For aspiring UPSC candidates, delving into the intricacies of Indian Economy, particularly the aspects of Economic Growth and Sustainable Development, is pivotal for success in the Civil Services Examination. Understanding the nuances of these topics through UPSC NCERT Notes provides a solid foundation for tackling the examination’s challenging economics-related questions. Economic growth elucidates the quantitative increase in a nation’s output of goods and services over time, while sustainable development underscores the imperative of achieving growth without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. These notes meticulously cover key concepts, theories, and empirical evidence, aiding aspirants in comprehensively grasping the dynamics of India’s economic landscape. Emphasizing both theoretical underpinnings and practical implications, these notes not only facilitate a deeper understanding of economic growth and sustainable development but also equip candidates with analytical tools to critically evaluate policies aimed at fostering inclusive and environmentally responsible economic progress.
Economic growth
- When we delve into Economic growth, we find it signifies an augmented economic capacity to produce goods and services, measured conventionally by the increase in a country’s GDP, GNP, or per capita NDP. Per capita, NDP emerges as the most fitting gauge for economic growth.
- This growth can manifest in two ways: either extensively, by utilizing more resources (be they physical, human, or natural capital), or intensively, by employing the same amount of resources more efficiently and productively.
Economic Development
- Shifting our focus to Economic Development, as described by Michael Todaro, it encompasses an elevation in living standards, improvements in self-esteem, freedom from oppression, and an expanded array of choices. The Human Development Index (HDI) stands out as the most suitable metric for measuring economic development.
- Economic development, in all societies, should aim to achieve certain objectives. These include increasing the availability and broadening the distribution of basic life-sustaining goods.
- To raise levels of living by ensuring higher incomes, more jobs, and greater attention to culture.
- To expand the range of economic and social choices available to both individuals and nations.
Difference between Economic Growth and Economic Development
| Aspect | Economic Growth | Economic Development |
| Definition | Refers to an increase over time in a country’s real output of goods and services. | Implies an upward movement of the entire social system in terms of income, savings, and investment along with progressive changes in the socio-economic structure of the country. |
| Components | Growth relates to a gradual increase in one of the components of GDP: consumption, government spending, investment, net exports. | Development relates to the growth of the human capital index, a decrease in inequality figures, and structural changes that improve the general population’s quality of life. |
| Nature | Qualitative in nature and measured through an increase in real GDP. | Qualitative and measured through Human Development Index (HDI), Gender Development Index (GDI), Human Poverty Index (HPI), etc. |
| Focus | Concerned with an increase in the economy’s output. | Concerned with structural changes in the economy. |
Factors Influencing Economic Development
- Enhancements in Infrastructure: The development of infrastructure directly enhances the quality of life for individuals. Consequently, an accelerated pace of infrastructural development leads to the economic advancement of a nation (2008-1009).
- Progress in Education: Improvements in literacy and technical knowledge result in a better grasp of using various equipment. This, in turn, boosts labor productivity and contributes to the overall economic development of a nation (14).
- Capital Formation: An increase in capital formation leads to more productive output in an economy, fostering positive effects on economic development.
- Political Stability: Political instability raises economic and personal investment risks in developing countries. Conversely, political stability attracts firms to invest in such nations.
- Inward Investment: Developing countries attracting inward investments experience substantial growth due to increased capital and the benefits of multinational companies entering their economy.
- Natural Resources: The primary factor influencing economic development is the availability of natural resources. This includes factors like land area, soil quality, forest wealth, and a well-functioning river system.
Different Economic Development Levels:
- Developing Country: A nation yet to achieve Western-style standards in democratic government, free-market economy, industrialization, social programs, and human rights guarantees for its citizens.
- Newly Industrialized Countries (NIC): Nations with a more advanced economy than other developing countries but haven’t fully demonstrated signs of a developed nation.
- Emerging Markets: Countries experiencing rapid growth and industrialization in social or business activities. Some countries, initially considered emerging like India and China, are now regarded as emerged, rendering the term outdated by many.
Measurement of Economic Development:
- National Income and Per Capita Income: The traditional approach to measuring economic development. The World Bank uses per capita Gross National Income (GNI) to compare and classify countries based on their stage of economic development.
- (Titled Gender Equality and Development), the categorization of countries based on per capita Gross National Income (GNI) may present inaccuracies when using the official exchange rate for international comparisons.
- This is due to two main reasons:
- The neglect of a country’s purchasing power capacity.
- The official exchange rate fails to reflect the value of non-traded goods.
- To address this issue, the UN International Comparison Programme introduced the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) method, building upon the work of IB Kravis and others in “International comparisons of real product and purchasing power” (1978).
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Approach:
- Economist Gustav Cassell proposed the PPP approach in 1918, based on the law of one price, which posits that identical goods, in the absence of trade and non-trade barriers, should have the same price in different countries when expressed in the same currency.
- PPP exchange rates are derived by comparing the prices of an identical basket of goods and services in different countries.
- The International Monetary Fund (IMF) first employed PPP in 1988 to measure the standard of living in various countries.
Indian Economy and PPP:
- India’s economy ranks as the third largest globally in terms of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).
- PPP is defined as the number of units of a country’s currency required to purchase the same amount of goods and services in the domestic market as $1 would buy in the United States.
Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI):
- Developed by Morris David Morris in the mid-1970s, PQLI attempts to provide a comprehensive measure of development.
- PQLI is an average of three values: life expectancy, basic literacy rate, and infant mortality, each scaled from 1 to 100.
Human Development Index (HDI):
- Introduced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1990.
- The main indicators include Life Expectancy Index (LEI), Educational Attainment Index (EAI), and Standard of Living Index (SLI).
- LEI refers to life expectancy at birth, while EAI combines adult literacy rate and combined enrollment ratio.
- SLI is represented through the concept of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), converting per capita income into PPP in terms of the US Dollar.
HDI Report 2021-2022:
- In the Human Development Report 2022, India ranked 132nd out of 191 countries.
- The theme of the report was “Uncertain Times, Unsettle Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World.”
- The HDR report covers five sub-indexes: Human Development, Inequality Adjusted Human Development, Gender Development, Gender Inequality, and Multidimensional Poverty Index.
Human Development Group:
- Very High Human Development: Index Value 0.800 and above.
- High Human Development: Index Value 0.700 and 0.799.
- Medium Human Development: Index Value 0.550 and 0.699.
- Low Human Development: Index Value 0.352 and 0.549.
The Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)
- The Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) modifies the Human Development Index (HDI) by considering the distribution of each dimension across the population, addressing inequalities.
- IHDI discounts the average value of each HDI dimension based on its level of inequality. When there is no inequality, IHDI equals HDI, but as inequality increases, IHDI becomes less than HDI, representing the actual level of human development, accounting for inequality.
- While HDI signifies potential human development, reflecting the maximum achievable level without inequality, the loss in potential due to inequality is the difference between HDI and IHDI, expressed as a percentage. India’s HDI, discounted by IHDI, stands at 0.477.
- Gender Inequality Index (GII) gauges women’s disadvantage in reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market. It reveals the human development loss due to gender-based disparities, ranging from 0 (equality) to 1 (maximum inequality).
- Gender Development Index (GDI) measures the gender gap in human development achievements across health, education, and economic resources.
- Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), developed in 2010, extends poverty assessment beyond income. It indicates acute multidimensional poverty, showing the number of people facing deprivation in 33% of weighted indicators across health, education, and living standards. India tops the list with 22.8 crore poor people, according to MPI 2022, followed by Nigeria at 9.6 crore.
- The index employs 10 indicators, each equally weighted, and a lower index value signifies lesser multidimensional poverty.
Gross National Happiness (GNH)
- Coined in 1972 by Bhutan’s King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, Gross National Happiness (GNH) aims to measure quality of life and social progress beyond economic indicators like Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
- GNH is not directly measured but inferred through factors believed to contribute to it.
- A second-generation GNH concept, treating happiness as a socio-economic development metric, was proposed in 2006 by Med Jones.
- GNH value is suggested as an index function, incorporating average per capita measures of economic, environmental, physical, mental, workplace, social, and political wellness.
Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)
- In green economics and welfare economics, GPI gauges whether a country’s increased production truly enhances the welfare of its people.
- GPI quantitatively measures well-being and happiness, aligning with the idea that subjective measures like well-being are more relevant than objective ones like consumption.
| Global Hunger Index (GHI) Launched by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) in 2006, GHI tracks global and country-specific hunger. India ranked 107th out of 121 countries in the 2022 GHI. GHI scores are based on four indicators: undernourishment, child stunting, child mortality, and child wasting. |
Sustainable Development Index (SDI)
- Sustainable development aims to meet present needs without compromising future generations.
- SDI integrates social, economic, and environmental factors to ensure individual well-being.
- Challenges of SDI include population issues, poverty, inequality, water scarcity, human health, energy consumption, deforestation, and petroleum use.
Difference between Development and Sustainable Development
| Aspect | Development | Sustainable Development |
| Definition | Modernization of the world along Western lines. | Achieving a better and more sustainable future. |
| Scope | Well-being and growth of a particular place or community. | Well-being and growth of the world as a whole. |
| Timeframe Consideration | Focus on the well-being and growth of the present community. | Considers the needs of both current and future generations. |
| Environmental Consideration | Often involves a trade-off between economic development and environmental protection. | Emphasizes global fulfillment of basic human needs and the effective utilization of common resources. |
Human Sustainable Development Index (HSDI)
- The Human Sustainable Development Index (HSDI) was created in 2010 by independent economists. It seeks to evaluate the overall quality of life by introducing a fourth parameter, per capita carbon emissions, to the existing Human Development Index (HDI).
- According to HSDI, the top five countries are Norway, followed by New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, and France.
National Prosperity Index (NPI)
- The National Prosperity Index (NPI) serves as a standard measure of social and economic development. Its three components include the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate, improvement in the quality of life, and the incorporation of cultural heritage based on a value system in various aspects of life.
- Former President APJ Abdul Kalam emphasized that the country’s economic growth should be guided by the NPI, considering factors such as the improvement of the quality of life and the adoption of a value system derived from ancient civilization alongside GDP.
- The concept of the SAARC Prosperity Index is derived from Abdul Kalam’s idea based on the National Prosperity Index (NPI).
| Human Capital Index Report, 2020 The World Bank released the report titled “The Human Capital Index 2020 Update: Human Capital in the Time of COVID-19″ in September 2020. The Human Capital Index (HCI) 2020, a collaboration between the Human Development Practice Group and the Development Economics Group of the World Bank, ranked India at the 116th position among 174 countries. Singapore led with a score of 0.88, followed by Hong Kong and Japan in the 2020 index. |
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
- The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were established at the UN’s Millennium Summit in 2000, where World Leaders of 189 UN Member States (193 currently) agreed on quantifiable and monitorable goals for development and poverty eradication by 2015.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Report, 2015
- The UN released the Global Report on MDGs, and NITI Aayog released the Asia-Pacific MDGs Report in 2015.
- India successfully reduced its extreme poverty incidence by half from 49.4% in 1994 to 24.7% in 2011. The report set the threshold for extreme poverty as those living on $1.25 or less a day.
- Despite the absence of a legally binding enforcement mechanism, the main goal of halving the number of people living on less than $1.25 a day was achieved before the 2015 deadline.
- About two-thirds of developing countries achieved gender parity in primary education, and child mortality rates dropped from 103 deaths per 1000 live births a year to 88, while life expectancy increased from 63 to nearly 65 years.
New Global Goals
- The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) officially embraced the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development on September 26, 2015, introducing a set of ambitious Global Goals.
- The 193 member states of the UNGA adopted the transformative framework titled “Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,” comprising 17 goals and 169 targets. These goals aim to eradicate poverty, combat inequality, and address climate change over the next 15 years.
Sustainable Development
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) include no poverty, zero hunger, good health and well-being, quality education, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, affordable and clean energy, decent work and economic growth, industry, innovation and infrastructure, reduced inequality, sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production, climate action, life below water, life on land, peace, justice and strong institutions, and partnerships for the goals.
- Sustainable development, as defined by the Brundtland Commission in 1987, involves meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
- It seeks to integrate economic efficiency, intergenerational equity, social protection, and environmental considerations, emphasizing non-declining human well-being over time.
Sustainable Development Goals
| Goal | Sustainable Development Goal |
| 1 | No Poverty |
| 2 | Zero Hunger |
| 3 | Good Health and Well-being |
| 4 | Quality Equality |
| 5 | Gender Equality |
| 6 | Clean Water and Sanitation |
| 7 | Affordable and Clean Energy |
| 8 | Decent Work and Economic Growth |
| 9 | Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure |
| 10 | Reduced Inequality |
| 11 | Sustainable Cities and Communities |
| 12 | Responsible Consumption and Production |
| 13 | Climate Action |
| 14 | Life Below Water |
| 15 | Life on Land |
| 16 | Peace and Justice, Strong Institutions |
| 17 | Partnerships to Achieve the Goal |
India and MDGs
- On poverty, India has already achieved the target of reducing poverty by half.
- Regarding education indicators, the country has achieved gender parity in primary school enrollment.
- India has successfully controlled the spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis.
- The country has increased forest cover and halved the proportion of the population without access to clean drinking water.
Need for Sustainable Development
- The concept of sustainable development aims to maximize the net benefits of economic activities while maintaining the stock of productive assets (physical, human, and environmental) over time. It also seeks to provide a social safety net to meet the basic needs of the poor.
- Sustainable development strives to accelerate development in an environmentally responsible manner, considering the requirements of intergenerational equity.
- The essence of the conference resonated with the concept of Harmony with Nature, as embodied in the first principle of the Rio Declaration: “Human beings are at the center of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.”
- In 1993, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) established the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) to monitor the implementation of Agenda 21.
- A decade later, in 2002, the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) was convened in Johannesburg to reaffirm the global commitment to sustainable development. The conference endorsed the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPoI) and assigned the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) the responsibility of overseeing sustainable development implementation.
- In December 2009, the UN General Assembly approved holding the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), also known as Rio+20. In 2012, member states agreed on two central themes for the conference: Green economy within the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication, and Institutional framework for sustainable development.
Sustainable Development Report, 2022
- As per the 7th Edition of the Sustainable Development Report, 2022 (SDR, 2022) by the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), India holds the 121st rank out of 163 countries with a score of 60.7.
- Finland secured the top position, followed by Denmark and Sweden. The report highlighted a global setback in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
| India’s status India’s status in the 2022 Global Index of SDGs places it at 121st out of 163 countries, declining from 117th in 2020 and 120th in 2021. The report reveals a worsening preparedness of India in comparison to other countries to achieve UN-mandated SDGs, particularly in addressing 11 of the 17 goals. Persistent challenges are observed in achieving goals such as ending hunger, ensuring good health and well-being, and providing clean water and sanitation. |
Measuring India’s Environmental Performance in 2022
- The Environment Performance Index (EPI), an international ranking system evaluating environmental health and sustainability, positioned India at the lowest rank, 180th out of 180 countries in the recently released EPI, 2022.
- This index considers various performance indicators, including environmental health.
- India’s low scores in the EPI indicate the need for intensified efforts in various sustainability measures, including climate change, and air and water quality.
- Denmark secures the top position in the 2022 rankings, showcasing strong performance across diverse issues tracked by the EPI, particularly excelling in promoting a clean energy future and sustainable agriculture. The United Kingdom and Finland claim the 2nd and 3rd positions, emphasizing their success in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
| SDG India Index Report by NITI Aayog In the 2020-2021 SDG India Index Report by NITI Aayog, India demonstrates further progress in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The overall score on the NITI Aayog SDG India Index and Dashboard 2020-21 improved to 66 from 60 in 2019-20 and 57 in 2018-19. The number of Front Runners (scoring 65-99) increases to 22 States and Union Territories in 2020-21 from 10 in 2019-20, with Kerala and Chandigarh leading in SDG performance.increased |
Environmental Taxes and Market-Based Instruments
- Contrary to the command and control approach, Market-Based Instruments (MBIs) in environmental management use economic signals to prompt behavior modification.
- This approach involves financial transfers between polluters and the community, allowing flexibility and cost-effectiveness. MBIs, being efficient, offer incentives for dynamic efficiency, resource transfer, and sustainability.
Carbon Tax
- India transitions from a carbon subsidy regime to carbon taxation by reducing subsidies and increasing taxes on fuels.
- Excise duties on petrol or diesel serve as an implicit carbon tax, effectively pricing emissions.
- The government revises coal cess to enhance the carbon tax and aligns with the commitment to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070.
Sovereign Green Bond
- In the Budget 2022-23, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announces the issuance of sovereign green bonds to mobilize resources for green infrastructure.
- The proceeds aim to fund public sector projects reducing the carbon intensity of the economy, aligning with India’s goal of net-zero carbon emissions by 2070.
Carbon Credit
- In an initiative to curb CO₂ emissions, carbon credits are earned by companies or nations reducing emissions under the Kyoto Protocol. Those emitting large amounts must buy carbon credits or invest in clean technology, allowing a limited emission of 1 tonne of CO₂ into the environment.
| Green Accounting Green Accounting addresses conventional account deficiencies related to the environment. Integrated green accounting aims to account for both socio-economic performance and its environmental impacts, integrating environmental concerns into mainstream economic planning and policies. This approach aids in assessing economic growth sustainability and identifying structural distortions caused by environmentally unsound production and consumption patterns. |
Prelims Facts
- Which Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) aims to address water availability for all and its sustainable management by 2030 in India? SDG 6 (UPPSC (Pre) 2019)
- Who introduced the concept of ‘Limit to Growth’? Club of Rome (UPPSC (Pre) 2019)
- What type of growth requires the development of infrastructure, agricultural revival, and increased availability of social services like education and health? Inclusive growth (UPPSC (Mains) 2008)
- Inclusive growth is not expected to increase due to a high growth rate of national income. High growth rate of national income (UP UDA/LDA (Pre) 2013)
- An increase in absolute and per capita real GNP does not signify higher economic development if: Poverty and Unemployment Increase (IAS (Pre) 2018)
- The most suitable measure of a country’s economic growth is: Per capita real income (UPPSC (Pre) 2013, CGPSC (Pre) 2016)
- The task force for blue economy collaboration for sustainable development involves India and: Norway (MPPSC (Pre) 2020)
- Which year did the Indian economy achieve its highest growth rate? 2010 to 2011 (UPPSC (Pre) 2008)
- Neemrana, a model of sustainable economic development, is located in: Rajasthan (UPPSC (Mains) 2010)
- The best index of economic development is provided by: Growth in per capita real income from year to year (BPSC (Pre) 2022)
- What is the fundamental parameter of the Human Development Index? Health, education, and standard of living (IRAS/RTS (Pre) 2013, MPPSC (Pre) 2015)
- Who developed the United Nations Human Development Index? Mahbub-ul-Haq (UPPSC (Mains) 2006, UKPSC (Pre) 2010)
- The Human Development Index is a composite index of: Life expectancy, educational attainment, and per capita GDP (RAS/RTS (Pre) 2013)
- What shape does the Environmental Kuznets Curve have in the relationship between environmental damage and GDP per capita? ‘Inverted U’ shape (UPPSC (Pre) 2019)
- Which organization was the first to focus on the human aspect of development? United Nations Development Programme (UP UDA/LDA (Pre) 2013)
- While calculating HDI, the maximum and minimum values for life expectancy at birth are taken as: 85 and 25 (UPPSC (Mains) 2006)
- In which year was the Human Poverty Index developed? 1997 (UPPSC (Mains) 2004, UPPSC (Pre) 2010)
- The Human Development Report replaced the Human Poverty Index with the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI) in: 2010 (UPPSC (Pre) 2020)
- What index does the Indian Human Development Report not provide for each sample village? Unemployment Related Index (IAS (Pre) 2000)
- Which Indian state was the first to have its Human Development Report prepared by Amartya Sen in Delhi? Madhya Pradesh (IAS (Pre) 2000, MPPSC (Pre) 2000)
- Who developed the Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)? Morris D. Morris (UPPSC (Pre) 2019)
- Which country measures its wealth based on Gross National Happiness rather than Gross National Product? Bhutan (UKPSC (Mains) 2006, UPPSC (Pre) 2009)
- Increasing investment in human capital leads to: Proper use of resources, an increase in productivity, and skill development (UPPSC (Pre) 2015)
- Which country topped the Human Capital Index in 2020? Singapore (BPSC (Pre) 2020)
- In the context of any country, what is considered part of its social capital? The level of mutual trust and harmony in society (IAS (Pre) 2019)
- According to the World Happiness Index in 2022, India’s rank is: 136th (UPPSC (Pre) 2022)
- In the latest Educational Development Index (EDI) released in February 2011, which four states are at the top? Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Delhi (UPPSC (Mains) 2010, 2011)
UPSC NCERT Practice Questions
1. Role of Human Resources in Economic development, which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? UPPSC (Pre) 2023
1. Effects of economic development on population growth
2. Effects of population growth on economic development.
Select the correct answer by using the codes given below.
(a) Only 1
(b) Neither 1 nor 2
(c) Only 2
(d) Both 1 and 2
2. Economic growth in country X will necessarily have to occur If? UPPSC (Pre) 2013
(a) there is technical progress in the world economy.
(b) there is population growth in X.
(c) there is capital formation in X.
(d) the volume of trade grows in the world economy..
3. Consider the following statements.
1. The Gender Inequality Index contains three dimensions reproductive health, empowerment, and labour market.
2. It reflects women’s disadvantage in health, empowerment, and labor market.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) None of these
4. Concerning the Human Development Report, 2021-22, which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?UPPSC (Pre) 2023
1. India’s rank on the Human Development Index has upgraded from 130 in 2020 to 132 in 2022.
2. India’s rank on the Human Development Index has stipped from 130 in 2020 to 132 in 2022
Select the correct answer by using the codes given below.
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Neither 1 nor 2
(d) Both 1 and 2
5. Which one of the following indicators is not in the determination of Gender Development Index (GDI) in the Human Development Repo UPPCS (Pre) (HDR)?
(a) Life expectancy of female
(b) Female adult literacy and gross enrollment
(c) Female political empowerment
(d) Female per capita income
6 . Consider the following statements.
1. The term Gross National Happiness (GNH) was coined in 1972, by Bhutan’s then King Jigme Sing Wangchuck.
2. A second-generation Gross National Happiness (GNH) concept, treating happiness as a socio-economic development metric was proposed 2006, by Med Jones.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct)
(a) Only 1
(c) 1 and 2
(b) Only 2
(d) None of these
7. The Human Poverty Index (HPI) developed by UND is based on which of the following deprivations?
1. Income Deprivation
2. Literacy Deprivation
3. Social Services Deprivation
4. Employment Deprivation
Select the correct answer by using the codes given below.
(a) 2 and 3
(b) 1, 3 and 4
(d) All of these
(c) 1, 2 and 4
8. The base of sustainable development is MPPSC (Pre) 2015
(a) social approach
(b) economic approach
(c) environmental approach
(d) All of these
9. Saving energy and other resources for the future without sacrificing people’s comfort in the present is the definition of which of the following concepts?
(a) Economic growth
(b) Economic development
(c) Sustainable development
(d) Human development
10. Which of the following Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) will target water availability for all and its permanent management up to 2030 in India? UPPSC (Pre) 2019
(a) SDG 6
(b)SDG 7
(C) SDG 8
(d) SDG 9
12. Which one of the following is not a Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target to be achieved by 2030? UPPSC (Pre) 2022
(a) Zero hunger
(b) Quality education
(c) Gender equality
(d) Space research
13. Which of the following states is not on the list of top five states on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Index 2019 to 2020 in India?
(a) Gujarat
(b) Himachal Pradesh
(c) Andhra Pradesh
(d) Tamil Nadu
14. What do we mean by sustainable economic development? MPPSC (Pre) 2015
(a) Future economic development with the development of the present generation.
(b) Only economic development of the present generation.
(c) Industrial development
(d) Agriculture development
15. What is India’s rank in the 2017 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) index? UPPSC (Pre) 2017
(a) 116th
(c) 108th
(b) 125th
(d) 95th
Know Right Answer
1 (d)
2 (d)
3 (b)
4 (b)
5 (b)
6 (a)
7 (a)
8 (a)
9 (c)
10 (c)
11 (a)
12 ( d)
12 (c)
14 ( c)
15 ( d)
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1: What is the significance of economic growth in the context of UPSC NCERT notes on the Indian Economy?
A1: Economic growth, as highlighted in UPSC NCERT notes on the Indian Economy, is crucial for a nation’s development. It signifies the increase in the production and consumption of goods and services over time. This growth is measured by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and is essential for improving living standards, creating employment opportunities, and reducing poverty. Sustainable economic growth, as emphasized in the notes, ensures that the benefits are distributed equitably and do not compromise the well-being of future generations.
Q2: How does the UPSC NCERT material explain the concept of sustainable development in the context of the Indian economy?
A2: The UPSC NCERT notes emphasize that sustainable development, as applied to the Indian economy, involves meeting the current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It encompasses economic, social, and environmental dimensions. The notes highlight the importance of responsible resource utilization, environmental conservation, and inclusive development strategies. Sustainable development, as per the UPSC NCERT, aims to strike a balance between economic growth and environmental protection to ensure long-term well-being.
Q3: According to UPSC NCERT notes on the Indian Economy, how can inclusive growth be achieved for sustainable development?
A3: Inclusive growth, as outlined in UPSC NCERT notes, is integral to sustainable development. The notes emphasize that inclusive growth involves equitable distribution of the benefits of economic growth across different sections of society. The UPSC material stresses the importance of policies that address social and economic disparities, promote education and healthcare, and provide opportunities for marginalized communities. By fostering inclusive growth, the Indian economy can achieve sustainable development, ensuring that the benefits reach all segments of the population and contribute to the overall well-being of the society.
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