India’s 4P model, emblematic of its strategic approach to economic development, encapsulates four pivotal pillars: Population, Productivity, Partnerships, and Peace. Rooted in the nation’s quest for sustainable growth and inclusive progress, this model serves as a blueprint for navigating the complexities of a diverse and dynamic society. With a burgeoning population poised to become the world’s largest, India recognizes the imperative of harnessing its demographic dividend. Coupled with a drive for enhanced productivity across sectors, leveraging innovation and technology, the nation aspires to transform challenges into opportunities. Moreover, fostering strategic partnerships, both domestically and globally, underscores India’s commitment to collective advancement and shared prosperity. Embracing peace as a cornerstone, India seeks to cultivate stability, harmony, and resilience, essential for realizing its aspirations on the global stage. Together, these four pillars form the bedrock of India’s developmental narrative, steering the nation towards a future defined by progress, prosperity, and peace.
Tags: GS- 2 – Governance – Government policies – Interventions for development in various sectors.
Context:
- At the World Bank-IMF spring meetings in Washington DC, discussions centred around a ministerial-level consultation aimed at advancing the objectives of the 2023 Paris Pact for People and the Planet (4P).
- This pact, which focuses on tackling poverty and ensuring environmental sustainability, draws inspiration from an earlier articulation of the 4Ps originating from the Mahatma Gandhi International Sanitation Conference (MGISC) held in Delhi in 2018.
- Co-hosted by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, the MGISC witnessed the formulation of India’s 4Ps as a strategic framework for achieving tangible developmental outcomes.
- India’s 4Ps, as outlined during the MGISC, comprise political leadership, public financing, partnerships, and people’s participation, emphasising the critical elements necessary for effective development initiatives on the ground.
India’s 4P model:
- Political Leadership: Driving Transformation:
- Prime Minister Modi’s leadership, exemplified by initiatives like the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), was instrumental in effecting transformative change.
- Modi’s resolute leadership prompted India to confront open defecation, particularly benefiting communities, especially women and girls, by reinstating dignity and safety.
- Setting ambitious targets and meticulously tracking progress, Modi spurred national efforts toward realising a clean India.
- Public Financing: Essential Investment:
- The allocation of public funds to sanitation underscored its pivotal role in poverty alleviation and enhancing living standards.
- With a $20 billion investment, the Indian government affirmed its commitment to financing initiatives vital for sustainable development.
- This commitment reverberated globally, inspiring other nations to prioritise sanitation as a key developmental focus.
- Partnerships: Collective Endeavours:
- Partnerships played a crucial role in the success of the SBM, with collaborative efforts spanning international bodies, NGOs, local administrations, and community groups.
- The SBM transcended being a government initiative, evolving into a collective endeavour involving diverse stakeholders united by a shared objective.
- Prime Minister Modi’s active engagement further bolstered partnership effectiveness, serving as a key communicator.
- People’s Participation: Community Empowerment:
- The SBM prioritised community involvement, empowering them to lead sanitation initiatives.
- Rural communities across India initiated mass movements to attain open defecation-free status, with women and girls assuming leadership roles.
- This grassroots engagement not only ensured program success but also laid a sustainable foundation for future endeavours.
Achievements of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in promoting cleanliness and sanitation:
- Sanitation coverage in India: Under the Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin (SBM-G), sanitation coverage escalated from 39% in 2014 to 100% in 2019. SBM aimed to attain Open Defecation Free (ODF) status by October 2019, with subsequent goals to transition to ODF Plus by 2024-25.
- ODF Status: Presently, approximately 85% of villages have achieved ODF Plus status.
- Toilet Access: According to the National Annual Rural Sanitation Survey (NARSS) Round 3, 95% of India’s rural population had toilet access, with 79% owning their facilities. This has contributed to a reduction in open defecation, thereby mitigating diseases.
- Public toilets: The mission facilitated the construction of over 6 lakh community and public toilets across India.
- Waste collection: Many cities and towns have witnessed enhancements in door-to-door waste collection, waste segregation, and scientific waste processing through biomethanation plants and material recovery facilities. This has aided in addressing India’s significant waste management challenge.
- Behavioural Change and Awareness: The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan prioritised behavioural change through extensive awareness campaigns, urging citizens to adopt cleaner practices. It has brought sanitation and cleanliness into public discourse like never before.
- Competition for cleanliness: Initiatives such as Swachhta leagues and rankings of clean cities have fostered positive competition among towns and cities to enhance cleanliness systems and practices. Surveys indicate increasing public satisfaction with sanitation and cleanliness.
- Waste management: The mission has mobilised over Rs 20,000 crores for investment in solid and liquid waste management systems, bolstering urban infrastructure across India.
Limitations of Swachh Bharat Mission:
- Low Toilet Usage: Despite achieving 100% sanitation coverage by 2019, only 85% of rural Indians utilise safe and hygienic toilets, highlighting a usage gap.
- Quality and Infrastructure Issues: Malfunctioning facilities, unhygienic conditions, and structural defects impede toilet usage.
- Water Scarcity Impact: Limited water access, especially in rural areas, contributes to increased non-usage of toilets.
- Behavioural and Social Norms: Cultural norms influence toilet usage, with some households repurposing toilets for activities other than defecation.
- Caste-Based Variances: Toilet access and usage exhibit variations across castes, with higher non-usage rates among upper castes.
- Challenges in Larger Households: Overcrowding and inadequate facilities pose challenges to toilet usage in larger households.
- Issues in Solid Waste Management: While toilet construction has been successful, scientific waste collection, segregation, and disposal remain challenging.
- Partial Focus on Plastic Waste: The mission has primarily focused on toilet construction and solid waste, leaving gaps in effectively tackling and recycling plastic waste.
- Centralised Approach and Targets: The focus on meeting toilet construction targets has been centralised, with fewer decentralised, community-driven efforts.
Conclusion:
Thus,India’s 4Ps, as exemplified by initiatives like the SBM, provide valuable insights applicable to various developmental endeavours. In the pursuit of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the mitigation of global challenges like climate change and pandemics, the role of political leadership, public financing, partnerships, and people’s participation, as demonstrated by Prime Minister Modi’s leadership, is of paramount importance.
UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)
Mains:
Q:1 ‘To ensure effective implementation of policies addressing water, sanitation and hygiene needs, the identification of beneficiary segments is to be synchronised with the anticipated outcomes’ Examine the statement in the context of the WASH scheme. (150 words/10m) (UPSC CSE (M) GS-2 2017)
Source: (IE)
FAQs
Q: What is India’s 4P model?
India’s 4P model refers to the government’s approach of “People, Public-Private Partnership (PPP), Policy, and Performance” to drive economic growth and development. It emphasizes the role of the people, collaboration between the public and private sectors, robust policy frameworks, and measurable performance indicators.
Q: How does the 4P model benefit India?
The 4P model fosters inclusive growth by involving citizens in decision-making processes (People), leveraging private sector expertise and resources (PPP), implementing effective policies (Policy), and ensuring accountability through performance metrics (Performance), thereby accelerating development across sectors.
Q: What role do public-private partnerships play in India’s 4P model?
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are integral to India’s 4P model as they harness the strengths of both sectors to address infrastructure gaps, promote innovation, and enhance service delivery. PPPs enable efficient resource allocation, risk sharing, and leverage private sector efficiency to complement public sector initiatives.
Q: How does the 4P model contribute to policy formulation in India?
The 4P model underscores the importance of robust policy formulation by incorporating inputs from stakeholders (People), fostering collaboration between government and private entities (PPP), and ensuring alignment with national development goals. Policies crafted under this model aim for inclusivity, sustainability, and efficiency.
Q: How is performance measured under India’s 4P model?
Performance under the 4P model is measured through key performance indicators (KPIs) and outcome-based assessments across various sectors. These metrics evaluate the effectiveness of policies, utilization of resources, service delivery, and overall impact on socio-economic development, enabling informed decision-making and continuous improvement.
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