- Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS) are carefully delineated regions characterized by their unique and delicate ecosystems, encompassing terrestrial, coastal, marine, and inland waters.
These sites are distinguished by their rich biodiversity, which may include one or more of the following features:
- Species richness: BHS harbor a wide array of plant and animal species, contributing to the overall biodiversity of the area.
- High endemism: These sites often host species that are endemic to the region, meaning they are found nowhere else in the world.
- Presence of rare and threatened species: BHS serve as habitats for species that are rare, endangered, or threatened with extinction. This includes keystone species, which play a critical role in maintaining the structure and function of the ecosystem, as well as species of evolutionary significance.
- Presence of wild ancestors of domestic/cultivated species: Some BHS contain wild relatives of plants and animals that have been domesticated or cultivated by humans, preserving valuable genetic diversity.
- Past pre-eminence of biological components represented by fossil beds: Certain BHS may contain fossil beds or other geological features that provide insights into the region’s biological history and evolution.
- Areas with significant cultural, ethical, or aesthetic values: In addition to their ecological importance, BHS may hold cultural significance for local communities, serving as sites of spiritual or traditional importance. These areas contribute to the maintenance of cultural diversity and heritage.
- Under Section 37 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 (BDA), the State Government, in consultation with local bodies, has the authority to designate areas of biodiversity significance as Biodiversity Heritage Sites.
- It’s important to note that the declaration of an area as a BHS does not impose restrictions on the traditional practices and usages of local communities.
- Instead, the primary aim of establishing BHS is to implement conservation measures that enhance the quality of life for local communities while safeguarding biodiversity for future generations.
EXAMPLES OF BIODIVERSITY HERITAGE SITE
- Nallur Tamarind Grove, Karnataka, situated in Devanahalli, Bengaluru, is renowned as India’s inaugural Biodiversity Heritage Site. It is believed to be a relic of the Chola Dynasty, which reigned nearly 800 years ago.
- Hogrekan, located in Chikmagalur, Karnataka, boasts unique Shola vegetation and grasslands hosting several floral species with significant medicinal value. Moreover, Hogrekan serves as a vital “Wildlife Corridor” connecting Kudremukha and Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary.
- The University of Agricultural Sciences in Bengaluru, Karnataka, is situated within the GKVK Campus and stands as a notable Biodiversity Heritage Site.
- Ambaraguda, nestled in Shimoga, Karnataka, features primitive Shola vegetation, a rarity in the Western Ghats, alongside grasslands.
- Glory of Allapalli in Gadhchiroli, Maharashtra, holds significance for its biodiversity and historical heritage.
- Tonglu Biodiversity Heritage Site, part of the Darjeeling Forest Division in West Bengal, contributes to the preservation of unique ecosystems.
- Dhotrey Biodiversity Heritage Site, also within the Darjeeling Forest Division in West Bengal, plays a crucial role in biodiversity conservation.
- Dailong Village in Tamenglong, Manipur, is cherished for its rich diversity of life forms and cultural heritage.
- Ameenpur Lake in Sangareddy, Telangana, holds the distinction of being India’s first water body designated as a Biodiversity Heritage Site, set within an urban area.
- Majuli Island, located in Assam’s Brahmaputra River, serves as a sanctuary for unique ecological and cultural heritage.
- The Gharial Rehabilitation Centre in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, serves as a sanctuary for critically endangered Gharials, aiding in their conservation and rehabilitation.
- Chilkigarh Kanak Durga Sacred Grove in Jhargram, West Bengal, is revered for its cultural significance and rich biodiversity.
- Khlaw Kur Syiem KmieIng in Meghalaya is an ancient Sacred Grove boasting diverse natural habitats and life forms.
- Mandasaru, situated in Kandhamal district, Odisha, is a sanctuary for hundreds of plant, animal, and fungal species.
- Purvatali Rai Sacred Grove in Goa holds cultural and ecological significance, preserving precious biodiversity.
- Naro Hills in Satna district, Madhya Pradesh, is celebrated for its unique ecosystem and rare flora and fauna.
- Patlakot in Chhindwara district, Madhya Pradesh, showcases an ancient ecosystem and hosts a variety of rare species, including Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.
- Asramam in Kollam district, Kerala, is known for its mangrove species and rare heritage trees, such as Syzygium travancoricum.
- Bambarde Myristica Swamps in Dodamarg, Maharashtra, contribute to the conservation of Myristica Swamps, a unique ecosystem.
- Ganeshkhind Garden in Pune, Maharashtra, is among India’s oldest gardens, cherished for its historical and botanical significance.
- Landorkhori in Jalgaon, Maharashtra, is renowned for its scenic beauty and biodiversity.
- Shistura Hiranyakeshi in Sindhudurg, Maharashtra, is famed for its unique habitat and biodiversity, including the Schistura hiranyakeshi fish species.
- Baneswar Shiva Dighi in Coochbehar, West Bengal, provides sanctuary to critically endangered Black Softshell Turtles, enhancing biodiversity conservation efforts.
- Sacred Grove at Sural Bhatori Monastery in Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, stands as a testament to cultural and ecological preservation.
- High Altitude Meadow at Hudan Bhatori in Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, is home to diverse fauna, including Snow Leopards and Brown Bears.
- Birch-pine Forest Patch at Nain Gahar in Lahaul & Spiti, Himachal Pradesh, contributes to the conservation of Himalayan flora and fauna.
- Baramura Waterfall in Khowai, Tripura, is the state’s highest natural waterfall and a vital habitat for rare wildlife and aquatic fauna.
- Unakoti in Tripura is renowned for its sacred rock carvings and rich biodiversity.
- Silachari Caves in Gomati, Tripura, provide habitat for threatened cave bat species, underscoring the importance of biodiversity conservation.
- Debbari or Chabimura in Gomati, Tripura, supports threatened plant species and showcases the state’s rich natural heritage.
- Betlingshib & its surroundings in North District, Tripura, is home to diverse flora and fauna, attracting visitors to the renowned Orange Festival.
- Amarkantak in Anuppur, Madhya Pradesh, boasts an ancient ecosystem and serves as the origin of major rivers, contributing significantly to biodiversity conservation.
- Hajong Tortoise Lake in Dima Hasao, Assam, is a vital habitat for critically endangered freshwater turtles and other threatened species.
- Borjuli Wild Rice Site in Sonitpur, Assam, harbors a significant population of wild rice species, contributing to biodiversity preservation.
- Arittapatti Biodiversity Heritage Site in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, is renowned for its rich biological and historical significance, supporting diverse bird species and wildlife.
FAQs regarding Biodiversity Heritage Site
1-What are Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS)?
Biodiversity Heritage Sites are designated areas characterized by unique ecosystems, rich biodiversity, and cultural significance. These sites play a crucial role in conserving rare and endangered species, preserving genetic diversity, and maintaining ecological balance.
2-How are Biodiversity Heritage Sites designated in India?
Under Section 37 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, State Governments, in consultation with local bodies, have the authority to designate areas of biodiversity significance as Biodiversity Heritage Sites. These sites are identified based on their unique ecological features, endemic species, cultural importance, and other criteria.
3-What distinguishes Biodiversity Heritage Sites from other protected areas?
Biodiversity Heritage Sites are specifically recognized for their biodiversity value and cultural heritage, making them distinct from other protected areas such as national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. They often include areas of traditional importance to local communities and may contain sacred groves, ancient forests, and sites with historical significance.
4-How do Biodiversity Heritage Sites contribute to conservation efforts?
Biodiversity Heritage Sites serve as sanctuaries for rare and endangered species, providing vital habitats for their survival. These sites also help in preserving genetic diversity, protecting ecosystems from degradation, and promoting sustainable use of natural resources. Additionally, they play a crucial role in raising awareness about biodiversity conservation among local communities and visitors.
5-What are some examples of Biodiversity Heritage Sites in India?
India has numerous Biodiversity Heritage Sites spread across different states, including Nallur Tamarind Grove in Karnataka, Glory of Allapalli in Maharashtra, Majuli Island in Assam, and Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh. These sites represent diverse ecosystems, cultural heritage, and species richness, contributing significantly to India’s biodiversity conservation efforts.
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