Sustainable Future for Andaman and Nicobar – UPSC – Edukemy

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, known for their breathtaking natural beauty and rich biodiversity, are at a critical juncture in their development. As these islands face increasing pressures from tourism, climate change, and environmental degradation, the need for a sustainable future has never been more urgent. Protecting the unique ecosystems while supporting the local communities requires careful planning and responsible practices. A sustainable approach ensures that the natural wonders of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are preserved for future generations, while also fostering economic growth that benefits everyone who calls these islands home.

Tags: GS – 2, Government Policies & Interventions — Issues Related to STs, GS- 3, Growth & Development– Environmental Pollution & Degradation 

For Prelims: Great Nicobar Island Project, Andaman and Nicobar Command, Malacca Strait, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, El Nino Southern Oscillation. 

For Mains: Significance of Andaman and Nicobar Islands for India, Major Challenges Related to Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 

Context:  

• The Great Nicobar Island Project, featuring a Rs 42,000 crore transshipment port in Galathea Bay, illustrates the conflict between development and environmental conservation in India.  
• Despite the area’s significant biodiversity, including endangered sea turtles and endemic species, authorities have advanced the project through controversial measures, such as denotifying a wildlife sanctuary and granting environmental clearances with violations.  
• This case reveals how environmental regulations are sometimes weakened to support large-scale projects, involving questionable administrative actions and potential conflicts of interest.  

What is the Significance of Andaman and Nicobar Islands for India? 

• Blue Economic Gateway: 
  • The proposed Great Nicobar transshipment port could handle 4 million TEUs annually, rivalling ports like Singapore, and supports growth in fisheries, aquaculture, and marine biotechnology. 
• Ecological Treasure Trove: 
  • The archipelago, a biodiversity hotspot, houses over 9,100 species of fauna.
  • With coral reefs covering 11,000 sq km in the Andamans and 2,700 sq km in the Nicobars, it supports species like the leatherback turtle and Nicobar megapode, enhancing India’s role in global biodiversity conservation. 
• Geopolitical Leverage: 
  • The islands extend India’s strategic reach into Southeast Asia, supporting the Act East policy.  
  • Located 90 nautical miles from Indonesia, they facilitate engagement with ASEAN countries and support the tri-service Andaman and Nicobar Command for regional security and power projection. 
• First Responder in the Bay of Bengal: 
  • The islands are crucial in disaster management for the Bay of Bengal, serving as an early warning system for tsunamis and cyclones.  
  • The infrastructure developments aim to enhance this role, positioning India as a reliable responder in regional humanitarian crises. 
• Energy Security: 
  • The Andaman offshore basin holds significant hydrocarbon reserves and potential for renewable energy, such as ocean thermal energy and tidal power, which could boost India’s energy security and support sustainable development. 
• Cultural Melting Pot: 
  • Home to six indigenous tribes, including the uncontacted Sentinelese, the islands reflect India’s commitment to preserving indigenous cultures.  
  • Their multicultural society, influenced by mainland India, Myanmar, and colonial history, showcases India’s cultural diplomacy and inclusive development model. 

What are the Major Challenges Related to Andaman and Nicobar Islands? 

• Paradise in Peril – Environmental Degradation: 
  • The Rs 42,000 crore Great Nicobar port project threatens critical habitats, exemplified by the 2021 denotification of Galathea Bay Wildlife Sanctuary. 
  • Continued development could cause irreversible ecological damage, affecting biodiversity and climate regulation. 
• Geopolitical Chessboard: 
  • The islands’ strategic location makes them central to Indo-Pacific geopolitical tensions.  
  • China’s “String of Pearls” strategy and proximity to the Malacca Strait, a key trade route, intensify security challenges.  

• Infrastructure Deficit: 
  • Despite strategic importance, the islands have severe infrastructure deficits. Only 38 of 572 islands are inhabited, with limited connectivity.  
  • Port Blair is over 1,200 km from the mainland, complicating logistics and resource allocation. 
• Cultural Crossroads: 
  • Indigenous tribes, including the Jarawa, Onge, and Sentinelese, face threats from modernization and external contact.  
  • The Great Andamanese population has drastically declined from 5,000 in the 1850s to 59 in 2021. 
• Climate Vulnerability: 
  • The islands are highly vulnerable to climate change, facing sea-level rise, intensified cyclones, and changing precipitation.  
  • The IPCC warns of potential submergence by 2050. A 2010 coral bleaching event led to significant coral loss, highlighting climate impact. 
• Natural Disaster Hotspot:
  • Situated in seismic zone V, the islands are prone to earthquakes and tsunamis.  
  • The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and a 2009 7.5 magnitude earthquake underscore the islands’ vulnerability to natural disasters and landslides. 

What Steps can India take Concerning the Andaman and Nicobar Islands? 

• Sustainable Infrastructure Development: 
  • Implement a comprehensive plan prioritising renewable energy, water conservation, and eco-friendly waste management. 
  • Develop solar and wind power, introduce rainwater harvesting, and desalination plants. 
  • Establish robust waste management with recycling and composting. 
  • Ensure green building standards in new constructions using local materials and traditional designs. 
• Enhanced Coastal and Marine Protection: 
  • Strengthen marine protected areas, increase no-take zones, and enforce stricter measures. 
  • Invest in advanced monitoring like underwater drones and satellites. 
  • Develop community-based conservation programs and a coral restoration initiative. 
  • Establish a marine research centre for biodiversity preservation. 
• Cultural Sanctuaries – Preserving Indigenous Heritage: 
  • Create buffer zones around indigenous territories to prevent encroachment. 
  • Develop culturally sensitive healthcare combining modern and traditional practices. 
  • Establish an Indigenous Knowledge and Culture Center. 
  • Implement strict tourism regulations near indigenous areas and support indigenous rights. 
• Green Tourism – Ecotourism and Sustainable Visitor Management: 
  • Develop an ecotourism strategy based on carrying capacity studies. 
  • Implement a certification program for eco-friendly accommodations. 
  • Create educational experiences to promote conservation awareness. 
• Disaster Resilience – Fortifying Against Nature’s Fury: 
  • Develop a multi-hazard early warning system for seismic, tsunami, cyclone, and landslide alerts. 
  • Implement building codes and land-use regulations for disaster resilience. 
  • Create disaster-resistant shelters, evacuation routes, and invest in natural buffers like mangrove restoration. 
• Adaptive Strategies for Climate Change: 
  • Implement climate change adaptation plans with sea-level rise mapping and vulnerability assessments. 
  • Develop nature-based coastal defences and climate-resilient agriculture practices. 
  • Establish an early warning system for extreme weather and a climate change research station. 
• Island Connectivity – Sustainable Transportation Network: 
  • Develop a sustainable transportation system with electric ferries and solar-powered taxis. 
  • Implement smart traffic management for reduced emissions. 
• Blue Economy Boost: 
  • Develop sustainable aquaculture, seaweed farming, and marine biotechnology research. 
  • Promote sustainable fishing practices through training and market incentives. 
• Leveraging Technology for Island Development: 
  • Expand high-speed internet connectivity for remote work and improved access to services. 
  • Implement IoT-based environmental monitoring for real-time ecosystem tracking. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Q1. Which one of the following pairs of islands is separated from each other by the ‘Ten Degree Channel’? (2014) 

1. Andaman and Nicobar 
2. Nicobar and Sumatra 
3. Maldives and Lakshadweep 
4. Sumatra and Java 

Ans: (a) 

Q2. Which of the following have coral reefs? (2014) 

1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands 
2. Gulf of Kachchh 
3. Gulf of Mannar 
4. Sunderbans 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

1. 1, 2 and 3 only 
2. 2 and 4 only 
3. 1 and 3 only 
4. 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (a) 

Q3. In which one of the following places is the Shompen tribe found? (2009) 

1. Nilgiri Hills 
2. Nicobar Islands 
3. Spiti Valley 
4. Lakshadweep Islands 

Ans: (b) 

Source: IE 

FAQs

Q: Why is sustainability important for the Andaman and Nicobar Islands?

• Answer: Sustainability is crucial for the Andaman and Nicobar Islands because they are home to fragile ecosystems, unique wildlife, and indigenous communities. Unsustainable practices could harm the environment and disrupt the lives of local people, making it essential to balance development with conservation.

Q: What are the main environmental challenges facing the islands?

• Answer: The islands face challenges like deforestation, coral reef degradation, plastic pollution, and the impact of climate change. These issues threaten the natural beauty and biodiversity of the region, which are vital for the local economy and culture.

Q: How can tourism be made more sustainable in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands?

• Answer: Tourism can be made more sustainable by promoting eco-friendly practices, such as limiting the number of visitors to sensitive areas, encouraging the use of renewable energy, and reducing plastic waste. Educating tourists about the importance of preserving the environment can also help protect the islands.

Q: What role do local communities play in achieving a sustainable future?

• Answer: Local communities play a key role by practicing traditional, sustainable ways of living and by participating in conservation efforts. Their knowledge and involvement are essential in maintaining the health of the ecosystems and ensuring that development projects respect their cultural heritage.

Q: What steps are being taken to ensure a sustainable future for the islands?

• Answer: Steps include implementing stricter environmental regulations, promoting eco-tourism, restoring damaged ecosystems like coral reefs and mangroves, and involving local communities in decision-making processes. The government and non-profit organizations are working together to create long-term strategies that balance development with environmental protection.

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