UPSC – Mains Solved Paper GS 1

Petroleum refineries, vital nodes in the complex web of the global energy industry, play a pivotal role in transforming crude oil into an array of valuable products essential for modern life.

The oceanic salinity, a crucial component of the Earth’s dynamic aquatic system, exhibits significant variations across its vast expanse, influencing the complex web of marine life and Earth’s climate patterns.

The vision of Indian Independence, evolving since the twenties of the last century, has been marked by dynamic transformations and the inclusion of new objectives that underscore the multifaceted nature of the struggle for freedom.

The decline of traditional artisanal industries in colonial India marked a pivotal and detrimental shift in the economic landscape, particularly within rural regions.

The spirit of tolerance and love has been an intrinsic and captivating facet of Indian society since time immemorial, woven into the cultural fabric of the nation.

Since gaining independence, the Indian state has undertaken significant legal initiatives to address discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs), recognizing the historical injustices faced by these marginalized communities.

In the rich tapestry of India’s cultural diversity, the debate over whether regions or states serve as more cohesive cultural units is a nuanced exploration.

The cryosphere, comprising the Earth’s frozen realms such as glaciers, ice caps, and permafrost, plays a crucial role in shaping global climate patterns.

Pulses, including lentils, chickpeas, and beans, offer a myriad of benefits that contribute to both agricultural sustainability and human nutrition.

In the complex interplay between environmental sustainability and economic development, the contentious issue of coal mining emerges as a focal point.