Ecology & Environment – General Studies

Temperate deciduous forests are biomes distinguished by their distinct seasonal weather patterns, undergoing all four seasons and featuring the shedding of leaves from trees during the fall and winter.

Boreal coniferous forests, often referred to as the Taiga or snow forest, are persistent evergreen coniferous woodlands typically observed south of the tundra in the Northern Hemisphere. 

The Tundra climate, classified under the Köppen climatic type, is characterized by sub-freezing mean annual temperatures, considerable annual temperature variations

A terrestrial ecosystem refers to a land-based community of species that involves both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) elements interacting within a specific area.

Methane (CH4) contributes to 15–35% of the overall increase in human-induced greenhouse gas emissions.
In the last decade, there has been a notable rise in the atmospheric methane growth rate (MGR), primarily attributed to elevated emissions from fossil fuels and microbial sources.

Denitrification is a microbiological process facilitated by bacteria, wherein nitrate (NO3−) undergoes reduction, ultimately yielding molecular nitrogen (N2) through a sequence of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products. 

Upon the death of these animals, the nitrogen compounds within their bodies undergo a breakdown process into ammonia, known as ammonification.

Nitrification, a crucial step in the soil nitrogen cycle, is a natural process conducted by specialized autotrophic bacteria in the environment.

The initiation of the nitrogen cycle begins with the crucial biological process known as nitrogen fixation. During this process, specific bacterial species

Nutrient cycles are essential processes that govern the flow and recycling of vital elements within ecosystems, ensuring the availability of nutrients