Embark on a comprehensive journey through UPSC Mains Topic Wise Questions, focusing on the intricate realm of International Relations, with a spotlight on Russia. Delve into a curated selection of inquiries designed to deepen your comprehension of Russia’s diplomatic strategies, geopolitical positioning, and global interactions. Explore the historical context and contemporary dynamics that shape Russia’s role on the international stage, spanning political alliances, economic partnerships, and security considerations. Navigate through nuanced questions tailored to sharpen your analytical prowess and strategic insights into Russia’s influence in regional affairs and its impact on global geopolitics. Elevate your preparation for UPSC Mains with targeted inquiries that unravel the complexities of Russia’s multifaceted engagement in the realm of international relations.
Q1. What is the problem in Chechnya? (2003, 2 marks)
Answer: Chechnya faced instability due to separatist insurgency after the collapse of the USSR.
In the aftermath of the Soviet Union’s dissolution in 1991, Chechnya, a region with a long history of seeking independence, declared itself a sovereign state. This triggered a brutal conflict between Chechen separatists and the Russian federal government, which sought to maintain control over the region. The war in Chechnya resulted in widespread devastation and human rights abuses.
Q2. Write about the G -5 Summit in Russia. (2006, 15 marks)
Answer: The G-5 summit held in Russia in 2006 refers to the meeting of the leaders of the BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). It was not formally designated as a G-5 summit, and this terminology is not typically used by UPSC.
Here’s a breakdown of the key points relevant for the UPSC exam:
- Formation of BRICS: Briefly mention the formation of the BRICS grouping in 2006, highlighting its significance as a forum for emerging economies.
- Focus of the 2006 Summit: While specific details of the 2006 summit might be elusive, you can discuss potential areas of focus for the grouping, which could include:
- Global economic governance and reform of international financial institutions.
- Energy security and cooperation.
- Combating terrorism and transnational crime.
- South-South cooperation for development.
- BRICS’ Increasing Relevance: Briefly underline the growing importance of BRICS economies on the global stage and their potential to reshape the international order.
Q3. Does Putin’s return as President of Russia mark a shift to a confrontationist stance in international diplomacy towards the West? (2012, 15 Marks）
Answer: Putin’s return as President of Russia in 2012 did indeed signal a notable shift towards a more confrontational stance in international diplomacy, particularly towards the West. This shift was evident in several key areas.
Firstly, Putin’s tenure saw a resurgence of Russian assertiveness in its near abroad, with interventions in Georgia in 2008 and Ukraine in 2014, particularly the annexation of Crimea. These actions challenged Western norms and provoked significant tensions.
Secondly, Russia under Putin adopted a more assertive posture in its interactions with NATO, evidenced by increased military exercises near NATO borders and heightened rhetoric against NATO expansion, especially in Eastern Europe.
Furthermore, Putin’s administration pursued policies that directly challenged Western interests, such as support for authoritarian regimes like Syria’s Bashar al-Assad, which clashed with Western-backed efforts for regime change.
Additionally, Putin’s Russia engaged in information warfare and cyber-attacks targeting Western democracies, including alleged interference in the 2016 US presidential election, exacerbating distrust and tensions between Russia and the West.
Q4. Discuss the impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union on Indo-Russian relations. (2003, 15 Marks)
Answer: The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 significantly impacted Indo-Russian relations, which had been built on a foundation of shared socialist ideology, close military cooperation, and substantial economic ties. Let’s analyze the key aspects of this relationship:
- Military Cooperation: During the Soviet era, India relied heavily on the USSR for its military equipment and supplies. After the collapse, Russia remained a major supplier, but India began to diversify its sources due to several factors:
- Economic difficulties faced by Russia post-dissolution.
- India’s desire for more advanced military technology.
- Economic Ties: Pre-1991, Indo-Soviet trade was significant but functioned within the framework of planned economies. With the transition to market economies, the volume of trade initially declined. However, new areas of cooperation emerged, such as energy, and the overall relationship remained positive.
- Ideological Alignment: The shared socialist ideology that had been a strong bond between the two nations disappeared with the Soviet Union’s dissolution. However, both India and Russia continue to value a multipolar world order, finding common ground on some strategic issues.
- Global Influence: Both the USSR and India acted as counterweights to US dominance during the Cold War era. With the Soviet collapse, Russia’s global influence diminished, while India’s role on the world stage has grown.
Conclusion:
The collapse of the Soviet Union undoubtedly had a significant impact on Indo-Russian relations. The relationship underwent a period of adjustment as both countries adapted to the new geopolitical realities. However, the core strategic partnership has endured, evolving to address contemporary challenges. Despite the ideological shift, the foundation of mutual trust and cooperation remains strong, shaping the trajectory of Indo-Russian relations in the 21st century.
Q5. Explain India’s strategic relationship with Russia. (2004, 15 marks)
Answer: India and Russia share a long-standing strategic partnership marked by close political, military, and economic ties.
Historical Context
This relationship dates back to the Cold War era, where both nations found common ground in their opposition to bipolarity and their pursuit of a non-aligned foreign policy. The 1971 Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation further solidified this strategic alliance.
Political Relations
Regular high-level visits and dialogue mechanisms ensure close political cooperation on regional and global issues. Both nations collaborate in international forums like BRICS and SCO.
Military Cooperation
Russia remains India’s largest supplier of defense equipment and technology. Joint military exercises and technology transfer agreements reflect the depth of this military cooperation, crucial for India’s defense modernization.
Economic Relations
Bilateral trade and energy ties are expanding, with Russia keen to invest in India’s infrastructure and hydrocarbon sectors. Both nations collaborate on civilian nuclear energy projects.
Challenges
The evolving global order, including the rise of China and the US-Russia tensions, pose challenges to this strategic partnership.
Conclusion
Despite these challenges, India and Russia’s convergence of strategic interests is likely to ensure the endurance of this crucial partnership.
Q6. Write about Indo-Russian Defence Co-operation. (2007, 15 Marks)
Answer: India and Russia have a long-standing history of defence cooperation, crucial for national security.
Historical Ties
This partnership dates back to the Cold War era, with the Soviet Union being a primary supplier of military equipment and technology. This close relationship continues, with Russia remaining a key source of advanced defence systems for India.
Strategic Significance
This cooperation strengthens India’s military capabilities, enabling it to counter security threats and maintain regional stability. It fosters technology transfer and joint development projects, promoting self-reliance in the defence sector.
Key Areas of Cooperation
- Military Equipment: Russia supplies fighter jets, submarines, missiles, and other critical equipment to India.
- Joint Development: Projects like the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile showcase successful collaboration in developing cutting-edge weaponry.
- Military Exercises: Regular joint exercises enhance interoperability between the two militaries.
Challenges and Opportunities
- Diversification of India’s arms imports to reduce dependence on a single supplier.
- Fostering greater technology transfer to bolster India’s indigenous defence production.
Conclusion
India-Russia defence cooperation remains a vital pillar of India’s strategic posture, ensuring a reliable source of military hardware and fostering technological advancements.
Q7. Write a note on India-Russia defense ties. (2009, 15 Marks)
Answer: India and Russia have traditionally shared a close relationship, particularly in the defence sector. This note explores the historical foundations, current status, and future prospects of India-Russia defence ties.
Historical Background:
- The Soviet Union played a crucial role in India’s defence development after independence, supplying military equipment and technology during the Cold War.
- This cooperation included the MiG fighter jets, T-series tanks, and the Kilo-class submarines, forming the mainstay of India’s armed forces.
Current Status:
- The dissolution of the Soviet Union did not significantly impact India-Russia defence ties.
- Both nations continue to be major defence partners, with Russia remaining India’s largest supplier of military equipment.
- Recent collaborations include the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile project and the S-400 Triumf air defence missile system acquisition.
- Regular joint military exercises (e.g., Indra) and military-technical cooperation are hallmarks of the partnership.
Future Prospects:
- India’s growing defence needs and Russia’s advanced weaponry offer potential for further collaboration.
- Indigenization efforts through joint ventures and technology transfer are crucial for long-term sustainability.
- The diversification of India’s defence partnerships, including with the US and France, may influence future ties with Russia.
Conclusion:
India-Russia defence ties remain a significant pillar of their strategic partnership. While both nations navigate a changing global landscape, continued cooperation in mutually beneficial areas will be vital for future security.
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