The Tughlaq Dynasty, spanning from 1320 to 1414 AD, witnessed a series of dynamic rulers and significant events that shaped the course of the Delhi Sultanate. From the ambitious founder Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq to the last ruler Nasiruddin Muhammad, the dynasty’s legacy encompasses both heights of glory and the beginning of its eventual disintegration.
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320-1325):
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, the founder of the dynasty, assumed the title of Ghazi and made significant contributions during his brief rule. Notably, he became the first Sultan to initiate irrigation projects, highlighting his commitment to the welfare of his subjects. Ghiyasuddin constructed the formidable Tughlaqabad fort near Delhi, leaving an enduring architectural legacy. Amir Khusrau’s renowned work, “Tughlaq Nama,” provides insights into the rise of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.
Mohammad Bin Tughlaq (1325-1351):
The zenith of the Tughlaq Dynasty was marked by the reign of Mohammad Bin Tughlaq, a ruler of both achievements and challenges. His military triumphs included victories against the Mongols, and his administration saw the appointment of officials based on merit, reflecting advanced secular policies. Notably, Ibn-Batuta, a contemporary of Muhammad Tughlaq, served as his envoy to China. The construction of the Adilabad fort and the city of Jahanpanah highlighted the architectural endeavors during his rule.
Muhammad Tughlaq’s Experiments:
Muhammad Tughlaq’s reign is often remembered for bold experiments that showcased both visionary ideas and administrative challenges. His attempt to transfer the capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatadab) proved unsuccessful due to water supply issues, reflecting the complexities of large-scale administrative changes. Muhammad Tughlaq’s introduction of token currency, including bronze coins and a copper currency system, faced subsequent withdrawal. Ambitious projects like the Khorasan and Quarachi expeditions aimed to counter external threats but met with limited success.
Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388):
Firoz Shah Tughlaq, the third ruler of the dynasty, adopted a pragmatic policy to appease various factions within his realm. His administration witnessed the extension of heredity principles to the army and nobility, reviving the iqta system. Malik Sarwar’s assertion of independence in Jaunpur marked a significant event during Firoz Shah’s rule. Firoz aimed to appease theologians through various measures, including the prohibition of Muslim women going out to worship and the separation of jizya as a distinct tax. Architectural developments, such as the construction of canals, hospitals, and new towns like Hissar and Firozabad, showcased Firoz Shah’s commitment to public welfare.
Nasiruddin Muhammad (1390-1398):
The Tughlaq Dynasty concluded with Nasiruddin Muhammad, the last ruler facing the challenges of Taimur’s invasion in 1398. Timur’s incursion weakened the Sultanate, and the lack of opposition during his entry into Delhi highlighted the state’s vulnerability. Nasiruddin Muhammad witnessed the disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate, with the emergence of independent states like Malwa and Gujarat.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: Who founded the Tughlaq Dynasty?
A: The Tughlaq Dynasty was founded by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq. He ascended to the throne in 1320 after the Khalji Dynasty, becoming the first ruler of the Tughlaq Dynasty in Delhi.
Q: What were the major achievements of Muhammad bin Tughlaq?
A: Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the son of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, is known for his various ambitious and innovative policies. He attempted to shift the capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad), introduced token currency, and implemented administrative reforms. However, many of his initiatives faced criticism and were not successful.
Q: Why did the Tughlaq Dynasty face economic challenges?
A: The Tughlaq Dynasty faced economic challenges due to the implementation of Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s policies, such as the introduction of token currency and the shifting of the capital. These decisions led to economic disruptions, loss of revenue, and discontent among the people, contributing to financial instability during their rule.
Q: How did the Tughlaq Dynasty decline?
A: The Tughlaq Dynasty declined primarily due to a combination of internal revolts, administrative issues, and external invasions. The extravagant and unsuccessful policies of Muhammad bin Tughlaq weakened the dynasty. Timur’s invasion in 1398 further weakened the Tughlaq rule, paving the way for the rise of the Sayyid Dynasty.
Q: Who succeeded the Tughlaqs in Delhi Sultanate?
A: The Tughlaq Dynasty was succeeded by the Sayyid Dynasty. Khizr Khan, the founder of the Sayyid Dynasty, established himself as the ruler of Delhi in 1414 after the decline of the Tughlaq Dynasty. The Sayyid Dynasty ruled the Delhi Sultanate until it was later succeeded by the Lodi Dynasty.
In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.
For UPSC Prelims Resources, Click here
For Daily Updates and Study Material:
Join our Telegram Channel – Edukemy for IAS
- 1. Learn through Videos – here
- 2. Be Exam Ready by Practicing Daily MCQs – here
- 3. Daily Newsletter – Get all your Current Affairs Covered – here
- 4. Mains Answer Writing Practice – here
