Embarking on the journey of preparing for the UPSC Mains examination, particularly with Anthropology as an optional subject, demands a strategic understanding of the past years’ questions. In this blog series, we delve into the intriguing realm of Anthropology Optional Topic – Genetic Marker, covering the period from 2013 to 2023. Genetic marker, pivotal in unraveling the complexities of human evolution and diversity, have become an integral part of the Anthropology syllabus. As we navigate through the questions posed in the previous years, we aim to provide aspirants with a comprehensive view of the recurring themes, changing trends, and the depth of knowledge required to master this specific topic. By dissecting the nuances of each question and tracing the evolution of the examiner’s perspective, we empower candidates with the insights necessary to tackle the genetic marker section with confidence and precision.
The exploration of genetic markers in Anthropology not only opens a window into the fascinating world of human genetics but also reflects the dynamic nature of the UPSC examination. Over the years, the questions have evolved, demanding a deeper understanding of genetic principles and their application in anthropological research. Through this blog series, we aim to unravel the intricacies of these questions, offering a valuable resource for aspirants to fine-tune their preparation. Whether you are a seasoned candidate looking to refine your knowledge or a newcomer navigating the vast landscape of Anthropology optional, join us in this exploration of the past to glean insights that will shape a more informed and effective preparation strategy.
Genetic marker – Previous Year Questions (UPSC CSE Mains Anthropology Optional)
Age, sex and population variation as genetic marker-ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA Hp, transferring, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristics- Hb level, body fat, pulse rate, respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in different cultural and socio-economic groups
1. Evaluate genetic heterogeneity of ABO, Rh and Gm antigens. Discuss how the principle human groups can be distinguished on the basis of their blood antigen characteristic. (2000)
2. Write a note on ABO and Rh blood group distribution in human populations. (2008)
3. Write a note on Genetics of HLA and organ transplantation (2009)
4. Write a note in 150 words on Respiratory functions (2011)
5. Discuss the role of ABO blood group system in resolving cases of disputed paternity. (2012)
6. Give a comparative account of variations in hemoglobin level and respiratory functions among the populations living under different environmental stresses. (2012)
7. What are genetic markers and what is their usefulness? Why are blood groups considered as good genetic markers? Illustrate with examples. (250 words) (2013)
8. Write a note in 150 words on Rh-Blood Group (2016)
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: What are genetic markers, and why are they significant in anthropology?
Genetic markers are specific DNA sequences or variations that can be used to identify individuals or populations. In anthropology, they play a crucial role in studying human evolution, migration patterns, and genetic diversity. These markers serve as indicators of shared ancestry, allowing researchers to trace the genetic relationships between different populations and understand the mechanisms behind human adaptation.
Q: How do genetic markers contribute to our understanding of human evolution?
Genetic markers provide a molecular window into the past, allowing anthropologists to trace the evolutionary journey of human populations. By analyzing variations in genetic markers, researchers can infer historical migration patterns, divergence of populations, and the impact of environmental factors on human adaptation. This information aids in constructing a comprehensive picture of the complex tapestry of human evolution.
Q: What types of genetic markers are commonly studied in anthropological research?
Anthropologists often focus on various types of genetic markers, including Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), microsatellites, and mitochondrial DNA. SNPs are variations in a single nucleotide that can be used to track genetic differences between individuals. Microsatellites are short, repetitive DNA sequences that exhibit high variability and are useful for studying recent evolutionary events. Mitochondrial DNA, inherited maternally, is crucial for understanding maternal lineage and deep ancestral relationships.
Q: How are genetic markers used to study population genetics and migration patterns?
Population genetic studies involve analyzing the distribution of genetic markers within and between populations. By comparing the frequencies of specific genetic variants, researchers can infer historical relationships and migration routes. This approach helps unravel the complex tapestry of human history, revealing insights into ancient population movements, interbreeding events, and the factors influencing genetic diversity.
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