Foreign Relations after 2014 – UPSC Post-Independence Notes

After 2014, the landscape of foreign relations underwent significant transformations, marked by geopolitical shifts, emergent global challenges, and evolving diplomatic strategies. This period witnessed a resurgence of great power competition, particularly between the United States, China, and Russia, each vying for influence and dominance across various regions. Simultaneously, non-state actors such as terrorist organizations and transnational corporations increasingly shaped international dynamics. Furthermore, issues like climate change, pandemics, and economic interdependence became prominent factors in diplomatic discourse, emphasizing the interconnectedness of nations. Against this backdrop, countries navigated a complex web of alliances, rivalries, and partnerships, seeking to safeguard their interests while adapting to a rapidly changing global order.

Foreign Relations after 2014

Narendra Modi’s foreign policy approach, often referred to as the “Modi Doctrine,” has been marked by several key features and shifts:

1. “Neighbourhood First” Policy:
   • Modi’s government emphasized strengthening ties with neighbouring countries. This was evident from the invitation extended to leaders of SAARC nations during his oath-taking ceremony.
2. Economic Diplomacy:
   • There’s a clear focus on attracting foreign investment, technology, and finding markets for Indian goods and services. Economic considerations play a significant role in India’s foreign policy.
3. Regional Stability and Prosperity:
   • The policy seeks to establish a close connection between regional stability, peace, and economic prosperity. This is viewed as essential for India’s overall development.
4. “Modi Doctrine” and the 4Ds:
   • The “Modi Doctrine” emphasizes four key aspects: Democracy, Demography, Demand, and Diaspora. These are viewed as significant forces that shape India’s foreign policy.
5. Transition to a Leading Power:
   • The policy aims to position India as a leading power on the global stage, rather than merely a balancing power. This reflects a desire for a more assertive role in international affairs.
6. Socio-Economic Development Focus:
   • Diplomacy is seen as a tool to accelerate India’s socio-economic development. It’s not solely about strategic considerations, but also about enhancing the welfare of Indian citizens.
7. Soft Power Utilization:
   • India recognizes the importance of soft power, alongside military and economic strength. Cultural diplomacy, educational exchanges, and the promoting yoga and Indian arts have been part of this approach.
8. Empowering the Indian Diaspora:
   • The Indian diaspora is viewed as a valuable asset, extending beyond economic remittances. The government aims to strengthen ties with the diaspora and provide support to Indians facing challenges abroad.

Overall, Narendra Modi’s foreign policy represents a shift in India’s approach to global affairs. It combines traditional diplomatic practices with an emphasis on economic growth, regional stability, and the assertion of India’s influence on the world stage.

The “India First” approach is central to Modi’s foreign policy. Here are some key points about this approach:

1. National Power as Foundation:
   • “India First” means that the decisions and actions of the Indian government are based on what serves the best interests and strengths of the nation itself. It’s about prioritizing India’s needs and goals.
2. Realism and Cooperation:
   • The foreign policy under Modi is guided by realism, seeking to maintain practical and pragmatic relations with other nations. This includes a focus on co-existence, cooperation, and partnerships with various countries.
3. Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam:
   • This core value, meaning “the entire world is our family,” reflects an inclusive and global outlook. It underlines India’s willingness to engage with the international community for mutual progress and prosperity.
4. India’s Development as Priority:
   • Modi’s foreign policy is deeply rooted in India’s development. The ultimate goal is to bring about reforms and transformations that ensure the security and prosperity of all Indian citizens.
5. Regional and Global Opportunity:
   • The rise of India, both economically and politically, is viewed as a significant opportunity regionally and globally. India is seen as a force for peace, stability, and prosperity, with the potential to positively impact the entire world.

By adopting an “India First” approach, Modi’s foreign policy aims to leverage India’s growing influence for the betterment of its citizens and to contribute positively to the global community. This approach emphasizes India’s role as a responsible and influential actor on the world stage.

The “Neighbourhood First” policy is a significant component of the Modi Doctrine in India’s foreign policy. Here are some key aspects of this policy:

1. Strong Emphasis on Neighbourly Relations:
   • The “Neighbourhood First” policy underscores India’s commitment to building and nurturing stronger ties with its neighbouring countries. This signifies that India places a high priority on maintaining positive relations with its immediate neighbours.
2. Early Diplomatic Initiatives:
   • Prime Minister Modi began this approach by inviting leaders from all SAARC countries to his swearing-in ceremony, signalling India’s keenness to prioritize its neighbours. Subsequently, he undertook visits to most SAARC countries.
3. Greater Connectivity and Cooperation:
   • The focus of this policy is on enhancing connectivity, cooperation, and broader engagement with neighbouring nations. This can include infrastructure development, trade agreements, and people-to-people connections.
4. Strengthening Cultural and Soft Power Connections:
   • In addition to diplomatic and economic efforts, the “Neighbourhood First” policy emphasizes promoting Indian culture, values, and traditions. This is often based on the historical and civilizational ties that India shares with its neighbours.
5. Utilizing Soft Power:
   • India’s soft power, including initiatives like International Yoga Day and the International Solar Alliance, is leveraged to foster goodwill and partnerships in the region and beyond.

By prioritizing its immediate neighbours and strengthening cultural connections, India seeks to build trust and collaboration in the region, promoting regional stability and mutual benefits. This approach aims to create a well-connected and integrated neighbourhood that can collectively address shared challenges and opportunities.

Under Prime Minister Modi’s leadership, there has been a concerted effort to engage with and empower the Indian diaspora. This has been achieved through several key measures:

1. Streamlining Rules and Grievance Handling:
   • The government has worked towards simplifying rules for the diaspora and ensuring prompt responses to their grievances. This approach has facilitated smoother interactions and transactions for NRIs and PIOs.
2. Engagement in Development Agenda:
   • The diaspora has been actively engaged in the government’s development agenda. Their input, contributions, and expertise are valued, and they are considered an integral part of India’s progress.
3. Rejuvenating NRIs and PIOs:
   • The government’s proactive stance has re-energized the Non-Resident Indian (NRI) and Person of Indian Origin (PIO) communities. This has led to stronger connections with their home country and a heightened sense of pride in their heritage.
4. Direct Engagement with the Indian Community Abroad:
   • Prime Minister Modi has personally engaged with the Indian community abroad through various platforms, including public meetings and social media. This direct interaction has helped foster a sense of belonging and a deeper connection with India.
5. Facilitating Timely Assistance:
   • When the diaspora community has approached the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) for assistance, the government has ensured swift and direct communication, leading to timely support.
6. Global Manifestation of Inclusive Development:
   • Modi’s vision of “Sab Ka Sath, Sab Ka Vikas” (Take everyone along and work for everyone’s development) is not limited to India but extends as a universal belief. It is reflected in various aspects, themes, and geographies, showcasing India’s commitment to inclusive growth.

Through these measures, the Indian government has sought to not only engage with the diaspora but also empower them as vital stakeholders in India’s progress, both domestically and on the global stage.

The closeness between India and the USA under Prime Minister Modi’s leadership has been marked by significant developments in various areas. Here are some key highlights:

1. Civil Nuclear Agreement (123 Agreement):
   • This agreement was a breakthrough in India-US relations. It had faced hurdles due to differences over India’s nuclear liability law and the US’s demand for tracking nuclear materials. These issues were resolved through amendments to India’s liability law and executive actions by the US President.
2. Defence Cooperation:
   • The two countries decided to extend their cooperation in the defence sector for an additional decade. This led to the formal renewal of the ‘New Framework for Defence Cooperation’ in 2015, signifying a deepening of defence ties.
3. Foundational Agreements (LEMOA and COMCASA):
   • India signed the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) in August 2016 and the Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) in September 2018. These agreements are foundational and facilitate interoperability between the militaries of both countries, as well as enable the sale of high-end technology.
4. High-Level Visits:
   • Prime Minister Modi’s visit to the US in September 2014 and US President Obama’s visit to India in January 2015 were significant milestones in strengthening bilateral ties. These visits provided opportunities for leaders to engage in constructive dialogue and build mutual trust.
5. Economic Cooperation:
   • Efforts have been made to enhance economic cooperation, trade, and investment between the two nations. Various initiatives have been taken to create a conducive environment for businesses from both sides.
6. Counterterrorism Cooperation:
   • India and the US have worked closely on counterterrorism efforts and intelligence sharing. This cooperation has been crucial in addressing shared security concerns.
7. People-to-People Ties:
   • The Indian diaspora in the US has played a pivotal role in fostering closer ties between the two countries. They serve as a bridge for cultural exchange, trade, and investment.

Overall, the India-US relationship under Prime Minister Modi’s leadership has witnessed notable advancements, and both nations continue to collaborate on various global and regional issues of mutual interest.

The transition from the “Look East” policy to the “Act East” policy under Prime Minister Modi’s leadership reflects a more proactive and dynamic approach towards Asia. This policy shift encompasses three key dimensions: institutional, commercial, and security-related.

1. Institutional Integration:
   • India has actively engaged with regional organizations and forums like ASEAN, BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation), and the East Asia Summit. These engagements have deepened India’s integration into the multilateral networks of Asia.
2. Diplomatic Outreach:
   • Prime Minister Modi’s invitation to all 10 ASEAN leaders as special guests for India’s Republic Day parade in 2018 was a significant diplomatic gesture. It demonstrated India’s commitment to strengthening ties with Southeast Asian nations.
3. Connectivity Initiatives:
   • India is prioritizing infrastructure development, especially in terms of connectivity. The India-Myanmar-Thailand highway, spanning 3,200 kilometres, is a crucial project aimed at enhancing connectivity and bringing India closer to ASEAN nations.
4. Engagement with Key Partners:
   • India’s approach in the region has become more assertive. The government has shown a willingness to engage closely with key partners like Japan and the United States. This demonstrates a strategic alignment with like-minded countries.
5. Security Cooperation:
   • The “Act East” policy also encompasses security-related dimensions. India has sought to enhance security cooperation with Southeast Asian nations to address common security challenges.
6. Balancing Act with China:
   • While actively pursuing the “Act East” policy, India has been careful to maintain a balance in its relations with China. The policy shift is not perceived as a direct challenge to China, but rather as an expression of India’s interests and aspirations in the region.

Overall, the “Act East” policy reflects a more robust and proactive approach by India in shaping its role in the Asia-Pacific region. It emphasizes India’s commitment to playing a constructive and influential role in the broader Asian context.

The Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) initiative, launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, is a comprehensive maritime policy that outlines India’s vision for maritime cooperation in the Indian Ocean region. It encompasses various elements that aim to promote security, sustainable development, and economic growth for all nations in the region. Below are the key components and the significance of the SAGAR vision:

1. Security:

• Strengthening coastal security to safeguard both land and maritime territories effectively.

2. Capacity Building:

• Deepening economic and security cooperation to facilitate smooth economic trade and ensure maritime security.

3. Collective Action:

• Promoting collective efforts to address natural disasters and combat maritime threats such as piracy, terrorism, and non-state actors.

4. Sustainable Development:

• Working towards sustainable regional development through enhanced collaboration and joint initiatives.

5. Maritime Engagement:

• Engaging with countries beyond India’s shores to build trust and promote adherence to maritime rules, norms, and peaceful dispute resolution.

Need for SAGAR Vision:

a. Leveraging Blue Economy:

• The Blue Economy presents India with substantial opportunities for economic growth, livelihood generation, and energy security.
• Oceans are vital for global trade, transportation, and supply of hydrocarbons, and offer significant potential for renewable energy production.

b. Tackling Regional Issues:

• SAGAR facilitates coordinated efforts to provide humanitarian assistance in the aftermath of natural disasters and counter non-state actors involved in piracy and terrorism.
• It promotes an integrated approach to achieve sustainable development for all nations in the region.

c. Checking Chinese Influence:

• SAGAR plays a crucial role in countering China’s increasing influence in the Indian Ocean region, particularly through initiatives like the Maritime Silk Route and investments in neighbouring countries.

Significance of SAGAR Vision:

a. Strategic Partnerships:

• SAGAR enables India to strengthen strategic partnerships with other littoral states in Asia and Africa, fostering regional stability and growth.

b. Leadership Role:

• It demonstrates India’s readiness to take a leadership role in the region by enhancing its capacity and capabilities through capacity-building programs.

c. Complementary Policies:

• SAGAR aligns with India’s other policies impacting the maritime domain, including the Act East Policy, Project Sagarmala, Project Mausam, and India as a ‘net security provider’.

d. Maritime Resurgence:

• SAGAR signifies India’s resurgence in maritime affairs, highlighting the centrality of maritime issues in India’s foreign policy.

Through the effective implementation of SAGAR and complementary policies, India can play a pivotal role in creating a positive and secure environment in the Indian Ocean region.

Under Prime Minister Modi’s leadership, Indian foreign policy is closely linked to the nation’s developmental needs. It is driven by the goals of reform and transformation to ensure the security and prosperity of all Indian citizens. Key aspects of this approach include

1. Development and Reform: Modi’s foreign policy aims to enhance India’s economic growth and development. It is rooted in addressing issues related to trade, energy security, and the “Make in India” initiative, which promotes domestic manufacturing.

2. Attracting Foreign Investment: The government actively promotes India as an attractive investment destination. During his international visits, Prime Minister Modi consistently highlighted India’s potential for foreign investors, which has contributed to a significant increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) in the country.

3. Challenges:

• Changing Political Dynamics: Modi’s foreign policy faces challenges due to shifts in the domestic political landscape in Western countries. These changes can influence India’s international relationships and require careful navigation.
• Sino-Russian Relations: The evolving Sino-Russian relationship could have long-term consequences for Indian interests and regional stability.
• Sino-US Ties: The nature of Sino-US relations, particularly under the administration of Donald Trump, may become more transactional, potentially affecting India’s strategic calculations.

India’s foreign policy under Modi is designed to address these challenges while actively pursuing the country’s developmental goals and enhancing its position on the global stage. The focus remains on creating a secure and prosperous future for all Indian citizens.

Summary of the foreign policy initiatives under Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s leadership demonstrate a proactive and multi-faceted approach to India’s international relations. Here are the key features:

1. Neighbourhood First Policy: A focus on strengthening ties with immediate South Asian neighbors, emphasizing connectivity and cooperation in various sectors.

2. Act East Policy: Aiming to integrate India into the economic and strategic fabric of the Asia-Pacific region, particularly ASEAN and East Asian countries.

3. Link West Policy: Strengthening ties with India’s Western neighbours, particularly Gulf countries, to complement the Act East Policy.

4. Leading Role Globally: A shift from being a mere “balancing force” to actively playing a leading role on the global stage.

5. Military and Defense Diplomacy: Taking a more active role in the global arms market as a supplier of defence equipment.

6. Indian Ocean Outreach: Engaging with maritime neighbours in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) for enhanced economic and security cooperation.

7. Project Mausam: A response to growing Chinese naval activity in the Indian Ocean, aimed at enhancing India’s maritime presence.

8. Cooperation with Pacific Islands: Strengthening ties with Pacific Island nations, demonstrating India’s broader outreach.

9. Para Diplomacy: Encouraging states and cities to establish special relations with counterparts in other countries, fostering sub-national diplomatic ties.

10. Security and Growth for All (SAGAR) Policy: An integrated regional framework for enhanced economic and security cooperation in the Indian Ocean.

11. Vaccine Diplomacy: Using the development and delivery of vaccines to strengthen diplomatic ties and global health cooperation.

12. Connect Central Asia Policy: Focusing on strengthening and expanding relations with Central Asian countries, including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.

These policies collectively reflect a dynamic and forward-looking approach to India’s foreign relations, addressing a wide range of regional and global challenges while seeking to promote mutual prosperity and security.

FAQs

Q: What were the major shifts in foreign relations after 2014?

Answer: After 2014, significant shifts in global diplomacy occurred, notably with the rise of populist leaders, such as Donald Trump in the United States and Brexit in the United Kingdom. These changes led to shifts in traditional alliances and trade agreements, impacting global dynamics.

Q: How did the Ukraine crisis impact international relations post-2014?

Answer: The Ukraine crisis, marked by Russia’s annexation of Crimea and ongoing conflict in Eastern Ukraine, strained relations between Russia and the West. It resulted in sanctions imposed by Western nations on Russia, affecting trade and diplomatic ties, and reinvigorated discussions on European security and NATO’s role.

Q: What role did China play in shaping global foreign relations post-2014?

Answer: China’s economic ascent continued to reshape global foreign relations post-2014. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) expanded China’s influence through infrastructure investments, while its assertive stance in the South China Sea raised tensions with neighboring countries and the United States, impacting regional stability.

Q: How did the Syrian civil war affect international relations post-2014?

Answer: The Syrian civil war exacerbated tensions among global and regional powers, leading to complex alliances and conflicts. The involvement of Russia and Iran in supporting the Assad regime, along with Western support for opposition groups, created a multifaceted geopolitical landscape, influencing diplomatic relations and strategies.

Q: What were the main challenges faced by international organizations in the realm of foreign relations after 2014?

Answer: International organizations faced challenges in addressing global crises effectively due to increasing geopolitical rivalries and unilateralism. The United Nations struggled to achieve consensus on issues like climate change and refugee crises, while organizations like the World Trade Organization encountered obstacles in resolving trade disputes amidst growing protectionism.

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