UPSC Preparation Strategy

Wetland ecosystems represent transitional zones between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, forming an ecotone.

Mangroves, the resilient coastal ecosystems characterized by salt-tolerant trees and shrubs, face a myriad of threats that endanger their existence and the vital services they provide to both terrestrial and marine environments.

The unique and intricate root system of mangroves creates a sheltering environment, fostering an ecologically benign space for various organisms, particularly in the Sunderbans, which stands as the world’s largest mangrove forest with extensive species diversity. 

The annual report, The State of the World’s Mangroves 2022, recently published by the Global Mangrove Alliance (GMA), presents the latest information on the status of mangrove forests. 

Mangroves, the resilient coastal ecosystems, stand as emblematic symbols of the intricate balance between land and sea.

Mangroves, the resilient coastal forests, possess a remarkable adaptive mechanism that enables them to thrive in some of the planet’s harshest environments.

A mangrove is a small tree or shrub that thrives along coastlines, establishing its roots in saline soil, often submerged underwater. 

The estuarine ecosystem, the interface where freshwater rivers meet the salty sea, is a dynamic and diverse environment crucial for supporting various forms of life.

The Indian estuarine ecosystem is a dynamic and vital interface where freshwater rivers meet the salty waters of the ocean, creating a unique habitat teeming with life and ecological diversity.

Estuarine vegetation refers to the diverse plant life that thrives in the unique and dynamic ecosystems of estuaries