Introduction
The Turko-Afghan epoch, spanning the early 13th to late 16th century under the Delhi Sultanate, witnessed a distinctive administrative setup governing North India’s diverse territories. Various Turko-Afghan dynasties, such as the Slave, Khilji, Tughlaq, and Sayyid/Lodi, marked this period.
Body:
Key Features of the Administrative System during the Turko-Afghan Period:
Centralized Authority:
- Supreme Sultan: The Sultan wielded absolute political and administrative power, representing Islamic authority. Example: Alauddin Khilji’s era showcased highly centralized authority, with direct control over administration and revenue collection.
Provincial Administration:
- Governors: Provinces were managed by governors or nobles (‘wali’ or ‘malik’). Example: Muhammad bin Tughlaq appointed loyal governors to ensure provincial loyalty to the central authority.
Revenue System:
- Land Revenue: Mainly derived from agricultural produce, the state’s share was a fixed percentage. Example: Firoz Shah Tughlaq standardized the land revenue system, enhancing efficiency and reducing peasants’ burdens.
Military Organization:
- Standing Army: Sultans maintained a standing army, focusing on recruitment and training. Example: Iltutmish of the Slave Dynasty strengthened the military through the ‘iqta’ system, granting land to military officers.
Legal System:
- Islamic Law: The legal system adhered to Islamic principles and Sharia, overseen by Qazis. Example: Firuz Shah Tughlaq’s reign featured a legal code based on Islamic jurisprudence, emphasizing justice and order.
Communication and Infrastructure:
- Postal System: An efficient postal system and infrastructure developments improved communication and trade. Example: Sher Shah Suri, not part of the Delhi Sultanate, contributed significantly to road construction, notably the Grand Trunk Road.
Conclusion:
The Turko-Afghan administrative system showcased centralization, adherence to Islamic principles, and a focus on revenue and military, contributing to stability in a diverse region and highlighting the intricate dynamics of politics, culture, and religion in Indian history.
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