Explore an extensive array of UPSC Mains topic-wise questions centered on International Relations, with a specific focus on the United States of America (USA). Dive into a diverse range of inquiries covering the USA’s foreign policy decisions, global engagements, and diplomatic strategies. These meticulously crafted questions offer valuable insights into the multifaceted role of the USA in shaping the international landscape, aiding UPSC aspirants in developing a nuanced understanding of contemporary global affairs. Prepare effectively for the UPSC Mains examination by engaging with thought-provoking queries designed to enhance analytical skills and foster a deeper comprehension of the USA’s strategic significance on the world stage. Immerse yourself in the study of the USA’s diplomatic relationships and geopolitical challenges to excel in your UPSC preparation.
Q1. Explain the position of US vis a vis the League of Nations. (2000, 2Marks )
Answer: The US adopted a position of aloofness towards the League of Nations. While President Woodrow Wilson championed the League’s creation, the US Senate’s rejection of the Treaty of Versailles, fearing entanglement in European affairs, prevented US membership. This limited American influence on the world stage during the League’s era.
Q2. Discuss the global response to President George Bush’s ‘National Missile Defence Plan’ (NMD). (200I, 15 marks)
Answer:
President George Bush’s ‘National Missile Defense Plan’ (NMD), aimed at developing a defense system to protect the United States from potential missile attacks, received varied responses globally.
1. Support from Allies: Some of America’s allies, particularly NATO members, expressed cautious support for NMD, viewing it as a means to enhance collective security and deterrence against rogue states’ missile threats. Countries like the United Kingdom and Japan supported the initiative, seeing it as a step towards bolstering their own security interests.
2. Concerns over Arms Race: Many nations voiced concerns that NMD could trigger a new arms race, as it might prompt countries like Russia and China to increase their nuclear arsenals to overcome the defense system’s capabilities. This sentiment was particularly strong among non-nuclear states striving for global disarmament.
3. Diplomatic Opposition: Several countries, including Russia, China, and North Korea, vehemently opposed NMD, viewing it as a destabilizing move that could upset the global strategic balance. Russia criticized NMD for potentially undermining existing arms control agreements, such as the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, and worsening relations between nuclear powers.
4. International Law Concerns: Critics raised legal concerns regarding NMD’s compatibility with international law, particularly its implications for the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which aimed to prevent an arms race in strategic defensive systems.
5. Calls for Diplomacy: Many countries advocated for diplomatic solutions to address security concerns, emphasizing dialogue and negotiation over unilateral military measures. This approach aimed to foster trust and cooperation among nations while addressing the root causes of insecurity.
In conclusion, the global response to President Bush’s NMD plan was multifaceted, with a spectrum of reactions ranging from cautious support to vehement opposition. The debate surrounding NMD underscored the complexities of global security dynamics and the importance of diplomacy in addressing shared security challenges.
Q3. Explain the position of US vis a vis the League of Nations. (2001,2 Marks)
Answer: The US never joined the League of Nations, citing concerns over potential military entanglement and a preference for unilateral action. This isolationist stance weakened the League’s effectiveness.
Q4. Explain U.S. stand on the proposal for establishing an International Crime Court. (2002, 2 Marks)
Answer: The U.S. opposed the establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2002. They feared that the ICC could be politically motivated and unfairly target U.S. soldiers and citizens. The U.S. preferred prioritizing national judiciaries for prosecuting international crimes.
Q5. What is the significance of Enola Gay in world history? (2003, 2 Marks)
Answer: The Enola Gay, a B-29 Superfortress bomber, dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945, marking the world’s entry into the nuclear age. This event had a profound significance, ending World War II in the Pacific but raising grave concerns about the devastating potential of nuclear weapons.
Q6. Detail the salient features of the project ‘Anthareeksha”. (2005, 15 Marks)
Answer: Project Anthareeksha, launched in 2004, was a critical initiative undertaken by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to enhance India’s self-reliance in strategic missile systems. Here are its salient features:
1. Focus on Advanced Ballistic Missiles: Anthareeksha aimed to develop a new generation of long-range ballistic missiles with superior accuracy, payload capacity, and maneuverability. This would strengthen India’s deterrence capabilities.
2. Indigenization Thrust: The project emphasized using indigenous technologies and materials for missile components, reducing dependence on foreign imports and enhancing national security.
3. Propulsion System Advancements: Development of high-performance, cryogenic rocket engines was a key aspect. These engines offer increased fuel efficiency and thrust, enabling missiles to carry heavier payloads over longer distances.
4. Navigation and Guidance Improvements: The project aimed to integrate advanced navigation and guidance systems for precise missile targeting. This would improve overall mission effectiveness and minimize collateral damage.
5. Technological Spin-offs: Anthareeksha’s research and development efforts had the potential to generate valuable spin-off benefits in other sectors like propulsion technologies and material science, fostering technological advancements across the nation.
Project Anthareeksha marked a significant step towards India’s self-sufficiency in strategic missile systems. Its success would ensure a robust deterrent posture and contribute to the nation’s overall security architecture.
Q7. Explain the China-US textile war. (2005, 15 marks)
Answer: The China-US textile war refers to a period of heightened trade tensions between the two countries in the early 2000s, specifically concerning the import of textiles and apparel from China into the United States. This dispute highlighted the challenges of globalization and the complex relationship between trade and domestic economic interests.
Reasons for the Textile War
- Surge in Chinese Imports: Following China’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, there was a significant increase in Chinese textile and apparel exports to the US. This surge, driven by China’s lower labor costs, led to job losses and economic hardship in the American textile industry.
- US Safeguard Measures: The US government, facing pressure from domestic textile producers, imposed quotas and tariffs on Chinese textile imports under WTO-sanctioned safeguard measures. These measures aimed to protect US jobs and prevent market disruption.
- China’s Retaliation: China retaliated against the US safeguard measures by imposing tariffs on American goods. This tit-for-tat escalation heightened tensions and threatened broader trade relations.
Impacts of the Textile War
- Disruption in Trade: The textile war led to a significant disruption in US-China textile trade. Bilateral trade flows declined, and consumers faced higher prices for certain goods.
- Limited Effectiveness: The US safeguard measures offered temporary relief to the US textile industry but did not prevent long-term job losses due to China’s cost advantage. Additionally, the dispute diverted resources away from more productive economic cooperation.
- Lessons for Globalization: The textile war underscored the challenges of managing globalization. It highlighted the need for trade policies that balance economic efficiency with protections for domestic industries undergoing structural changes.
Conclusion
The China-US textile war was a complex trade dispute with significant economic and political implications. It serves as a case study in the dynamics of globalization and the challenges of managing trade relations in an increasingly interconnected world.
Q8. Write about US policy on Iran’s nuclear programme. (2006, 15 marks)
Answer: The China-US textile war refers to a period of heightened trade tensions between the two countries in the early 2000s, specifically concerning the import of textiles and apparel from China into the United States. This dispute highlighted the challenges of globalization and the complex relationship between trade and domestic economic interests.
Reasons for the Textile War
- Surge in Chinese Imports: Following China’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, there was a significant increase in Chinese textile and apparel exports to the US. This surge, driven by China’s lower labor costs, led to job losses and economic hardship in the American textile industry.
- US Safeguard Measures: The US government, facing pressure from domestic textile producers, imposed quotas and tariffs on Chinese textile imports under WTO-sanctioned safeguard measures. These measures aimed to protect US jobs and prevent market disruption.
- China’s Retaliation: China retaliated against the US safeguard measures by imposing tariffs on American goods. This tit-for-tat escalation heightened tensions and threatened broader trade relations.
Impacts of the Textile War
- Disruption in Trade: The textile war led to a significant disruption in US-China textile trade. Bilateral trade flows declined, and consumers faced higher prices for certain goods.
- Limited Effectiveness: The US safeguard measures offered temporary relief to the US textile industry but did not prevent long-term job losses due to China’s cost advantage. Additionally, the dispute diverted resources away from more productive economic cooperation.
- Lessons for Globalization: The textile war underscored the challenges of managing globalization. It highlighted the need for trade policies that balance economic efficiency with protections for domestic industries undergoing structural changes.
Conclusion
The China-US textile war was a complex trade dispute with significant economic and political implications. It serves as a case study in the dynamics of globalization and the challenges of managing trade relations in an increasingly interconnected world.
Q9. “As regards the increasing rates of melting of Arctic Sea ice, the interests of the Arctic Council nations may not coincide with those of the wider world.” Explain. (2011, 12 Marks)
Answer: The statement highlights a potential conflict of interests between Arctic Council nations and the wider world regarding the rapid melting of Arctic sea ice. Here’s a breakdown:
Interests of the Arctic Council Nations (AC Nations):
- Resource Exploitation: Melting ice exposes previously inaccessible oil, gas, and mineral deposits. AC nations see this as an economic opportunity and may prioritize resource extraction.
- Shorter Shipping Routes: Reduced ice cover opens new shipping lanes, potentially boosting trade and reducing transportation costs.
Concerns of the Wider World:
- Climate Change: Melting ice disrupts global weather patterns, accelerates sea level rise, and threatens delicate ecosystems. The wider world prioritizes mitigating climate change.
- Environmental Degradation: Unregulated resource extraction and increased shipping raise concerns about pollution and damage to the fragile Arctic environment.
Reasons for Divergence:
- Short-Term Gains vs. Long-Term Risks: AC nations may prioritize immediate economic benefits over long-term environmental consequences.
- Focus on Sovereignty: Countries may prioritize asserting territorial claims over ice-free areas, hindering international cooperation for environmental protection.
Finding Common Ground:
- Sustainable Development: The international community can push for responsible resource extraction with minimal environmental impact.
- International Regulations: Framing regulations for shipping and resource exploration that balance economic development with environmental protection is crucial.
- Climate Action: Collaborative efforts to address climate change are essential to minimize ice melt and its global repercussions.
Q10. How did the U.S. respond to the problem of cross-border terrorism in the state of Jammu and Kashmir after the Kaluchak events? (150 words) (2002, 15 Marks)
Answer: The Kaluchak attack in 2002, targeting Indian army families, marked a turning point in Indo-US counterterrorism cooperation. The U.S. response can be analysed on two levels:
- Immediate condemnation and support: The U.S. strongly condemned the attack, offering condolences and support to the Indian government. This demonstrated solidarity and a shift from past ambiguities regarding Pakistan’s role in terrorism.
- Enhanced counterterrorism cooperation: The attack served as a catalyst for increased cooperation. The U.S. offered intelligence sharing, joint training exercises, and military equipment to bolster India’s counterterrorism capabilities. This marked a significant shift in the U.S. stance on Pakistan, pressuring them to crack down on terror groups operating within their borders.
However, the U.S. approach also had limitations. Their primary focus remained on al-Qaeda and its affiliates, while India faced a wider threat spectrum. Additionally, balancing relations with Pakistan, a key ally in the Afghan War, limited the U.S. ability to exert complete pressure.
Overall, the Kaluchak attack marked a turning point in U.S.-India counterterrorism cooperation, offering increased support but also highlighting the complexities of navigating regional alliances.
Q11. Discuss the major issues in Indo-US relations in recent times. (150 words) (2003, 15 Marks)
Answer: While the Indo-US relationship has grown considerably in recent times, there are underlying issues that continue to be points of friction. Here are some of the major ones:
- Divergent Strategic Alignments: India’s long-held policy of strategic autonomy clashes with the US’s desire for a more aligned partnership, particularly regarding China. India’s ties with Russia, a historical defense partner, often cause discomfort in Washington.
- Trade Disagreements: Despite increased trade, issues like high US tariffs on Indian goods and India’s protectionist policies create friction. Reaching a fair trade deal remains a challenge.
- Visa Restrictions: Indian IT professionals seeking to work in the US face stringent visa regulations, impacting a key sector of the Indian economy and a source of skilled labor for the US.
- Freedom of Navigation and Regional Security: While both nations emphasize a free and open Indo-Pacific, differences may arise regarding the application of military force. India treads cautiously to avoid antagonizing China unnecessarily.
- Counterterrorism Cooperation: While collaborating on counterterrorism efforts, India is wary of excessive US pressure on issues like Kashmir, which it views as an internal matter.
Looking Ahead:
Despite these issues, the convergence of interests, particularly regarding China’s rise, necessitates continued engagement. Finding common ground on trade, defense cooperation, and regional security architecture will be crucial for navigating these challenges and fostering a stronger Indo-US partnership.
Q12. Write about the Camp David Accord of 1978. (20 words) (2005, 2 Marks)
Answer: The Camp David Accord of 1978 was a historic peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, facilitated by US President Jimmy Carter. Signed after 13 days of intense negotiations at the Camp David presidential retreat, it led to Egypt becoming the first Arab nation to officially recognize Israel. The accord outlined a framework for peace, including Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula and the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries, marking a significant breakthrough in Middle East diplomacy.
Q13. What is the ‘strategic partnership’ between India and the United States of America? What are its implications for both the partners? (250 words) (2006, 30 Marks)
Answer: The strategic partnership between India and the United States signifies a significant shift from Cold War-era alignments. It reflects growing convergence of interests on various fronts, with crucial implications for both nations.
Elements of the Partnership:
- Security Cooperation: Joint military exercises, intelligence sharing, and defense technology cooperation aim to counter regional threats and maintain Indo-Pacific stability. This collaboration strengthens India’s military capabilities and gives the US a valuable partner in a critical region.
- Economic Engagement: Expanding bilateral trade and investment fosters economic growth for both nations. The US gains access to a vast Indian market, while India attracts vital technology and capital.
- Countering Terrorism: Both nations share concerns about terrorism and collaborate on intelligence sharing and counter-terrorism strategies.
- Nuclear Non-Proliferation: The US-India Civilian Nuclear Agreement provides India access to nuclear fuel and technology for civilian purposes, while strengthening global non-proliferation efforts.
Implications for India:
- Enhanced Security: The partnership bolsters India’s defense capabilities and deters potential adversaries.
- Economic Growth: Increased trade and investment leads to job creation, technological advancement, and economic prosperity.
- Global Influence: Closer ties with the US elevate India’s position on the world stage.
Implications for the USA:
- Strategic Counterbalance: India serves as a strategic counterweight to China’s growing influence in Asia.
- Economic Opportunities: The vast Indian market offers lucrative trade and investment prospects.
- Counter-Terrorism Cooperation: Collaboration strengthens global efforts against terrorism.
Challenges and Limitations:
- Divergent Interests: Differences on issues like trade barriers and Iran’s nuclear program can create friction.
- India’s Strategic Autonomy: India’s commitment to an independent foreign policy may limit the extent of alignment with the US.
- Domestic Politics: Political compulsions in both countries can sometimes impede smooth cooperation.
Despite these challenges, the India-US strategic partnership offers significant benefits for both nations. As India rises as a major power, and the US seeks to maintain its global leadership, managing this partnership effectively will be crucial for stability and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region and beyond.
Q14. Write about Indo-US military cooperation in about 20 words. (2006, 2 Marks)
Answer: Indo-US military cooperation has grown significantly in recent years. This includes joint military exercises, defense trade, and maritime security cooperation. These developments strengthen regional security and promote shared strategic interests.
Q15. Write about the Hyde Act of 2006. (2007, 2 marks)
Answer: The Hyde Act, part of a larger appropriations bill, restricts the use of federal funds for abortion services except in cases of rape, incest, or danger to the mother’s life. It has been annually reauthorized since 1976, sparking debate on abortion rights and federal funding.
Q16. Comment on India – USA as strategic partners. (2009,10 Marks)
Answer: The India-US relationship has evolved into a strategic partnership, driven by shared interests in:
- Countering terrorism: Cooperation on intelligence sharing and counter-terrorism operations is crucial for global security.
- Maritime security: Ensuring a free and open Indo-Pacific for trade and regional stability is a priority for both nations.
- Non-proliferation: Both India and the US advocate for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament.
- Economic cooperation: Growing trade and investment ties benefit both economies.
However, challenges remain:
- Disagreements on trade issues: Resolving these can strengthen economic ties.
- Divergent approaches to regional security: Balancing relations with other regional powers is necessary.
Despite these challenges, the convergence of interests makes India and the USA significant strategic partners.
Q17. Discuss the Indo-US Knowledge Initiative in Agriculture. (2009, 20 Marks)
Answer: The Indo-US Knowledge Initiative in Agriculture (KIA) emerged as a bilateral partnership aimed at fostering collaboration in agricultural research, technology exchange, and capacity building between India and the United States. Initiated in 2005 during the tenure of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and President George W. Bush, the KIA aimed to address key challenges facing Indian agriculture while leveraging American expertise and resources. Here are the key aspects of the initiative:
1. Technology Transfer: The KIA facilitated the transfer of advanced agricultural technologies, best practices, and innovations from the United States to India. This included improved crop varieties, biotechnology applications, precision farming techniques, and post-harvest management practices.
2. Research Collaboration: The initiative fostered joint research projects and partnerships between Indian and American agricultural research institutions, universities, and private sector entities. These collaborations focused on areas such as crop improvement, soil health, water management, pest control, and sustainable agriculture practices.
3. Capacity Building: The KIA prioritized capacity building efforts aimed at enhancing the skills and knowledge of Indian agricultural scientists, researchers, extension workers, and farmers. Training programs, workshops, seminars, and exchange visits were organized to facilitate learning and technology absorption.
4. Policy Dialogue: The initiative also provided a platform for policy dialogue and exchange of ideas between Indian and American policymakers, experts, and stakeholders. This facilitated the alignment of agricultural policies, regulations, and strategies to promote innovation, productivity, and sustainability in both countries.
5. Impact Assessment: Efforts were made to assess the impact of KIA interventions on Indian agriculture, including increased crop yields, income generation, adoption of modern technologies, and resilience to climate change and other challenges.
Overall, the Indo-US Knowledge Initiative in Agriculture represented a strategic partnership aimed at harnessing the strengths of both nations to address food security, agricultural productivity, and rural development challenges. While progress has been made, continued collaboration and investment are essential to realize the full potential of this initiative and achieve sustainable agricultural growth in India.
Q18. Comment on the reason for the recent hike in visa processing fees for certain categories of US visas. What is the likely impact of this hike on India? (2010, 5 Marks)
Answer: The US hiked visa fees (e.g., H-1B) citing cost recovery and improving processing efficiency. This might discourage Indian IT professionals and students, impacting bilateral economic ties and knowledge exchange.
Q19. Discuss the likely negative impact of the protectionist measures proposed by the US on India’s software industry.(2012, 15Marks)
Answer: The proposed protectionist measures by the US could have several negative impacts on India’s software industry:
1. Decreased Outsourcing Opportunities: The imposition of protectionist measures, such as stricter visa regulations or higher tariffs on outsourcing services, could reduce the demand for Indian software services from US-based companies. This could lead to a decline in outsourcing contracts and projects, negatively affecting the revenue and growth prospects of Indian IT firms.
2. Loss of Market Access: Protectionist policies may restrict Indian software companies’ access to the US market, which is a significant source of revenue for the industry. This could limit their ability to compete globally and expand their client base, leading to a loss of market share and competitiveness.
3. Impact on Talent Mobility: Tighter visa regulations could hinder the mobility of Indian software professionals to the US for onsite project work or client engagements. This could disrupt project delivery schedules, increase project costs, and affect client relationships, ultimately impacting the profitability and reputation of Indian IT firms.
4. Reduced Foreign Investment: Protectionist measures may create uncertainty and deter foreign investment in India’s software industry. Investors may perceive increased regulatory risks and market barriers, leading to a slowdown in investment inflows and innovation within the sector.
5. Retaliatory Measures: In response to US protectionism, India may consider implementing retaliatory measures, such as imposing tariffs on US software products or restricting market access for US-based companies. This could escalate trade tensions between the two countries and further disrupt bilateral trade relations.
Overall, the proposed protectionist measures by the US pose significant challenges to India’s software industry, including reduced outsourcing opportunities, loss of market access, talent mobility constraints, decreased foreign investment, and the potential for retaliatory measures. Effective mitigation strategies and diplomatic engagement are essential to address these challenges and safeguard the interests of India’s software sector.
Q20. India and USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenets on which the two political systems are based. (2018, 15 marks)
Answer: India and the USA, despite being democracies, function on distinct underlying principles. Here’s a comparative analysis for a UPSC perspective:
1. Federalism:
- India: Quasi-federal system with a strong central government. The constitution divides powers between the Union and States.
- USA: Federal system with a clear division of power by the Constitution. Stronger emphasis on states’ rights.
2. Executive:
- India: Parliamentary democracy. Prime Minister is the head of government, leading the Council of Ministers. Responsible to the legislature.
- USA: Presidential democracy. President is both head of state and government. Leads the executive branch and is independent of the legislature.
3. Legislature:
- India: Bicameral parliament with Lok Sabha (lower house) and Rajya Sabha (upper house). Multi-party system with regional parties playing a significant role.
- USA: Bicameral Congress with Senate (upper house) and House of Representatives (lower house). Two-party system (Democrat and Republican) with dominance of national parties.
4. Judiciary:
- India: Supreme Court is the apex court. Adopts the principle of judicial review, power to interpret laws and strike down those violating the Constitution.
- USA: Supreme Court is the apex court. Holds the power of judicial review, a cornerstone of American constitutionalism.
5. Bill of Rights:
- India: Fundamental Rights are enshrined in the Constitution (Parts III and IV).
- USA: Bill of Rights (first ten amendments to the Constitution) guarantees fundamental rights.
Q21. “What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s national self-esteem and ambitions”. Explain with suitable examples. (2019, 15 Marks)
Answer: The India-US relationship, despite growing convergence on security issues, experiences friction due to the lack of a clear role for India within the US’s global strategic vision. This dissonance between India’s ambitions and its positioning in US strategy creates challenges.
- Strategic Autonomy vs. Alignment: India seeks strategic autonomy, pursuing its interests independent of major power blocs. The US, however, often views allies through the lens of its rivalry with China, pressuring India to align more closely. This creates friction, as seen in US disapproval of India’s purchase of the S-400 missile system from Russia, a key strategic partner for India.
- Divergent Regional Approaches: The US’s historical ties with Pakistan and its focus on the Middle East can clash with India’s priorities. For instance, India desires a stable Afghanistan to counter Pakistan’s influence, whereas US withdrawal plans raise concerns about regional security. Similarly, India’s energy dependence on Iran and its investment in the Chabahar port contradict US sanctions on the nation.
- Trade Imbalance and Protectionism: The US’s “America First” approach and India’s high tariffs create trade friction. The US withdrawal from trade agreements and imposition of tariffs on Indian goods like steel and aluminum hurt India’s exports. Additionally, tightening of visa regimes like H-1B can impact Indian IT professionals.
Conclusion: While the US-India relationship is strategically important, an undefined role for India within the US framework creates friction. Addressing these issues through open communication, recognizing India’s strategic autonomy, and finding common ground on regional issues is crucial for a more stable and mutually beneficial partnership.
Q22. What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (250 words)(2020, 15 Marks)
Answer: The growing Indo-US defense partnership, marked by significant defense deals, signifies a strategic shift in India’s foreign policy. While acknowledging the longstanding ties with Russia, this essay will analyze the advantages of Indo-US collaborations in enhancing India’s capabilities and promoting stability in the Indo-Pacific region.
Significance of Indo-US Deals:
- Technological Modernization: US deals offer access to cutting-edge technologies like missile defense systems, maritime patrol aircraft, and communication equipment. This bridges the technological gap with potential adversaries and strengthens India’s deterrence capabilities.
- Diversification of Partnerships: Shifting away from dependence on a single supplier like Russia allows India more leverage in negotiations and avoids potential political constraints during geopolitical tensions.
- Alignment with US Interests: Convergence of interests in the Indo-Pacific, particularly regarding China’s assertive actions, fosters a rules-based regional order. Joint exercises and information sharing bolster collective security.
Comparison with Indo-Russian Deals:
- Historical Legacy: The Indo-Russian relationship boasts a long history of reliable arms supplies and spare parts. However, Russia’s own modernization challenges limit technology transfer.
- Political Considerations: Russia’s ties with Pakistan create potential complications for India’s strategic autonomy. Diversifying partnerships mitigates this risk.
Impact on Indo-Pacific Stability:
- Countering Regional Imbalance: A stronger India, equipped with US technology, acts as a counterweight to China’s growing military power, promoting a balance of power and deterring conflict.
- Cooperative Security Architecture: Increased Indo-US collaboration strengthens regional security initiatives like the Quad, fostering a collective approach to maritime security challenges.
Conclusion:
Indo-US defense deals are not merely about acquiring weaponry, but about building a strategic partnership for a stable and prosperous Indo-Pacific. This alignment with a global power equips India to address its security concerns and emerge as a leading regional player.
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