To optimize production under specific resource constraints and prevailing climatic conditions, it is imperative to develop technology tailored to the specific needs of each location. The initial and essential step towards sustainable production involves delineating agro-climatic zones based on factors such as soil composition, water availability, rainfall, and temperature. The concept of agro-climatic regions was introduced by the Planning Commission in 1989, utilising data from comprehensive land surveys, soil analyses, and agricultural assessments conducted across rural India. An “Agro-climatic zone” denotes a distinct land unit characterised by specific major climates, conducive to a defined range of crops and cultivars. The overarching goal of this planning approach is the scientific management of regional resources to fulfill the requirements of food, fiber, fodder, and fuelwood without compromising the integrity of natural resources and the environment.
Agro-climatic conditions encompass critical factors such as soil types, rainfall patterns, temperature variations, and water availability, all of which significantly influence the types of vegetation that can thrive in a particular region. This strategic planning ensures a scientific and sustainable approach to utilizing regional resources for agricultural purposes while maintaining ecological balance and environmental well-being.
India is divided into 15 distinct agro-climatic zones, each characterized by unique geographical and climatic features. These zones play a crucial role in determining the types of crops and agricultural practices suitable for a particular region. The 15 agro-climatic zones in India are as follows:
- Western Himalayan Region
- Eastern Himalayan Region
- Lower Gangetic Plains Region
- Middle Gangetic Plains Region
- Upper Gangetic Plains Region
- Trans-Gangetic Plains Region
- Eastern Plateau and Hills Region
- Central Plateau and Hills Region
- Western Plateau and Hills Region
- Southern Plateau and Hills Region
- East Coast Plains and Hills Region
- West Coast Plains and Ghats Region
- Gujarat Plains Region
- Western Dry Region
- Islands Region
These zones are delineated based on factors such as soil composition, water availability, temperature, and rainfall patterns. Such categorization facilitates tailored agricultural planning and practices, contributing to sustainable and region-specific food production.
WESTERN HIMALAYAN REGION
Location and Topography:
The Western Himalayan Region encompasses Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and the hill region of Uttarakhand. Characterized by snow-covered peaks, dissected topography, steep slopes, perennial rivers, and evergreen/deciduous forests, this region exhibits a thin soil cover on undulating slopes.
Climate:
Micro-level temperature and rainfall variations are notable, showcasing significant relief differences. Summers are mild (July average temperature: 5°C-30°C), while winters experience severe cold conditions (January temperature: 0°C to -4°C). Harsh winter conditions, including low temperatures and snowfall, pose challenges for agricultural intensification.
Agricultural Information:
Agricultural activities in this region primarily concentrate in valleys (e.g., Kashmir, Dun, Chamba), river terraces, and gentle slopes of the Kandi tracts. Kharif land use is dominated by rice in valleys and maize in hilly areas. Barley, wheat, oats, and peas are sown in October but may exhibit stunted growth during winters with temperatures below freezing.
The region is renowned for orchard cultivation, including apple orchards in Sopore, Srinagar, Baramulla, Kulu-Manali, Shimla, Kangra, Ranikhat, and Almora. Besides apples, apricots, almonds, walnuts, litchis, laokawt, cherries, peaches, pears, and high-quality saffron thrive here.
High-altitude alpine pastures, locally known as ‘Dhoks’ or ‘Margs,’ situated above 2000 meters, are utilized by Gujjars, Bakarwals, and Gaddis for rearing sheep, goats, cattle, and horses.
Socio-economic Aspects and Suggestions:
The economy is predominantly agrarian, with over 80% of the workforce directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture. Challenges include poor accessibility, soil erosion, landslides, inclement weather, and inadequate marketing/storage facilities.
The agricultural potential of the region remains underutilized, and the rural communities face challenges in adopting new agricultural technologies. The standard of living is low, emphasizing the need for research, extension services, and agricultural planning to enhance development in the northwest mountainous region of the country.
EASTERN HIMALAYAN REGION
Location and Topography:
The Eastern Himalayan Region encompasses Arunachal Pradesh, the hills of Assam, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, and the Darjeeling district of West Bengal. The topography is characterized by rugged terrain.
Climatic Conditions:
Temperature variations range between 25°C and 30°C in July and 10°C and 20°C in January. The region experiences an average rainfall between 200-400 cm. The soil, predominantly red-brown, is not highly productive, and shifting cultivation (Jhuming) is prevalent in the hilly areas.
Agricultural Information:
Major crops cultivated include rice, maize, potato, and tea. Orchards featuring pineapple, litchi, oranges, and lime contribute to the agricultural landscape.
Socio-economic Aspects and Suggestions:
Improvements in infrastructural facilities are crucial for the region. The control of shifting cultivation can be achieved through the development of terrace farming, ensuring sustainable agricultural practices and enhancing socio-economic conditions in the Eastern Himalayan Region.
LOWER GANGETIC PLAIN REGION
Location and Topography:
The region encompasses West Bengal (excluding hilly areas), eastern Bihar, and the Brahmaputra valley. The topography is characterized by adequate groundwater storage and a high water table.
Climatic Conditions:
Average annual rainfall ranges between 100-200 cm. In July, temperatures vary from 26°C to 41°C, while in January, they range from 9°C to 24°C.
Agricultural Information:
Rice is the primary crop, yielding three successive crops (Aman, Aus, and Boro) in a year. Additionally, important crops include jute, maize, potato, and pulses.
Socio-economic Aspects and Suggestions:
Strategic planning focuses on improving rice farming, promoting horticulture (banana, mango, and citrus fruits), enhancing practices in pisciculture, poultry, livestock, forage production, and ensuring a robust seed supply system for sustainable agricultural development in the region.
MIDDLE GANGETIC PLAIN REGION
Location and Topography:
The Middle Gangetic Plain region encompasses significant portions of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. It constitutes a fertile alluvial plain, primarily drained by the Ganga and its tributaries.
Climatic Conditions:
In July, the average temperature ranges from 26°C to 41°C, while in January, it varies from 9°C to 24°C. The region experiences an average annual rainfall between 100-200 cm.
Agricultural Information:
Key crops include rice, maize, and millets in Kharif, while wheat, gram, barley, peas, mustard, and potatoes dominate Rabi cultivation.
Socio-economic Aspects and Suggestions:
To enhance agricultural production, implementing alternative farming systems and utilizing chaur lands for pisciculture are recommended measures. Additionally, reclamation of user lands, wastelands, and fallow lands for agriculture and allied activities like agro-forestry, silviculture, and floriculture can contribute to sustainable development in the region.
UPPER GANGETIC PLAIN REGION
Location and Topography:
The Upper Gangetic Plains region covers the central and western parts of Uttar Pradesh, along with the Haridwar and Udham Nagar districts of Uttarakhand.
Climatic Conditions:
The climate is characterized as sub-humid continental, with July temperatures ranging from 26°C to 41°C and January temperatures between 7°C to 23°C. The region experiences an average annual rainfall between 75 cm to 150 cm.
Agricultural Information:
The soil is predominantly sandy loam, and irrigation is primarily sourced from canals, tube-wells, and wells. The region engages in intensive agriculture, cultivating wheat, rice, sugarcane, millets, maize, gram, barley, oilseeds, pulses, and cotton as major crops.
Socio-economic Aspects and Suggestions:
To complement the modernization of traditional agriculture, special emphasis on dairy development and horticulture is crucial. Strategies should focus on promoting multiple mixed cropping patterns to enhance productivity and sustainability in the region.
TRANS GANGA PLAIN REGION
Location and Topography:
The region, also known as the Sutlej-Yamuna Plains, encompasses Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, and the Ganganagar district of Rajasthan.
Climatic Conditions:
With semi-arid characteristics, the region experiences a mean monthly temperature ranging between 25°C and 40°C in July and 10°C to 20°C in January. The average annual rainfall varies from 65 cm to 125 cm. The alluvial soil is highly productive, and irrigation is facilitated through canals, tube-wells, and pumping sets.
Agricultural Information:
This region boasts the highest intensity of agriculture in the country and played a pivotal role in introducing the Green Revolution. Major crops include wheat, sugarcane, cotton, rice, gram, maize, millets, pulses, and oilseeds. Modern farming methods with a high degree of mechanization have been adopted.
Socio-economic Aspects and Suggestions:
To enhance sustainability and productivity in agriculture, several measures are recommended:
- Diversification of rice-wheat areas to crops like maize, pulses, oilseeds, and fodder.
- Development of pest and disease-resistant genotypes for rice, maize, and wheat.
- Promotion of horticulture, including pulses like tur and peas in upland conditions.
- Cultivation of vegetables near industrial clusters.
- Provision of quality seeds for vegetables and planting material for horticulture crops.
- Development of transit godowns and processing infrastructure to handle increased fruit and vegetable production.
- Implementation of policies and programs to boost milk and wool productivity.
- Expansion of fodder production to ensure an adequate supply of high-quality feed for animals.
EASTERN PLATEAU AND HILLS
Location and Topography:
Encompassing the Chotanagpur Plateau, this region extends over Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, and Dandakaranya.
Climatic Conditions:
The region experiences temperatures ranging from 26°C to 34°C in July and 10°C to 27°C in January, with an annual rainfall of 80 cm to 150 cm. Deficient in water resources due to its plateau structure and nonperennial streams.
Agricultural Information:
Soils in the region are predominantly red and yellow, with occasional patches of lateritic and alluvial soil. Rain-fed agriculture is practiced, focusing on crops such as rice, millets, maize, oilseeds, ragi, gram, and potatoes.
Socio-economic Aspects and Suggestions:
Measures to enhance agricultural productivity and income include:
- Cultivation of high-value crops like pulses (tur, groundnut, soybean) in upland rain-fed areas.
- Growing crops such as urad, castor, and groundnut in kharif, and mustard and vegetables in irrigated areas.
- Improvement of indigenous breeds of cattle and buffaloes.
- Extension of fruit plantations.
- Renovation, including desilting of existing tanks and excavation of new tanks.
- Development of inland fisheries in permanent water bodies.
- Adoption of an integrated watershed development approach to conserve soil and rainwater.
CENTRAL PLATEAU AND HILL
Location and Topography:
This region spans Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand, Bhander Plateau, Malwa Plateau, and Vindhyachal Hills.
Climatic Conditions:
Characterized by semi-arid conditions, the region experiences temperatures ranging from 26°C to 40°C in July, 7°C to 24°C in January, and an average annual rainfall between 50 cm and 100 cm. Soils are a mix of red, yellow, and black.
Agricultural Information:
The region faces water scarcity, and crops grown include millets, wheat, gram, oilseeds, cotton, and sunflower.
Socio-economic Aspects and Suggestions:
To enhance agricultural returns, the following measures are recommended:
- Implementation of water conservation practices using devices like sprinklers and drip systems.
- Dairy development initiatives.
- Crop diversification strategies.
- Groundwater development projects.
- Reclamation of ravine lands.
WESTERN PLATEAU AND HILL
Location and Topography:
This region encompasses the southern part of the Malwa plateau and the Deccan plateau in Maharashtra, characterized by regur (black) soil.
Climatic Conditions:
The region experiences July temperatures between 24°C and 41°C, January temperatures between 6°C and 23°C, and an average annual rainfall of 25 cm-75 cm.
Agricultural Information:
In rain-fed areas, the main crops include wheat, gram, millets, cotton, pulses, groundnut, and oilseeds. In irrigated areas, cultivation focuses on sugarcane, rice, and wheat, alongside the growth of oranges, grapes, and bananas.
Socio-economic Aspects and Suggestions:
To enhance agricultural practices and socio-economic conditions:
- Increase water efficiency by promoting water-saving devices like sprinklers and drip systems.
- Shift from lower-value crops such as jowar, bajra, and rain-fed wheat to high-value oilseeds.
- Substitute 5% of rain-fed cotton and jowar areas with fruits like ber, pomegranate, mango, and guava.
- Encourage the improvement of milk production through cross-breeding of cattle and buffalo, and promote poultry development.
SOUTHERN PLATEAU AND HILL
Location and Topography:
This region is situated in the interior Deccan and encompasses parts of southern Maharashtra, major portions of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and the Tamil Nadu uplands from Adilabad District in the north to Madurai District in the south.
Climatic Conditions:
The mean monthly temperature in July ranges from 25°C to 40°C, while the mean January temperature is between 10°C and 20°C. The annual rainfall in the region falls between 50 cm and 100 cm.
Agricultural Information:
Characterized by dry-zone agriculture, the region predominantly cultivates millets, oilseeds, and pulses. Additionally, coffee, tea, cardamom, and spices thrive along the hilly slopes of the Karnataka plateau.
Socio-economic Aspects and Suggestions:
To enhance socio-economic conditions and agricultural productivity:
- Divert some areas under coarse cereals to pulses and oilseeds.
- Promote horticulture, dairy development, and poultry farming in the region.
EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN AND HILL
Location and Topography:
This region encompasses the Coromandal and northern Circar coasts of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.
Climatic Conditions:
The mean July temperature ranges between 25°C and 35°C, while the mean January temperature varies between 20°C and 30°C. The mean annual rainfall in the region fluctuates between 75 cm and 150 cm.
Agricultural Information:
The soils in this area are predominantly alluvial, loam, and clay, often plagued by the issue of alkalinity. Key crops grown include rice, jute, tobacco, sugarcane, maize, millets, groundnut, and oilseeds.
Socio-economic Aspects and Suggestions:
To address socio-economic challenges and enhance agricultural practices:
- Improve the cultivation of spices, such as pepper and cardamom.
- Develop fisheries in the region.
- Increase cropping intensity using water-efficient crops on residual moisture.
- Discourage rice cultivation on marginal lands and promote alternate crops like oilseeds and pulses.
- Diversify cropping patterns and discourage mono-cropping.
- Develop horticulture in upland areas, encourage social forestry, and promote dairy farming.
WESTERN COASTAL PLAIN AND GHAT
Location and Topography:
This zone encompasses the Malabar and Konkan coastal plains and the Sahyadris.
Climatic Conditions:
The region has a humid climate, with the mean July temperature ranging between 25°C and 30°C and mean January temperatures between 18°C and 30°C. The mean annual rainfall is more than 200 cm.
Agricultural Information:
The soil in this area is lateritic and coastal alluvial. Key crops include rice, coconut, oilseeds, sugarcane, millets, pulses, and cotton. The region is renowned for plantation crops and spices grown along the hill slopes of the Western Ghats.
Socio-economic Aspects and Suggestions:
For socio-economic improvement and agricultural enhancement:
- Focus on cultivating high-value crops such as pulses, spices, and coconut.
- Develop infrastructural facilities to support agricultural activities.
- Encourage prawn culture in brackish water to diversify income sources.
GUJRAT PLAIN AND HILL
Location and Topography:
This region encompasses the hills and plains of Kathiawar, along with the fertile valleys of Mahi and Sabarmati rivers. It is characterized by arid and semi-arid conditions.
Climatic Conditions:
The mean July temperature is around 30°C, while in January, it is about 25°C. The mean annual rainfall varies between 50 cm and 100 cm.
Agricultural Information:
The soil composition includes regur in the plateau region, alluvium in the coastal plains, and red and yellow soils in the Jamnagar area. Key crops grown in this region include groundnut, cotton, rice, millets, oilseeds, wheat, and tobacco, making it a significant oilseed-producing area.
Socio-economic Aspects and Suggestions:
To enhance socio-economic conditions and agricultural productivity:
- Implement canal and groundwater management for efficient water use.
- Promote rainwater harvesting practices.
- Develop dryland farming techniques for sustainable agriculture.
- Focus on agro-forestry development to enhance environmental sustainability.
- Undertake wasteland development initiatives.
- Encourage marine fishing and brackish/backwater aquaculture development in coastal zones and river deltas.
WESTERN DRY REGION
Location and Topography:
This region extends over Rajasthan, west of the Aravallis, featuring a predominantly arid landscape.
Climatic Conditions:
The region experiences erratic rainfall, with an annual average of less than 25 cm. The desert climate intensifies challenges, with high evaporation rates and varying temperatures—ranging from 28 °C to 45 °C in June and 5 °C to 22 °C in January.
Agricultural Information:
Key crops cultivated include bajra, jowar, and moth during the kharif season, while wheat and gram are prominent during Rabi. Livestock plays a crucial role in sustaining the desert ecology.
Socio-economic Aspects and Suggestions:
To enhance socio-economic conditions and agricultural productivity:
- Prioritize rainwater harvesting to address water scarcity.
- Improve the yield levels of horticultural crops such as watermelon, guava, and date palm.
- Adopt high-quality germplasm in cattle to enhance their breed.
- Implement silvi-pastoral systems over wastelands for sustainable land use.
ISLAND REGION
Location and Topography:
This region encompasses the Andaman-Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands, characterized by a typically equatorial climate.
Climatic Conditions:
The islands experience an annual rainfall of less than 300 cm, with Port Blair having mean temperatures of 30 °C in July and 25 °C in January.
Agricultural Information:
Diverse soils ranging from sandy coastal areas to clayey loam in valleys and lower slopes support crops like rice, maize, millets, pulses, areca nut, turmeric, and cassava. Coconut cultivation dominates, covering nearly half of the cropped area. The region is characterized by dense forests, and agriculture is in a developmental stage.
Socio-economic Aspects and Suggestions:
To enhance socio-economic conditions and agricultural productivity:
- Focus on crop improvement, emphasizing the popularization of improved rice seeds.
- Implement water management practices for sustainable agriculture.
- Develop fisheries by introducing multi-purpose fishing vessels for deep-sea fishing.
- Establish suitable infrastructure for fish storage and processing.
- Promote brackish water prawn culture in coastal areas for diversified income sources.
FAQs
1. What are agro-climatic zones, and why are they important for sustainable agriculture?
A: Agro-climatic zones are distinct land units characterized by specific major climates, conducive to a defined range of crops and cultivars. They are crucial for sustainable agriculture as they allow the scientific management of regional resources based on factors such as soil composition, water availability, rainfall, and temperature. Tailoring agricultural practices to specific agro-climatic conditions optimizes production under resource constraints while maintaining ecological balance and environmental well-being.
2. When was the concept of agro-climatic regions introduced in India?
A: The concept of agro-climatic regions was introduced by the Planning Commission in 1989. This planning approach utilized data from comprehensive land surveys, soil analyses, and agricultural assessments conducted across rural India to delineate distinct zones based on climatic and soil characteristics.
3. How many agro-climatic zones are there in India?
A: India is divided into 15 distinct agro-climatic zones, each characterized by unique geographical and climatic features. These zones play a crucial role in determining the types of crops and agricultural practices suitable for a particular region.
4. What factors are considered in delineating agro-climatic zones?
A: Agro-climatic zones are delineated based on factors such as soil composition, water availability, temperature, and rainfall patterns. These factors significantly influence the types of vegetation that can thrive in a particular region.
5. How do agro-climatic zones contribute to sustainable agriculture?
A: Agro-climatic zones contribute to sustainable agriculture by facilitating tailored agricultural planning and practices. Categorizing regions based on their specific climatic conditions allows for the development of region-specific technologies, optimizing production and ensuring the efficient use of resources. This approach aims to fulfill the requirements of food, fiber, fodder, and fuelwood without compromising natural resources and the environment.
6. Can you provide examples of some agro-climatic zones in India?
A: Certainly! Some examples of agro-climatic zones in India include the Western Himalayan Region, Eastern Himalayan Region, Lower Gangetic Plain Region, Middle Gangetic Plain Region, Upper Gangetic Plain Region, Trans-Gangetic Plains Region, and many more.
7. What are the agricultural practices and challenges in the Western Himalayan Region?
A: The Western Himalayan Region, encompassing Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and the hill region of Uttarakhand, faces challenges such as harsh winter conditions and poor accessibility. Agriculture in valleys and river terraces focuses on crops like rice, maize, barley, and peas. Orchard cultivation, including apple orchards, is renowned. Challenges include soil erosion, landslides, and inadequate marketing/storage facilities.
8. How does shifting cultivation impact agriculture in the Eastern Himalayan Region?
A: The Eastern Himalayan Region, covering states like Arunachal Pradesh and the hills of Assam, experiences shifting cultivation (Jhuming) due to red-brown soils not highly productive for sustained farming. Improvements in infrastructure and the promotion of terrace farming are crucial to control shifting cultivation and enhance sustainable agricultural practices.
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