Governance is the orchestration of decision-making and the execution of laws, policies, schemes, and welfare projects. Public institutions, with the administrative apparatus at the forefront, predominantly drive this process.
Governance refers to how power is wielded in the administration and management of a nation’s economic and social resources to foster growth and development.
The concept gained prominence in a 1989 World Bank document addressing sub-Saharan Africa’s transition from crisis to sustainable growth. Three pivotal elements define governance: government legitimacy, accountability of political and official entities, and adherence to human rights and the rule of law.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) defines governance as the exercise of economic, political, and administrative authority to oversee a country’s affairs at all levels.
It involves government activities such as decision-making, policy formulation, implementation, and monitoring, emphasizing efficiency and effectiveness.
Good Governance
- Good Governance is a term employed in the development process to describe how public institutions manage public affairs and resources, ensuring the realization of social justice objectives, welfare missions, and human rights.
- It guarantees the reduction or elimination of corruption and considers the views of minorities and the most vulnerable in society in decision-making, responding to present and future societal needs.
- Good Governance aims to provide public services effectively, efficiently, and equitably to citizens.
- The four pillars supporting the edifice of Good Governance are as follows:
- Ethos (of services to citizens)
- Ethics (honesty, integrity, and transparency)
- Equity (treating all citizens equally)
- Efficiency (speedy and effective delivery of services)
- Good Governance has eight major characteristics. They are participatory, consensus-oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive, and follow the rule of law.
National Good Governance Day
- Former Prime Minister and Bharat Ratna recipient Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s 90th birthday on December 25, 2014, was observed as National Good Governance Day. Hence, December 25 will be observed as National Good Governance Day each year.
Features of Good Governance
- Responsiveness
- Rule of Law
- Participation
- Consensus Orientation
- Transparency
- Participation
Participation
- Participation by both men and women is a key aspect of Good Governance.
- Participation could be either direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives.
- Participation needs to be informed and organized. This means freedom of association and expression on the one hand and an organized civil society on the other hand.
| Rule of Law Good Governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It also requires full protection of Human Rights, particularly those of disadvantaged groups. Impartial enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force. |
Responsiveness
- Good Governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable time frame.
- We need to sensitize our administration towards the weaker section of the population.
Consensus Orientation
- There are several actors and as many viewpoints in a given society.
- Good Governance requires the mediation of different interest groups in society to reach a broad consensus. Based on this, the best interest of the whole community and society can be achieved.
Equity and Inclusiveness
- A society’s well-being depends on ensuring that all its members feel they have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream of society.
- This requires all groups, but particularly the most vulnerable, to have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being.
- Transparency means that the decisions taken should be implemented under a set of rules and regulations.
Accountability
- Accountability is a crucial aspect of Good Governance, ensuring not only the government but also non-governmental organizations are accountable to the citizens. This defines the responsibilities within an organization.
| Effectiveness and Efficiency 1. Good Governance entails processes and institutions delivering results that meet societal needs while optimizing resource utilization. 2. Efficiency, in the context of Good Governance, includes the sustainable use of natural resources and environmental protection. |
Necessary Pre-conditions for Good Governance
- Obstacles to Good Governance, as identified in the 12th Report of the Second Administrative Commission, highlight several pre-conditions for citizen-centric governance:
- An effective legal framework.
- Strong and efficient institutional mechanisms for the proper implementation of laws.
- Competent staff and efficient personnel management policies for operating these institutions.
- Determining delegation, decentralization, and accountability.
Obstacles to Good Governance
- The 12th Report of the Second Administrative Commission identifies various obstacles to Good Governance:
- Attitudinal Constraints of Civil Servants: Concerns arise as civil servants and administration become inflexible, self-perpetuating, and introverted, contrary to the spirit of inclusiveness.
- Lack of Accountability: Increasing inefficiency and inaction in governance result from the lack of assurance of accountability among civil servants, with disciplinary action rarely taken due to the absence of a performance appraisal structure in the government.
- Low Awareness about Rights and Duties of Citizens: Citizens’ lack of awareness about their rights leads to hesitancy in holding erring public servants accountable. Increased awareness of rights ensures effective and honest discharge of duties by officers.
- Red Tape: Bureaucratic adherence to rules and procedures, while important for good governance, can become problematic when these rules are incorrect and cumbersome, failing to serve their intended purpose.
- Ineffective Implementation of Laws and Rules: Despite the existence of various laws and rules to protect citizens’ rights and weaker sections of society, their effective implementation is hindered, leading to increased distrust in the government system.
- Need for Reforms in Various Sectors: Lack of standards for establishing good governance persists, with social and economic barriers like illiteracy, poverty, casteism, and communalism still prevalent despite many years of independence.
Good Governance in India
- The term “Good Governance” gained global popularity in the 1990s, and while various countries adopted this concept to enhance the quality of governance, it is not a new concept in the Indian context.
- Kautilya’s Arthashastra and Mahatma Gandhi’s Swaraj both reflect the principles of Good Governance. Government efforts, including the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, aimed at democratic decentralization and people’s participation in governance, have been ongoing.
- Various statutory bodies, such as the National Commission for Women (1992), the National Commission for Minorities (1992), and the National Human Rights Commission (1993), were established to promote inclusive and equitable development.
- The First and Second Administrative Reforms Commissions, established in 1968 and 2005 respectively, aimed to enhance administrative efficiency. Their reports delved into topics such as Right to Information, Ethics in Governance, and Decentralization.
- The Computerized Public Grievance Redressal and Monitoring System was established in 2001.
- The Central Vigilance Commission attained statutory status in 2003.
- In 2005, the Right to Information Act strengthened the right to information and increased departmental accountability.
- To bolster good governance, the government has promoted slogans like “minimum government, maximum governance.”
| Initiatives | Main Functions |
|---|---|
| Citizen-Centric Platforms | The MyGov platform encourages citizens to engage with the government, contributing to decision-making and promoting Good Governance. |
| Participatory Budgeting | Participatory budgeting involves democratic deliberation, allowing ordinary citizens to decide the allocation of a portion of the municipal or public budget. Kerala pioneered this in 1996. |
| RTI Act, 2005 | The Right to Information Act establishes laws for citizens’ access to information, enabling them to request information from public authorities and promoting transparency. |
| Citizen’s Charter | A document outlining an organization’s commitment to consistent, high-quality service delivery and dispute resolution processes, promoting accountability and citizen-friendly governance. |
| Ombudsman | An independent authority with the power to investigate cases where justice was not served, ensuring accountability in government actions based on evidence or assumption. |
| Decentralisation | Achieved through the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, devolving functions and resources to elected representatives at lower levels for greater citizen participation in governance. |
| Direct Benefit Transfer | The direct transfer of subsidy amounts and other benefits into beneficiaries’ accounts, eliminating intermediaries and ensuring efficient and direct financial assistance. |
| National Health Mission | Aims to achieve universal access to equitable, affordable, and quality healthcare services, with support for maternal health, child health, adolescent health, family planning, and immunization. |
| Ayushman Bharat | Launched in 2018, the largest government-funded healthcare program globally, addressing health issues at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels with over 50 crore beneficiaries. |
| Aspirational Programme | Launched in 2018, focuses on transforming underdeveloped districts, ensuring inclusive growth, and raising living standards for all citizens. |
| Good Governance Index | An implementable framework assessing the state of governance across states and union territories, enabling rankings and released on Good Governance Day (25th December). |
Transparency
- Clarity and openness, often referred to as transparency, play a pivotal role in effective governance.
- This involves executing actions with clear visibility and adherence to laws and regulations.
- Transparent systems facilitate communication between stakeholders and officials, ensuring a seamless flow of information and promoting public decision-making procedures.
- The Right to Information Act of 2015 marked a significant step towards government transparency, granting every citizen the statutory right to access information from public agencies. Transparency not only upholds legal compliance in actions but also provides accessible information to those affected by decisions.
Benefits of transparency
- Benefits of transparency include the inclusion of marginalized voices, gender representation, and financial inclusivity.
- Openness in governance fosters robust engagement between citizens and governments, allowing for a two-way exchange that addresses citizens’ genuine needs.
- It acts as a deterrent against favoritism, crony capitalism, and nepotism.
Challenges to transparency
- However, challenges to transparency exist. Disclosed information may be questioned or misinterpreted, potentially having negative consequences.
- Additionally, the abundance of information requires users to possess the skill to discern their specific needs. Overcoming these challenges involves a shift in the mindset of government employees and addressing issues like limited digitalization and poor infrastructure.
Social audit
- Social audit emerges as a valuable tool in this context. It involves citizens assessing government operations on the ground and using their findings to demand accountability through a public hearing system.
- Social audit not only exposes irregularities and corruption but also evaluates the social and ethical impact of an organization.
- It fosters accountability and transparency in local government operations, bridging the trust gap between citizens and authorities.
- In conclusion, transparency and social audit are integral components of effective governance, promoting accountability, inclusivity, and ethical practices.
Accountability
- Responsibility and accountability are integral to the foundation of good governance, emphasizing the need for individuals to be answerable for their assigned tasks. To establish accountability, it is crucial to clearly define tasks, set timeframes, and adhere to financial constraints.
Significance of Accountability
- The significance of accountability in the context of good governance lies in its assessment of the current performance of public officials or bodies.
- This evaluation ensures optimal performance, and value for money in public service delivery, instills confidence in the government, and fosters responsiveness to the community being served.
Right to Information (RTI) Act
- The Right to Information (RTI) Act, enacted by the Indian Parliament, plays a pivotal role in promoting accountability.
- Enforced since October 12, 2005, it supersedes the Official Secrets Act of 1923 and asserts the fundamental right to freedom of speech for every Indian citizen.
- The Act empowers citizens to request information from public authorities, mandating a response within 30 days.
Key features of the RTI Act, 2005
- Key features of the RTI Act, of 2005, include the appointment of information officers in each department, the provision of free information for individuals below the poverty line, and reasonable fees for others.
- The Act establishes State Information Commissions (SIC) and a Central Information Commission (CIC) as autonomous, high-level bodies with appellate authority over public authorities.
- It obligates public agencies to proactively disclose information and imposes penalties for failure to provide timely, correct, complete, or unbiased information.
- Noteworthy provisions of the Act include the definition of public authorities, the mandate for proactive information disclosure, a simplified procedure for securing information, fixed time limits for providing information, and a two-tier mechanism for appeal.
- Section 23 restricts lower courts from entertaining suits or applications related to the Act, preserving the writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and High Courts under Articles 32 and 225 of the Constitution.
Significance of the RTI Act, 2005
- Accountability: Empowering individuals to be aware of government actions fosters a sense of responsibility among citizens.
- Low Corruption: The digital revolution and e-governance have expanded the reach of RTI, acting as a deterrent to corrupt practices among public officials.
- Openness: The RTI Act promotes transparency in government operations, providing public access to information about governmental activities.
- Transparency: Bridging the communication gap between the government and stakeholders, the RTI Act monitors and discourages dishonest behavior.
- Promoting Democracy: Aligning with the social contract theory, granting people access to information strengthens democracy by recognizing citizens as the source of a government authority.
E-Governance
- E-Governance involves governing through electronic mediums to facilitate efficient, speedy, and transparent information dissemination to the public and government administration activities.
- The establishment of the Department of Electronics in 1970 marked India’s first significant step towards e-governance, bringing focus to information and communication.
- The National Informatics Centre (NIC), formed in 1977, initiated the District Information System to computerize district offices nationwide.
Digital India
- Digital India is a flagship e-governance program of the Government of India, envisioning the transformation of India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.
Pillars of e-Governance
- Connectivity: Strong connectivity is essential for effective e-governance, connecting people to government services.
- Knowledge: IT knowledge is crucial, necessitating skilled engineers to efficiently manage e-governance operations and address faults.
- Data Content: A comprehensive database related to government services is essential for sharing information online.
- Capital: Public or private partnership finances e-governance, supporting government services and economic sectors.
Guiding Principles of e-Governance
- SMART Governance: Focused on creating Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive, and Transparent governance.
- Promoting E-Citizen and E-Democracy: Supports informed and engaged electronic citizens.
- Process Transformation: Seeks to transform, not just translate, bureaucratic processes.
- Capacity Building: Requires ongoing skill development within the government.
- Networked and Integrated Government: Aims for a cohesive and interconnected government structure.
- Citizen-Centric: Prioritizes citizen needs and accessibility in service delivery.
- Multi-Channel Delivery: Provides public services through various channels for convenience.
- Accessible Information: Aims to provide convenient access to information, improving service accessibility and delivery.
- Inclusive Development: Enables the development and participation of population segments, promoting the benefits of information technology and involving the private sector in public service delivery.
Some e-Governance Projects
- E-Pourasabha: This e-governance application focuses on urban local bodies, implementing systems for tax collection, property tax, water tax, etc.
- Agmarknet: Approved by the Department of Marketing and Inspection (DMI), Ministry of Agriculture, and the Government of India, this project serves agricultural marketing needs.
- MCA 21: An initiative by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, MCA 21 provides electronic services to companies registered under the Companies Act.
- e-Courts: A Mission Mode Project of the Ministry of Law and Justice, e-Courts utilizes technology to enhance judicial services for citizens.
- myGov.in: A national citizen engagement platform enabling people to share ideas and participate in policy and governance matters.
- Umang: A Unified Mobile Application providing access to various Central and State Government services, including Aadhaar, Digital Locker, PAN, and Employee Provident Fund Services.
- Digital Locker: This project allows citizens to digitally store essential documents, reducing reliance on physical copies and facilitating easy document sharing.
- PayGovt: A platform facilitating online payments to both public and private banks.
- Computerization of Land Records: Ensuring that landowners receive digital and updated copies of documents related to their property.
- E-District: Focused on delivering high-volume, citizen-centric services at the district level, such as issuing birth/death certificates, income and caste certificates, and pension services.
- Darpan: An online tool designed to monitor and analyze the implementation of critical state projects.
- Bhoomi Project: A computerized system delivering rural land records to farmers in Karnataka.
- Pragati: An Information and Communication Technology (ICT) platform in the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) that reviews and monitors various Government Projects across the country.
- E-Office: Aiming to support governance by enhancing the effectiveness and transparency of inter and intra-government processes.
- JAM Trinity (Jan Dhan, Aadhar, and Mobile): A tool used by the government to transfer cash benefits directly to the bank accounts of intended beneficiaries.
- National Centre of Geo-informatics (NCoG): This project involves developing a Geographic Information System (GIS) platform for sharing, collaboration, location-based analytics, and decision support systems for various government departments.
Challenges and Initiatives in e-Governance
- Limited Digital Literacy: The majority of Indians lack even the most basic level of digital literacy, posing a hurdle for the successful penetration of e-governance services. Prioritizing digital literacy is crucial in addressing this issue.
- Awareness of e-Governance Services: Citizens often lack awareness of government facilities, necessitating widespread awareness campaigns to educate the public.
- Privacy and Security Concerns: Projects involving sensitive information face challenges due to the absence of clear security measures and rules. Development efforts must prioritize privacy and security to instill confidence in users.
- Lack of Integrated Services: Coordination gaps between state and federal governments lead to a lack of integrated e-governance services. Improved communication among government agencies is essential to ensure relevant information is shared across departments.
National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)
- Formulation: The NeGP, devised by the Department of Electronics and Information Technology (Deity) and the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG), includes 27 Mission Mode Projects (MMPs) and 10 components. Approved by the Union Government on May 18, 2006, it aims to enhance government service delivery.
- Implementation Strategy: NeGP’s complex implementation involves hardware and software provisioning, process re-engineering, and change management.
- Key elements include establishing Common Support Infrastructure, suitable governance arrangements, centralization with decentralized implementation, Public-Private Partnerships (PPP), and integrative elements like unique identification codes.
- Common Support Infrastructure: NeGP establishes State Wide Area Networks (SWANs), State Data Centres (SDCs), Common Services Centres (CSCs), and Electronic Service Delivery Gateways as common support infrastructure.
- Governance: The program emphasizes suitable arrangements for monitoring and coordinating NeGP implementation, including evolving standards, policy guidelines, technical support, capacity building, and research and development.
- Centralized Initiative, Decentralized Implementation: E-governance is promoted through a centralized initiative to ensure citizen-centric orientation, inter-operability, and optimal utilization of ICT infrastructure, with decentralized implementation.
- Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): NeGP adopts a PPP model wherever feasible to enhance the resource pool without compromising on security.
- Integrative Elements: Promoting the adoption of unique identification codes for citizens, businesses, and property facilitates integration and reduces ambiguity.
- Program Approach: NeGP is implemented as a program at the national and state levels, ensuring well-defined roles and responsibilities for each involved agency.
E-Kranti (National E-Governance Plan 2.0)
- Approved by the Government of India in 2015, E-Kranti, also known as the National E-Governance Plan 2.0, envisions transforming e-governance to enhance overall governance.
Charter for Citizens
- A Charter for Citizens serves as a pledge by an organization to consistently deliver timely, high-quality services and establish processes for dispute resolution.
- It plays a crucial role in promoting government accountability and transparency, fostering a more responsive and citizen-friendly governance approach.
- Wherever possible, the Charter provides options for citizens, empowering them to influence how the organization and government implement its provisions. Designed to support a citizen-centric model of governance, the Charter features specific elements aimed at improving service delivery.
Key Features of the Citizens’ Charter:
- Service Standards: Establishing clear and time-bound standards for service provision to ensure specificity and accuracy.
- Comprehensive Service Information: Providing detailed information on services, including accessibility, quality levels, and grievance redressal procedures.
- Cost Reduction and Efficiency: Reducing costs, preventing delays, and minimizing bureaucratic hurdles to promote good governance.
- Administrative Efficiency: Enhancing the efficiency of administrative processes for better service delivery.
Principles Guiding the Citizens’ Charter:
- Quality: Improving the quality of services offered.
- Choice: Providing choices whenever possible.
- Standards: Specifying expectations and actions if standards are not met.
- Value: Ensuring value for taxpayers’ money.
- Accountability: Holding individuals and organizations accountable.
- Transparency: Clearly outlining rules, procedures, schemes, and grievance mechanisms.
Importance of Citizens’ Charter:
- Empowering beneficiaries for their public service receipts.
- Fixing accountability in the delivery of public services.
- Enhancing service quality through internal and external monitoring.
- Creating a professional and customer-centric environment.
Limitations of the Citizens’ Charter:
- Lack of awareness leads to mistrust among recipients.
- Hierarchy gap affecting teamwork.
- Lack of accountability hinders employee efforts.
- Non-revision and complexity of some charters.
Efforts to Enhance Citizens’ Charter Effectiveness:
- Tailored Approach: Customize the Charter to current circumstances, restructuring internal systems and processes as needed.
- Clear and Practical Commitments: Prepare a clear and practical list of commitments for effective implementation.
- Stakeholder Involvement: Involve NGOs, civil society, and the public in internal discussions before creating the Charter.
- Commitment and Accountability: Establish a monitoring system to ensure organizational and employee commitment and accountability to the Charter.
- Specify Relief Measures: Clearly outline relief measures in case of failure to meet assured service standards.
Sevottam Model:
- The Sevottam Model, proposed by the Second Administrative Reforms Commission, aims to bring excellence in services, emphasizing the best service delivery practices.
- The model establishes a framework for assessing and improving public service delivery, serving as a mechanism to evaluate the quality and effectiveness of internal activities and service delivery. It contributes to the promotion of justice, equity, and accountability in the realm of public service delivery.
Key Components of the Sevottam Model:
- Citizen’s Charter Implementation: Ensuring the successful implementation of the Citizen’s Charter to identify and meet service delivery requirements.
- Citizen Input Channel: Creating a platform for citizens to provide input and declaring citizens’ rights to raise awareness and empower them to demand services.
- Public Grievance Redressal System: Establishing an effective system for addressing public grievances.
- Capacity Building: Strengthening existing capacities for enhanced performance in the future.
Aadhaar
- Aadhaar, a 12-digit identification number issued by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), serves as a verifiable credential for Indian residents.
- The UIDAI, established under the Aadhaar Act of 2016 within the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, oversees its issuance.
- Aadhaar captures minimal personal information—name, age, gender, and address alongside biometric data. Its primary aim is to enhance the state’s capacity to deliver welfare services efficiently, transparently, and with precision to a large resident population. Importantly, individuals can choose the verification mode without facing service denial for lacking an Aadhaar number.
- Certified as a ‘Money Bill’ under Article 110(1), the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits, and Services) Act of 2016 is mandatory for filing Income Tax Returns (ITR) and obtaining a Permanent Account Number (PAN).
Prelims Facts
- the first time recommended for setting up of Lokpal and Lokayukta was headed by -Morarji Desai (UP RO/ARO (Pre) 2017)
- The appointment of Lokayukta at the state level was first recommended by -Administrative Reforms Commission of India (1966-1970) [RAS/RTS (Mains) 2014]
- Which commission has recommended the creation of a Local body Ombudsman? -First Administrative Reforms Commission [UKPSC (Pre) 2012)
- Which is mandated to assign a 12-digit Unique Identification (UTD) number (Aadhaar) to all the residents of India? India’s own innovation which has proved to be one of the most effective poverty alleviation and women – UIDAI (IAS (Pre) 2018)
- Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank linkage program [IAS (Mains) 2015) Establishment of effective District Planning Committee, Ipending on public health and strengthening the Midday Meal scheme are essential parts of – Inclusive Governance [IAS (Pre) 2012]
- From Accountability, Transparency, Rule of Law, and Red Tapism, which is not a feature of good governance? – Red Tapism [JPSC (Pre) 2016]
- In which Report of the Second Administrative Reforms Commission, barriers to good governance in India have been identified? Citizen-Centric Administration: The Heart of Governance [IPSC (Pre) 2016]
- The First Indian state to pass the Lokayukta bill in 2011 was Uttarakhand (UPPSC (Pre) 2012]
- The idea of the Ombudsman is taken from which country?- Sweden (CGPSC (Pre) 2013]
- The ombudsman system with special reference is known in India as The party system in India is a part of which type of broader system? – Lokpal (UPPSC (Mains) 2014]
UPSC NCERT Practice Questions
1. Which of the following can be said to be essentially the parts of ‘Inclusive Governance? IAS (Pre) 2012
1. Permitting the non-banking financial companies to do banking.
2. Establishing effective district planning committees in all the districts.
3. Increasing the government spending on public health.
4. Strengthening the mid-day meal scheme.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 3 and 4
(c) 2, 3 and 4
(d) All of these
2. ‘Good Governance’ and ‘Participating Civil Society for Development’ were stressed in the World Bank Report of
(a) 1992
(b) 1997
(c) 1998
(d) 1999
3. Which one of the following is not characteristic of Good Governance?
(a) Responsiveness
(b) Accountability
(c) Effectiveness and Efficiency
(d) Ethics
4. Which of the following Act was repealed after the implementation of the RTI?
(a) Information Technology Act, 2000
(b) Freedom of Information Act, 2002
(c) Delimitation Act, 2002
(d) None of the above
5. Which of the following statements are true regarding objections of RTI?
1. To operationalize the fundamental right to information.
2. To set up a system that facilitates people’s easy access to information.
3. To promote transparency and accountability.
4. To minimize corruption and inefficiencies in public offices.
Choose the correct option.
(a) 2, 3 and 4
b) 1, 3 and 4
c) 1, 2 and 3
d) All of the above
6. Which of the following are the goals of e-Governance?
1. Better service delivery to citizens.
2. Ushering in transparency and accountability.
3. Empowering people through information.
4. Improved efficiency within governments.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 2 and 4
(d) All of these
7. The word ‘e’ in e-Governance stands for
(a) ethical
(b) empowerment
(c) electronic
(d) effective
8. Which e-Governance project is known as Nationa e-Governance Plan 2.0.?
(a) e-Choupal
(b) M-governance
(c) e-Kranti
(d) e-Jansampark
9. Which of the following programs is related to the computerisation of land records by NIC?
(a) Bhoomi
(b) Zameen
(c) CLRS
(d) E-leks
10. Which of the following e-Governance project cities is a conative projection addressing the global information divide by the human development report of UNDP?
(a) Praja
(b) Bhoomi
(c) Village knowledge centers
(d) Cyber extension
11. Which of the following is not a basic element of the Citizen Charter?
(a) Description of services provided by agencies.
(b) Provision of inspection of agencies work.
(c) To expect any public record.
(d) Promotion of various methods to get benefits from services available.
12. Consider the following statements.
1. The Aadhaar card can be used as proof of citizen domicile.
2. Once issued, the Aadhaar number cannot be deactivated or omitted by the issuing authority.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct
(a) 1 Only
(b) 2 Only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Know Right Answer
1. (b)
2. (a)
3. (d)
4. (b)
5. (c)
6. (d)
7. (c)
8. (c)
9. ( a)
10. (b)
11. (b)
12. (d)
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1: What is the significance of studying UPSC NCERT Notes on Indian Polity and Governance?
A1: Studying UPSC NCERT Notes on Indian Polity and Governance is crucial for UPSC Civil Services aspirants as it provides a comprehensive understanding of the foundational principles, constitutional provisions, and governance structures in India. These notes cover essential topics that form the basis for questions in the UPSC examination, helping aspirants build a strong foundation for the polity and governance section.
Q2: How can UPSC NCERT Notes on Indian Polity aid in exam preparation?
A2: UPSC NCERT Notes on Indian Polity serve as a valuable resource for exam preparation by presenting information in a structured and concise manner. These notes condense key concepts from NCERT textbooks, making it easier for aspirants to grasp important topics related to Indian governance. Utilizing these notes can save time, enhance retention, and facilitate a focused approach to mastering the polity and governance syllabus for the UPSC examination.
Q3: Which NCERT books are recommended for Indian Polity and Governance in UPSC preparation?
A3: For Indian Polity and Governance in UPSC preparation, aspirants are recommended to focus on NCERT books such as “Indian Polity” by M. Laxmikanth and “Indian Constitution at Work” for a deeper understanding. However, for a quick review and consolidation of key concepts, UPSC NCERT Notes on Indian Polity can be immensely helpful. These notes extract and summarize essential information from the NCERT books, providing aspirants with a handy revision tool for their UPSC exam preparation.
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