In the aftermath of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), the World Summit on Sustainable Development, commonly known as Rio+10, took place in 2002 in Johannesburg, South Africa.
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UPSC Preparation Strategy
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Ecology & Environment - General Studies
The History of SDGs – Brundtland Commission, UNCED or Earth Summit 1992, Rio De Janeiro Brazil – UPSC Environment Notes
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The genesis of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be traced back to the landmark events of the Brundtland Commission
Ecology & Environment - General Studies
UNCED/Earth Summit, Rio De Janeiro – Landmark Agreements and High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) – UPSC Environment Notes
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The UNCED, also recognized as the ‘Earth Summit,’ took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, spanning from June 3 to 14, 1992.
Ecology & Environment - General Studies
UN Environment Programme (UNEP) – Agencies, Global Environment Facility (GEF) – UPSC Environment Notes
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UNEP functions as a United Nations agency that coordinates environmental initiatives globally. Its establishment in 1972 was a direct outcome of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment.
Ecology & Environment - General Studies
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (1972) – Stockholm Declaration – UPSC Environment Notes
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The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm in 1972, stands as a watershed moment in the global environmental movement.
Ecology & Environment - General Studies
Shrinking Cryosphere – Arctic Amplification (PA), Sea Level Change – UPSC Environment Notes
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The cryosphere, comprising the Earth’s frozen water bodies such as glaciers, ice caps, and sea ice, is undergoing profound changes due to the warming climate
Ecology & Environment - General Studies
Increased Frequency and Severity of Heat Waves – Urban Heat Island, Marine Heat Waves, Wildfires – UPSC Environment Notes
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Urban Heat Island (UHI), Marine Heat Waves (MHW), and Wildfires are three interrelated environmental phenomena that have garnered
Ecology & Environment - General Studies
Biorock Technology for Coral Restoration – UPSC Environment Notes
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Biorock Technology is employed for the conservation of coral reefs by creating underwater structures resembling rocks.
Ecology & Environment - General Studies
Australia’s Great Barrier Reef – UPSC Environment Notes
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The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) stands as the largest coral reef system globally, encompassing more than 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands, covering approximately 344,400 square kilometers.
Ecology & Environment - General Studies
Coral Reefs – Ideal Conditions, Corals and Zooxanthellae, Causes of Coral Bleaching – UPSC Environment Notes
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Coral reefs are vibrant ecosystems teeming with life and color, found in the warm, shallow waters of tropical oceans worldwide
