The making of the Indian Constitution stands as a monumental achievement in the annals of democratic history, symbolizing a collective endeavor to forge a nation’s destiny through constitutional principles. In the aftermath of India’s independence in 1947, a Constituent Assembly was convened, comprising visionary leaders and representatives from diverse backgrounds. This assembly embarked on the arduous task of crafting a document that would not only serve as the supreme law of the land but also encapsulate the aspirations, values, and diverse identities of a newly liberated nation. Led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the chairman of the drafting committee, the framers of the Constitution navigated through debates, negotiations, and compromises to give shape to a document that would lay the foundation for a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic. The making of the Indian Constitution reflects a harmonious blend of historical consciousness, foresight, and a commitment to justice, equality, and liberty.
The Constitution of India stands as the supreme law of the nation, crafted by the Constituent Assembly elected by the members of the Provincial Assemblies.
Constituent Assembly
- Established in December 1946, the Constituent Assembly dedicated the next three years to framing the most crucial document for a newly independent nation.
- The Constitution of India holds the distinction of being the longest-written constitution globally.
Demands for Constituent Assembly
- The call for a Constituent Assembly to formulate the Constitution first gained prominence in 1934 through MN Roy. In 1935, the Indian National Congress officially advocated for its establishment.
- In 1938, Jawaharlal Nehru, representing the Indian National Congress (INC), asserted that the Constitution of Free India should be crafted without external interference by a Constituent Assembly elected based on adult franchise.
- The British Government eventually proposed the creation of a representative body comprising Indians to draft a Constitution for India in the August Offer of 1940.
- During the Cripps Mission, the British agreed to the establishment of a Constituent Assembly consisting entirely of Indians. However, the Muslim League rejected the Cripps Proposals as they aimed to divide India into two independent states with separate Constituent Assemblies.
Formation of Constituent Assembly
- A Cabinet Mission was ultimately dispatched to India, proposing a plan for the Constituent Assembly that was most agreeable to the Muslim League. It was established in November 1946 as per the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946.
- However, the elections to the assembly were conducted indirectly. In 1946, the British, contemplating the possibility of granting independence to India, sent a British Cabinet Mission to India to:
- Hold discussions with the representatives of British India and the Indian States to agree on the framework for drafting a Constitution.
- Set up a constituent body and an executive council.
- The Assembly was to have proportional representation from existing provincial representation and various Princely States. The majority of these elections were completed by the end of July 1946, under the supervision of the reforms office under the Governor-General (Viceroy).
The Constituent Assembly came into force in 1946, with members including Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Maulana Azad, and many other supreme leaders of the country.
- Each Province and each Princely State or Group of States were allotted seats proportional to their respective populations. The Provinces under direct British rule elected 292 members, while the Princely States were allotted a minimum of 93 seats, with an additional 4 seats for Chief Commissioner provinces.
- The Assembly consisted of 389 members representing Provinces (292), States (93), the Chief Commissioner of Provinces (3), and Baluchistan (1).
- The strength of the Assembly was reduced to 299 following the withdrawal of the Muslim League members after the partition of the country.
- The seats in each Province were distributed among the three main communities, Muslims, Sikhs, and General, in proportion to their respective populations.
- Parties represented in the Constituent Assembly were the Congress Party, which had a majority, the Muslim League, Scheduled Caste representation, the Indian Communist Party, and the Union Party.
Proceeding of the Constituent Assembly
- Proceedings of the Constituent Assembly began as it met for the first time on 9th December 1946.
- The Muslim League boycotted the Constituent Assembly owing to their continued demand for a separate state of Pakistan.
- Thus, the strength of the assembly was reduced to 299. The meeting was attended by only 211 members.
Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was elected as the Interim President of the Assembly. On 11th December 1946, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President and HC Mukherjee as the Vice-President of the Constituent Assembly. BN Rau was appointed as the Constitutional Advisor.
Objective Resolution
- On 13th December 1946, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru moved the Objective Resolution, laying down the fundamentals and philosophy of the constitutional structure.
Main Points of the Objective Resolution:
- India is an independent sovereign republic.
- India shall be a Union of erstwhile British India territories, Indian states, and other parts outside British India and Indian states willing to be a part of the Union.
- Territories forming the Union shall be autonomous units and exercise all powers and functions of the government and administration, except those assigned to or vested in the Union.
- All powers and authority of sovereign and independent India and its Constitution shall flow from the people.
- All people of India shall be guaranteed and secured social, economic, and political justice; equality of status and opportunities; and equality before the law, along with fundamental freedoms of speech, expression, belief, faith, worship, vocation, association, and action subject to law and public morality.
- Adequate safeguards will be ensured for minorities, backward and tribal areas, as well as the depressed and Other Backward Classes.
- The Republic’s territorial integrity and sovereign rights over land, sea, and air will be upheld by the principles of justice and the laws of civilized nations.
- The nation is committed to making a wholehearted and voluntary contribution to the promotion of world peace and the well-being of humanity.
Important Personalities Related to Constituent Assembly
| Person(s) | Responsibilities in the Constituent Assembly |
| SN Mukherjee | – Constitutional or Legal Advisor to the Constituent Assembly |
| – Secretary of the Constituent Assembly | |
| – Chief Draftsman of the Constitution in the Assembly | |
| Prem Behari Narain Raizada | – Calligrapher of the English version of the Indian Constitution |
| Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nand Lal Bose | – Illumination, Beautification, and Ornamentation of the Constitution |
| (Nand Lal Bose worked on the Hindi version) | |
| Vasant Krishna Vaidya | – Calligrapher for the Hindi version of the Indian Constitution |
Women’s Participation in Constituent Assembly
- The Constituent Assembly included fifteen female members, all of whom were freedom fighters. These women actively contributed to the Presidential panel and various sub-committees.
- Notable figures among them were Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Sarojini Naidu, Sucheta Kripalani, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, and Durgabai Deshmukh.
Committees of the Constituent Assembly
- Various committees, including those focused on drafting and other significant tasks, were established in the Constituent Assembly.
Drafting Committee
- One such committee was the Drafting Committee, formed on August 29, 1947, with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar serving as its Chairman.
- Other members of the committee are:
- N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar
- Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer
- K. M. Munshi
- Syed Muhammad Saadulla
- N. Madhava Rau (replacing B. L. Mitter)
- T. T. Krishnamachari
- (Replaced by D. P. Khaitan, who unfortunately passed away in 1948)
Other Committees
| Name of the Committee | Chairman |
| Committee on the Rules of Procedure | Dr. Rajendra Prasad |
| Steering Committee | Dr. Rajendra Prasad |
| Finance and Staff Committee | Dr. Rajendra Prasad |
| Adhoc Committee on the National Flag | Dr. Rajendra Prasad |
| Credential Committee | Dr. Rajendra Prasad |
| House Committee | Dr. Rajendra Prasad |
| Order of Business Committee | Dr. Rajendra Prasad |
| Committee on the Functions of the Constituent Assembly | Dr. Rajendra Prasad |
| Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities, and Tribal and Excluded Areas | Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar |
| Minorities Sub-Committee | B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya |
| Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee | K.M. Munshi |
| North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee | G.V. Mavalankar |
| States Committee | Vallabhbhai Patel |
| Union Powers Committee | H.C. Mukherjee |
| Union Constitution Committee | J.B. Kripalani |
| Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee | Gopinath Bordoloi |
| Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee | Jawaharlal Nehru |
| Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee | Jawaharlal Nehru |
| Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee | Jawaharlal Nehru |
| Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee | A.V. Thakkar |
Sessions of the Constituent Assembly
| Session | Held |
| First | 9th-23rd December, 1946 |
| Second | 20th-25th January, 1947 |
| Third | 28th April-2nd May 1947 |
| Fourth | 14th-31st July, 1947 |
| Fifth | 14th-30th August, 1947 |
| Sixth | 27th January, 1948 |
| Seventh | 4th November, 1948- 8th January, 1949 |
| Eighth | 16th May-16th June 1949 |
| Ninth | 30th July – 18th September, 1949 |
| Tenth | 6th-17th October, 1949 |
| Eleventh | 14th-26th November, 1949 |
Enactment and Implementation of the Constitution
- The Constituent Assembly dedicated nearly 3 years (2 years, 11 months, and 18 days) to the monumental task of drafting the Constitution for Independent India.
- On November 26, 1949, the people of India, through the Constituent Assembly, formally adopted and enacted the Constitution.
- The Constitution comprised a Preamble, 395 Articles, 22 Parts, and 8 Schedules. Notably, the Preamble was enacted after the Constitution itself had been enacted.
- On January 26, 1950, the Constitution of India came into force, marking the repeal of the Indian Independence Act, of 1947. India transitioned from being a dominion of the British Crown to a sovereign, democratic, and republic nation.
- Article 394 specified that provisions related to citizenship, elections, provisional Parliament, and temporary and transitional measures (Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393, and 394) came into effect on the day of adoption (November 26, 1949) of the Constitution. The remaining provisions became effective on the day of the Constitution’s commencement (January 26, 1950).
- A total of 284 members signed the Constitution, and the date of November 26, 1949, was also enshrined in the Preamble as the day when the people of India adopted, enacted, and bestowed upon themselves the Constitution.
- The choice of January 26 as the commencement date was symbolic, aligning with the celebration of Purna Swaraj on January 26, 1930, following the Lahore Session in December 1929.
Every year, 26th November is observed as Constitution Day since 2015.
- Since 2015, November 26th is annually celebrated as Constitution Day.
Reconvening on January 24, 1950, the Constituent Assembly carried out various significant functions:
- It ratified India’s Commonwealth membership in May 1949.
- Adoption of the National Flag took place on July 22, 1947.
- The National Anthem was formally adopted on January 24, 1950.
- The National Song was also adopted on January 24, 1950.
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the first President of India on January 24, 1950.
Schedules and Parts of the Indian Constitution
The Indian Constitution is structured into Twelve Schedules and Twenty-two Parts-
| Schedules | Features |
| First Schedule | – The States and the Union Territories of India |
| – Salaries and emoluments | |
| Second Schedule | – Oath and affirmation |
| Third Schedule | – Allocation of seats in the Council of States |
| Fourth Schedule | |
| Fifth Schedule | – Scheduled Areas |
| Sixth Schedule | – Tribal Areas of Assam, Mizoram, Tripura, and Meghalaya |
| Seventh Schedule | – Distribution of powers between Union and States |
| Eighth Schedule | – Languages recognized by Constitution |
| Ninth Schedule | |
| Tenth Schedule | – Special laws beyond the jurisdiction of courts, but now under the IInd Review. |
| – Anti-Defection Law | |
| Eleventh Schedule | – Panchayats |
| Twelfth Schedule | – Municipalities |
Parts of the Constitution
| Part | Subject Matter | Chapter | Articles Covered |
| I | The Union and its Territory | Chapter I | 1 to 4 |
| II | Citizenship | Chapter II | 5 to 11 |
| III | Fundamental Rights | Chapter III | 12 to 35 |
| IV | Directive Principles of State Policy | Chapter IV | 36 to 51 |
| IVA | Fundamental Duties | 51 A | |
| V | The Union | Chapter I | 52 to 151 |
| Chapter II | 52 to 78 | ||
| Chapter III | 79 to 122 | ||
| Chapter IV | 123 | ||
| VI | The States | Chapter I | 124 to 147 |
| Chapter II | 148 to 151 | ||
| VII | The Executive | Chapter III | 152 to 237 |
| VIII | The State Legislature | Chapter IV | 152 |
| IX | Legislative Powers of the President | Chapter V | 153 to 167 |
| X | The Union Judiciary | Chapter VI | 168 to 212 |
| XI | Comptroller and Auditor General of India | 213 | |
| XII | The Scheduled and the Tribal Areas | Chapter I | 214 to 232 |
| XIII | Relations between the Union and the States | Chapter II | 233 to 237 |
| XIV | Legislative Relations | Chapter III | 239 to 242 |
| XV | Administrative Relations | 243 to 243-0 | |
| XVI | Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits | Chapter IV | 243 P to 243 ZG |
| XVII | Right to Property | Chapter V | 244 to 244 A |
| XVIII | Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of India | Chapter I | 245 to 263 |
| XIX | Services under the Union and the States | Chapter II | 264 to 291 |
| XX | Public Service Commission | Chapter III | 292 to 293 |
| XXI | Tribunals | Chapter IV | 294 to 300 |
| XXII | Elections | Chapter V | 300 A |
| XXIII | Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes | Chapter I | 301 to 307 |
| XXIV | Official Language | Chapter II | 308 to 314 |
| Chapter III | 315 to 323 | ||
| Chapter IV | 323 A to 323 B | ||
| XXIVA | Miscellaneous | 324 to 329 A | |
| XXV | Amendments to the Constitution | 330 to 342 | |
| XXVI | Temporary, Transitional, and Special Provisions | 343 to 351 | |
| XXVII | Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi, and Repeals | 393 to 395 |
Part IV-A and Part XIV-A were added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976. Part IX-A was added by the 74th Amendment Act, 1992 and Part IX-B was added by the 97th Amendment Act, 2011.
Prelims Facts
- The Fourth Schedule of the Indian Constitution addresses the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (MPPSC (Pre) 2023).
- The Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution pertains to the Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes (MPPSC (Pre) 2023).
- The Consolidated Fund of India is established under Article 266 of the Indian Constitution (HPSC 2023).
- The proposal for framing the Constitution of India by an elected Constituent Assembly was made by the Cripps Mission in 1942 (UPPSC (Mains) 2008).
- The Constitution of India was enacted by a Constituent Assembly set up under the Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946 (MPPSC (Pre) 2011).
- The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly took place on 9th December 1946 (UPPSC (Pre) 2011, APSC (Pre) 2013, BPSC (Pre) 2020).
- B.R. Ambedkar was elected to the Constituent Assembly from West Bengal (UPPSC (Pre) 1996, IAS (Pre) 1996).
- There were 15 women members in the Constituent Assembly (UPPSC (Pre) 2014).
- The proposal accepted in the Constituent Assembly to provide a Constitution to India was on 22nd January 1947 (UPPSC (Pre) 1998, 2007).
- The soul of the Indian Constitution is reflected in its Preamble, fulfilling various important objectives or aims (UPPSC (Pre) 2010, MPPSC (Pre) 2014).
- The Constituent Assembly was elected based on Universal Adult Franchise (MPPSC (Pre) 2012), and its electoral process was based on the sixth schedule of the Act of 1935 (MPPSC (Pre) 2012).
- Non-Congress party members of the Indian Constituent Assembly included Sardar Hukum Singh, KT Shah, and Mahaveer Tyagi (UPPSC (Pre) 2011, BPSC (Pre) 2020).
- The third reading of the Indian Constitution began in the Constituent Assembly on 14th November 1949 (UPPSC (Pre) 2014).
- The two civil servants who assisted the Constituent Assembly in framing the Constitution were BN Rau and SN Mukherjee (UP Lower 2005).
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad proposed the idea of suspending adult suffrage for 15 years in the Constituent Assembly (MPPSC (Pre2010).
- “The Constituent Assembly was Congress, and Congress was India” was said by Austin (UP UDA/LDA (Pre 2013).
- Jawaharlal Nehru was the Deputy Chairman of the executive of the Interim Government formed in 1946 (IAS (Pre 1995)
- The Constituent Assembly took 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to frame the Constitution (UPPSC (Mains 2007)
- India’s new Constitution was adopted (signed) on 26th November 1949 (MPPSC (Pre) 2010, UPPSC (Pre 2015).
- 26th January was selected as the date for the inauguration of the Constitution because the Congress had observed it as Independence Day in 1930 (JPSC (Pre) 2011, BPSC (Pre 2011).
- Sessions of the Indian Constituent Assembly were conducted over 11 sessions (UPPSC (Mains 2005).
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution (CGPSC (Pre) 2003, IAS (Pre 2009) Manipur PSC (Pre 2016).
- Jawaharlal Nehru served as the Chairman of the States Committee of the Constituent Assembly (Odisha PSC (Pre 2011).
- Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the Chairman of the Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights and Minorities constituted by the Constituent Assembly (MPSC (Pre 2014).
- The Preamble was proposed before the Drafting Committee of the Constitution by Jawaharlal Nehru (UKPSC (Mains 2006)
- The concept of the ‘Office of the Governor’ was adopted from the Government of India Act, 1935 [IAS (Pre) 2003, UPPSC (Pre) 2010, MPPSC (Pre) 2013].
- The original Indian Constitution consisted of 22 Parts, 395 Articles, and 8 Schedules (MPPSC (Pre) 1990, JPSC (Pre) 2016].
- Part IV of the Constitution addresses Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 36-51) [UP Lower 2004, UPPSC (Mains) 2007].
- The provisions related to Panchayati Raj are included in Part IX of the Constitution (MPPSC (Pre) 2019].
- To create a new state within the Indian Union, the First Schedule of the Constitution must be amended (IAS (Pre) 2001, 2003 UPPSC (Pre) 2001, 2014].
- The Fourth Schedule of the Constitution of India deals with the allocation of seats for the Council of States (UPPSC (Mains) 2015].
- The transfer of tribal land to private parties for mining can be declared null and void under the Fifth Schedule [UPPSC (Pre) 2019, IAS (Pre) 2019].
- The Fifth and Sixth Schedules in the Constitution of India are designed to protect the interests of Scheduled Tribes (UPPSC (Pre) 2015, MPPSC (Pre) 2015].
- The Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution deals with the provisions for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram [APSC (Pre) 2013].
- The authority of the government to impose taxes and fees is provided in the Seventh Schedule (UPPSC (Pre) 2009).
- ‘Marriage,’ ‘Dissolution of Marriage,’ and ‘Adoption’ are included in the seventh list of the Indian Constitution under List III in the Concurrent List (UPPSC (Pre) 2010].
- Subjects in the Concurrent List include Education, Forest, Trade Unions, Marriage, and Criminal Matters [IAS (Pre) 1993, UPPSC (Pre) 2005, CGPSC (Pre) 2011].
- Economic planning is a subject in the Concurrent List under the Constitution of India [UKPSC (Pre) 2002].
- The Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950, are contained in the 9th Schedule of the Constitution [UPPSC (Pre) 2013].
- The Ninth Schedule was introduced in the Constitution of India during the Prime Ministership of Jawaharlal Nehru [UPPSC (Pre) 2019].
- The Tenth Schedule contains provisions regarding anti-defection [IAS (Pre) 1998, 2014, UP Lower 2013].
- The Eleventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution is concerned with Panchayats [UPPSC (Pre) 2012].
- Article 43 (A) was inserted by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment to provide for the participation of workers in management (UPPSC (Pre) 2019].
- The separation of the judiciary from the executive is mentioned in the Directive Principles of State Policy under Article 50 [UPPSC (Pre) 2013].
UPSC NCERT Practice Questions
1. The recommendation for the formation of the Constitution of India by an elected Constituent Assembly was proposed by: UPPSC (Mains) 2008
(a) Simon Commission
(b) Government of India Act, 1935
(c) Cripps Mission
(d) British Cabinet Delegation
2. On 26th January, 1950, what was the precise Constitutional Status of India? IAS (Pre) 2021
(a) A Democratic Republic
(b) A Sovereign Democratic Republic
(c) A Sovereign Secular Democratic Republic
(d) A Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic
3. On 13th December 1946, who presented the Objective Resolution in the Constituent Assembly of India? MPSC (Pre) 2022
(a) Sucheta Kripalani
(b) Sarojini Naidu
(c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(d) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
4. Which of the following Acts was not repealed even after the Constitution came into effect in 1950?
(a) The Abolition of Privy Council Jurisdiction Act, 1949
(b) The Government of India Act, 1935
(c) Indian Independence Act, 1947
(d) Regulating Act, 1773
5. Who served as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution? Manipur PSC (Pre) 2016
(a) N. Gopalaswamy
(b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
(c) K.M. Munshi
(d) N. Madhava Rao
6. Who was the head of the Union Constitution Committee of the Constituent Assembly? IAS (Pre) 2005, UPPSC (Pre) 2014
(a) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
(b) J.B. Kripalani
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer
7. Consider the following statements.
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad chaired the Rules Committee.
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was a member of this Committee.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) Only 2
(b) Only 1
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
8. Who chaired the States Committee of the Constituent Assembly? Odisha PSC (Pre) 2011
(a) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
9. Who headed the Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights and Minorities constituted by the Constituent Assembly?IAS (Pre) 2023
Match the following pairs (Schedule-Subjects) with their correct matches:
(a) Ninth Schedule – Allocation of seats in the Council of States.
(b) Eighth Schedule – Languages.
(c) Third Schedule – Forms of Oaths or Affirmations.
(d) Tenth Schedule – Provisions as to disqualification on the ground of defection.
10. The territorial extent of Indian States and Union Territories is specified in the MPSC (Pre) 2014
(a) First Schedule of the Constitution
(b) Second Schedule of the Constitution
(c) Third Schedule of the Constitution
(d) Fourth Schedule of the Constitution
11. Match List-I (Schedules) with List-II (Provisions) of the Indian Constitution and choose the correct answer using the given codes. MPPSC (Pre) 2014
List-I (Schedules) List-II (Provisions)
A. Seventh Schedule 1. Allied laws and regulations saved for judicial review
B. Ninth Schedule 2. Allocation of seats in Rajya Sabha
C. Fourth Schedule 3. Distribution of legislative subjects between Union and States
D. Twelfth Schedule 4. Urban and Local Self-Government
Codes
A B C D
(a) 2 4 1 3
(b) 1 2 3 4
(c) 3 1 4 2
(d) 4 3 2 1
12. Regarding Constitution Day, consider the following statements: IAS (Pre) 2023
Statement-I: Constitution Day is observed on 26th November every year to promote constitutional values among citizens.
Statement-II: On 26th November 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India established a Drafting Committee under the chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a Draft Constitution of India
Which one of the following is correct?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, and Statement-II is the correct explanation of Statement-I.
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II is not the correct explanation of Statement-I.
(c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect.
(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct.
Know Right Answer
1. (d); 2. (d); 3. (b); 4. (a); 5. (b); 6. (c); 7. (b); 8. (d); 9. (c); 10. (a); 11. (a); 12. (c)
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What is the significance of the Constituent Assembly in the making of the Indian Constitution?
Answer: The Constituent Assembly played a pivotal role in the making of the Indian Constitution. It was formed in 1946 and comprised representatives from various regions, communities, and political ideologies. Its primary task was to draft a constitution for independent India. The assembly engaged in intense debates and discussions, drawing inspiration from various sources, including the constitutions of other nations. The deliberations of the Constituent Assembly resulted in the adoption of the Indian Constitution on January 26, 1950, marking the birth of the Republic of India.
2. How did Dr. B.R. Ambedkar contribute to the drafting of the Indian Constitution?
Answer: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the chief architect of the Indian Constitution, played a crucial role in its drafting. As the Chairman of the Drafting Committee, he led the task of formulating and refining the constitutional framework. Ambedkar brought his expertise in law and a deep understanding of social issues to address the diverse challenges facing the newly independent nation. His efforts were instrumental in crafting a progressive and inclusive constitution that guarantees fundamental rights, social justice, and equality for all citizens.
3. What were the guiding principles that influenced the framing of the Indian Constitution?
Answer: The framing of the Indian Constitution was guided by several principles that aimed to create a just and democratic society. These principles include:
- Justice, Liberty, Equality: The preamble of the Indian Constitution enshrines the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality. The framers aimed to establish a society where every citizen enjoys social, economic, and political justice.
- Secularism: India’s commitment to secularism is evident in the constitution, ensuring the equal treatment of all religions and the separation of religion from the state.
- Federalism: The constitution provides for a federal structure with a strong center, ensuring a balance of power between the central government and the states.
- Social Justice: The constitution includes provisions for affirmative action to uplift marginalized sections of society, addressing historical injustices.
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