and the IT services sector, ITAs can have mixed effects on India’s interests.
Potential Benefits:
- Enhanced Competitiveness of IT Services: Reduced costs of imported IT hardware can benefit Indian IT companies by lowering operational expenses and potentially making their services more competitive in the global market.
- Consumer Welfare: Lower prices for IT products like computers and peripherals can increase affordability and access for Indian consumers, boosting digital literacy and participation in the digital economy.
- Innovation: Increased competition from foreign IT hardware can incentivize domestic manufacturers to innovate and improve product quality to compete effectively.
Challenges and Concerns:
- Harm to Domestic Manufacturing: Elimination of import duties can hinder the growth of India’s domestic IT hardware manufacturing industry. Established players may struggle to compete with cheaper imports, leading to job losses and a decline in manufacturing capabilities.
- Dependence on Imports: Overreliance on imported IT products can make India vulnerable to supply chain disruptions and fluctuations in global prices.
- Limited Scope for Policy Intervention: ITAs restrict the government’s ability to use tariffs as a tool for promoting domestic manufacturing or protecting infant industries.
India’s Approach:
India’s experience with the first phase of the ITA has been debated. While the IT services sector thrived, domestic manufacturing faced challenges. India has been cautious about further expansion of ITAs, advocating for measures that support domestic manufacturing alongside promoting open trade.
Conclusion:
ITAs offer a double-edged sword for India. While promoting growth in IT services and consumer welfare, they can pose challenges to domestic manufacturing. A balanced approach that leverages the benefits of ITAs while safeguarding domestic industry interests is crucial for India’s strategic development in the IT sector.
Q30. Present an account of the Indus Water Treaty and examine its ecological, economic and political implications in the context of changing bilateral relations. (2016, 12 Marks)
Answer: The Indus Water Treaty (IWT), signed in 1960 by India and Pakistan with World Bank mediation, is a landmark agreement governing the Indus River system’s water distribution.
Account:
- The IWT divides the Indus system into eastern (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej – controlled by India) and western rivers (Indus, Chenab, Jhelum – controlled by Pakistan).
- It allocates 84% of the water to Pakistan and 16% to India, with provisions for limited storage on eastern rivers for hydropower projects.
- A Permanent Commission oversees implementation and facilitates dispute resolution.
Implications:
- Ecological:
- Pakistan, reliant on the Indus for agriculture and ecosystem health, faces challenges due to reduced water flow and silt accumulation from Indian projects.
- Both nations need cooperative management to address issues like glacial retreat and climate change impacting water flow.
- Economic:
- The IWT has fostered economic development through irrigation and hydropower projects in both countries.
- However, rising water demands due to population growth and changing agricultural practices strain the allocation. Collaboration on water-saving technology is crucial.
- Political:
- The IWT has been a fragile peace accord, often overshadowed by tense bilateral relations.
- Tensions regarding dam construction and data sharing on water flow create friction.
- Maintaining dialogue and utilizing the dispute resolution mechanism are vital for stability.
Changing Bilateral Relations:
Strained relations between India and Pakistan exacerbate water anxieties. Trust-building measures and a focus on long-term water security are essential.
Conclusion:
The IWT remains a cornerstone of regional water security. However, adapting to changing demographics, climate challenges, and political dynamics is crucial for its sustainability. A cooperative approach that prioritizes ecological well-being and economic development can ensure the Indus continues to be a lifeline, not a source of conflict.
Q31. Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions. of India’s Look East Policy in the context of the post Cold War international scenario. (2016, 12 Marks)
Answer: The post-Cold War era necessitated a recalibration of India’s foreign policy. The Look East Policy (LEP) emerged as a strategic and economic response to the dynamic Asia-Pacific region.
Economic Dimensions
- Enhanced Trade and Investment: LEP fostered deeper economic ties with ASEAN and East Asian nations. Free trade agreements (FTAs) and increased investment flows boosted regional economic integration.
- Connectivity Projects: The policy prioritised infrastructure development projects like the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project, facilitating trade and resource access.
- Maritime Security Cooperation: Cooperation on maritime security ensured safe trade routes, crucial for India’s economic well-being.
Strategic Dimensions
- Balancing Power Dynamics: LEP aimed to counterbalance China’s growing influence in the region. By strengthening ties with other regional powers, India promoted a multipolar order.
- Security Architecture: Increased defense cooperation with regional partners enhanced regional security and India’s capacity to address shared security threats.
- Act East Policy: LEP evolved into the Act East Policy, signifying a more proactive approach to deepen strategic partnerships and ensure a stable regional environment.
Evaluation
LEP has demonstrably strengthened India’s economic and strategic position. However, challenges like complex regional dynamics and infrastructure bottlenecks persist. Continued focus on regional cooperation and infrastructure development is crucial for the policy’s long-term success.
Conclusion
LEP remains a cornerstone of India’s engagement with the Asia-Pacific, fostering economic prosperity and regional security.
Q32. A number of outside powers have entrenched themselves in Central Asia, which is a zone of interest to india. Discuss the implications, in this context, of India’s joining the Ashgabat Agreement, 2018. (2018, 10 marks)
Answer: Central Asia’s growing importance and the presence of external powers necessitate India’s proactive approach. Joining the Ashgabat Agreement 2018 offers strategic advantages:
- Countering External Influence: The Agreement fosters regional connectivity, potentially diluting the dominance of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and offering an alternative for Central Asian nations.
- Boosting Trade and Energy Security: Improved connectivity facilitates trade expansion, addressing India’s economic interests. Access to Central Asia’s rich hydrocarbon resources strengthens India’s energy security.
- Geopolitical Significance: A stronger Indian presence in Central Asia balances the influence of Russia and China, enhancing regional stability.
- Strengthening Regional Ties: Membership fosters deeper political and economic ties with member states like Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
However, navigating complex regional politics and ensuring the Agreement’s effective implementation remain challenges.
This strategic move positions India as a key player in Central Asia, furthering its economic and security interests.
Q33. “The long-sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalized nations has disappeared on account of its new found role in the emerging global order.’ Elaborate (2019, 15 Marks)
Answer: India’s image as a champion of the oppressed has undergone a complex transformation in the evolving global order. While traditionally a vocal advocate for developing nations, its newfound strategic ambitions necessitate a more nuanced approach.
Legacy of Leadership: India’s historical experience with colonialism fostered a strong identity with oppressed nations. It championed the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM), advocating for a world order free from domination. It supported decolonization efforts and championed fairer trade practices for developing countries.
Shifting Priorities: However, India’s rise as a major power necessitates a recalibration of its foreign policy. Economic growth and security concerns have led to:
- Strategic Alliances: India has forged closer ties with major powers, potentially seen as prioritizing self-interest over collective action.
- Focus on Regional Security: Initiatives like SAGAR (Security And Growth for All in the Region) prioritize India’s role in the Indian Ocean, potentially seen as less globally focused.
- Economic Pragmatism: India negotiates trade deals based on national interests, which may not always align with the demands of the developing world.
Nuances and Considerations:
- Continuity Exists: India continues to champion South-South cooperation and provides technical assistance to developing countries.
- Emerging Power Balancing Act: Balancing national aspirations with its historical role remains a challenge.
Conclusion: India’s image may have transformed, but it’s not a complete disappearance. It negotiates a complex global landscape, striving for a balance between its own rise and its historical commitment to the developing world.
Q34. Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. What importance does it hold for India? (250 words) (2021, 15 marks)
Answer: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) brings together Eurasian nations for regional cooperation on security, economics, and culture. While its stated aims are laudable, a critical examination reveals both opportunities and challenges for India.
Aims and Objectives:
- Security Cooperation: The SCO fosters counter-terrorism efforts through intelligence sharing and joint military exercises. This aligns with India’s need to combat regional terrorism.
- Economic Cooperation: The SCO promotes trade and infrastructure development. This offers India access to Central Asian markets and resources, boosting its economic footprint.
- Regional Stability: The SCO aims to maintain regional peace and security. This benefits India by fostering a stable environment for economic development and countering threats like separatism.
Importance for India:
- Strategic Outreach: The SCO allows India to deepen its strategic partnerships with Russia and Central Asian nations, balancing China’s influence.
- Counter-Terrorism: The SCO’s Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) provides a platform for intelligence sharing and coordinated action against terror networks.
- Energy Security: Central Asia holds vast energy reserves. SCO membership facilitates access to these resources, enhancing India’s energy security.
- Connectivity: The SCO promotes infrastructure development, aligning with India’s vision for regional connectivity projects like the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC).
Challenges:
- Divergent Interests: Member states have varying political and economic priorities, potentially hindering effective cooperation.
- Dominant Players: China’s dominance within the SCO can limit India’s ability to shape the organization’s agenda.
- Limited Progress: Despite its stated goals, the SCO’s achievements in economic cooperation and infrastructure development have been modest.
Conclusion:
The SCO offers India a valuable platform for regional engagement. However, India must navigate the challenges of divergent interests and dominance by certain members. By actively shaping the SCO’s agenda and prioritizing areas like counter-terrorism and connectivity, India can maximize the benefits of its membership.
Q35. How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics? (250 words) (2022, 15 marks)
Answer: The I2U2 grouping (India, Israel, UAE, and USA) presents a significant opportunity for India to transform its position in global politics. This alliance holds potential benefits across diplomatic, economic, and security realms.
Diplomatic Repositioning:
- I2U2 fosters a strategic convergence with the US and Israel, bolstering India’s credentials as a reliable partner. This strengthens India’s voice in international forums and facilitates a “de-hyphenated” approach, allowing deeper engagement with Israel without jeopardizing relations with Arab states.
Economic Growth Engine:
- The alliance fosters collaboration between economies with diverse strengths. India gains access to Israeli and American technological advancements, while the UAE serves as a vital trade gateway. This fosters innovation, boosts trade, and fuels economic growth.
Enhanced Security Architecture:
- I2U2 promotes intelligence sharing and joint military exercises, improving India’s security posture. Cooperation can counter shared threats like terrorism and maritime piracy, bolstering regional stability.
Global Governance Aspirations:
- The grouping unites democracies with a commitment to the rule of law. This strengthens India’s position as a champion of a rules-based international order, enhancing its role in shaping global policy on issues like climate change and trade.
However, challenges remain:
- The alliance is nascent, and its efficacy hinges on effective implementation and navigating potential rivalries within the group.
In conclusion, the I2U2 grouping presents a transformative opportunity for India. By leveraging strategic partnerships, India can solidify its position as a global leader, promote regional stability, and contribute to a more prosperous and secure world order.
Q36. ‘Virus of Conflict is affecting the functioning of the SCO’ In the light of the above statement point out the role of India in mitigating the problems. (150 words) (2023, 10 Marks)
Answer: The “Virus of Conflict” within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), likely referring to tensions between members like India-Pakistan and China-India, hinders its collaborative spirit. However, India’s strategic position allows it to play a vital role in mitigating these problems.
- Non-Alignment and Credibility: India’s history of non-alignment allows it to engage with conflicting parties without taking sides. This neutrality fosters trust and strengthens its position as a mediator.
- Diplomacy and Dialogue: India can leverage its diplomatic prowess to promote dialogue between SCO members. By advocating for peaceful resolutions and open communication, India can bridge divides and foster a cooperative environment.
- Focus on Shared Security Threats: India can steer the SCO’s focus towards common security threats like terrorism and extremism. This shared purpose can act as a unifying force, pushing aside bilateral disputes.
- Economic Interdependence: By promoting economic cooperation within the SCO, India can create a web of interdependence. This economic integration can incentivize peaceful resolutions, as conflicts would disrupt trade and investment.
India’s active role in mitigating SCO’s internal conflicts is crucial not just for its own interests, but also for regional stability and economic prosperity. By promoting dialogue, shared security focus, and economic ties, India can act as a bridge between member states and ensure the SCO achieves its true potential.
Q37. ‘The expansion and strengthening of NATO and a stronger US-Europe strategic partnership works well for India.What is your opinion about this statement? Give reasons and examples to support your answer. (250 words) (2023, 15Marks)
Answer: The statement that a stronger NATO and US-EU partnership automatically benefits India requires nuanced analysis. There are both advantages and challenges to consider.
Advantages:
- Global Stability: A stable and unified Europe, backed by US military might, fosters a more predictable global order. This indirectly benefits India’s security by deterring major power conflict.
- Defense Cooperation: Collaboration with NATO members on technology and training can enhance India’s own defense capabilities. For instance, India’s acquisition of Rafale fighter jets from France, a NATO member, exemplifies such benefits.
- Economic Ties: A stronger US-EU partnership can lead to a more stable global economy, potentially benefiting India’s trade prospects. The recent US-EU trade and technology council meeting is a case in point.
Challenges:
- Strategic Autonomy: India’s long-held policy of strategic autonomy might be compromised by aligning too closely with a US-led alliance structure. This could limit India’s ability to make independent decisions on foreign policy issues.
- Balancing Act: A stronger NATO, particularly eastward expansion, could strain India’s traditionally close relationship with Russia, a major defense partner (e.g., S-400 missile system purchase). India would need to carefully navigate this complex relationship.
- Regional Dynamics: NATO expansion and a US-EU focus on Europe could divert attention away from India’s immediate neighborhood. This could potentially complicate regional issues like those with Pakistan or Afghanistan.
Conclusion:
The impact of a stronger NATO and US-EU partnership on India is multifaceted. While it offers opportunities for enhanced security cooperation, economic stability, and technological advancements, it also presents challenges to India’s strategic autonomy and regional interests. India should engage with these developments cautiously, leveraging the benefits while safeguarding its independent foreign policy.
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