Philosophy, often considered the mother of all sciences, plays a significant role in shaping the intellectual landscape of civil services examinations, particularly the UPSC Mains. One of the most intriguing and rewarding optional subjects for aspirants, philosophy provides a unique lens through which to examine the world’s social and political ideals. In this blog series, we delve into the invaluable resource of previous year questions from 2013 to 2023, focusing on the social and political ideals aspect of the Philosophy optional in UPSC Mains.
Exploring these past questions not only offers insights into the evolving dynamics of the UPSC examination but also provides aspirants with a deeper understanding of the complex web of philosophical concepts that underpin society and politics. We will navigate through a decade’s worth of questions, offering valuable perspectives and thought-provoking ideas that have emerged in the context of timeless philosophies. Whether you’re a seasoned aspirant looking for fresh insights or a newbie seeking a solid foundation, this blog series on Philosophy Optional’s social and political ideals is a treasure trove of knowledge, bridging the gap between the past and the present to pave your path to success in the future.
Social and Political Ideals Philosophy – Previous Year Questions (UPSC CSE Mains History Optional)
1. Discuss the different aspects of the fundamental distinction between democratic equality and the Marxian notion of equality.(2017/10)
2. How far do Marx, Gandhi and Amartya Sen agree and disagree on the concept of justice in the Indian democracy ? Discuss (2017/15)
3. “Equality does not mean treating everyone equal”. Discuss.(2015/10)
4. “Equality will be of no value without fraternity and liberty.” Discuss.(2015/15)
5. Discuss Amartya Sen’s principle of Niti as critique of Nyaya.(2014/15)
6. Explain evaluate Aristotle’s concept of justice. (2013/15)
7. What is meant by ‘justice’ as fairness ? Explain the basic tenets of Rawls’ theory of justice . (2013/15)
8. How is Amartya Sen’s approach to justice is different from that of Rawls ? (2013/20)
9. The Fundamental idea of the conception of justice is fairness. Discuss. 2011 – 20 marks
10. Can issue relating to gender discrimination be me by the conception of justice as fairness? Discuss. 2011 – 20 marks
11. Which principle of justice can, in your view, be most helpful in addressing the issues related to caste discrimination and why? 2011 – 20 marks
12. Discuss the nature of relationship between liberty and equality.2010 – 15 marks.
13. Comment on the relationship between equality and freedom. 2009 – 30 marks.
14. “Justice is treating equals as equals and unequals as unequals.”2008 – 20 marks.
15. Free market economy is the only way to attain social justice. 2007 –20 marks.
16. Negative freedom can perhaps ensure freedom to choose, but without any credible assurance for its actual fulfillment. 2007 – 20marks.
17. According to some liberal political thinkers, social and economic inequalities can be justified only if they work to the advantage of the least advantaged members of the society. Is this view consistent with the liberalism’s cardinal advocacy of individual freedom? Discuss. 2007 – 60 marks.
18. Critically examine – “Unless the ideal of equality is embedded within a broader theory of politics and society, it can be given no specific content.” 2004 – 20 marks.
19. Despite their self-proclaimed commitment to the ideal of individual of freedom, this ideal is one of the most contentious issues between socialism and liberalism. Why? Discuss. 2004 – 60 marks.
20. Critically examine – “Freedom from” and “Freedom to” are mutually exclusive. 2003 – 20 marks.
21. Critically examine – “Freedom as liberation from samsara.” 2003 –20 marks.
22. Critically examine – “The concept of equality as a political ideal.”2002 – 20 marks.
23. What is meant by justice? What are the necessary and sufficient conditions for its availability? Discuss. 2002 – 60 marks.
24. Consider the following argument – “Justice means getting what one deserves. A person who contributes more to society deserves more than a person who contributes less to society. The only fair way to determine how much a person has contributed to society is to let people as a whole decide through free market. Therefore, free market is the only way to attain justice.” Would you agree with above point of view? Defend your answer. 2001 – 60 marks.
25. Some thinkers distinguish between two mutually irreducible senses of freedom, namely negative freedom and positive freedom. Explain and critically consider the distinction. 2001 – 60 marks.
FAQs
Q: What are social and political ideals in philosophy, and why are they important?
A: Social and political ideals in philosophy refer to the fundamental principles and values that underlie our societal and governmental structures. They are essential as they help us understand the foundation of our collective beliefs and guide decision-making in governance and public policy.
Q: How do different philosophical traditions contribute to our understanding of social and political ideals?
A: Various philosophical traditions, such as liberalism, socialism, and conservatism, offer distinct perspectives on social and political ideals. They help us analyze different aspects of governance, justice, and human rights, allowing for a well-rounded understanding of these concepts.
Q: What role do historical philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, and Rousseau play in shaping contemporary social and political thought?
A: Historical philosophers have had a profound influence on modern political theory. They laid the groundwork for many contemporary ideas on democracy, justice, and governance, and studying their works is crucial to understanding our current political landscape.
Q: How have social and political ideals evolved over time, and what are some recent developments in this field of philosophy?
A: Social and political ideals have evolved significantly over time, adapting to changing societies and global contexts. Recent developments include discussions on environmental ethics, digital governance, and the role of technology in politics.
Q: Can the study of social and political ideals in philosophy help individuals become more informed and engaged citizens?
A: Absolutely. A deep understanding of social and political ideals can empower individuals to critically analyze societal issues, make informed decisions in elections, and participate actively in civic life. It equips them with the tools to advocate for change and contribute to the betterment of society.
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